New York City ethnic enclaves

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Brooklyn's Jewish community is the largest in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals.[1]

Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam, New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves, neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity.[2][3] Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves.[4] These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food, goods for sale, or even language. Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities,[2] but limit economic opportunities, do not encourage the development of English speaking, and keep immigrants in their own culture.[2]

As of 2019, there are 3.1 million immigrants in New York City. This accounts for 37% of the city population and 45% of its workforce.[5] Ethnic enclaves in New York include Caribbean, Asian, European, Latin American, Middle Eastern and Jewish groups, who immigrated from or whose ancestors immigrated from various countries. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York.[6][7][8]

History of immigration to and ethnic enclaves in New York City

See also: Race and ethnicity in New York City

New York City was founded in 1625, by Dutch traders as

smugglers.[3] After Peter Stuyvesant became Director, New Amsterdam began to grow more quickly, achieving a population of 1,500, and growing to 2,000 by 1655 and almost to 9,000 in 1664, when the British seized the colony, renaming it New York.[10]

Colonial New York City was also a center of religious diversity, including one of the first Jewish congregations, along with Philadelphia, Savannah, and Newport, in what was to become the United States.[11]

African American

Main articles:
African immigrants to the United States
The Apollo Theater on 125th Street in Harlem.

The first recorded

African Americans were brought to the present-day United States in 1619 as slaves.[12] In 1780, under British occupation, New York City had approximately 10,000 freed people of African descent, the largest concentration of such people in North America. New York State began emancipating slaves in 1799, and in 1841, all slaves in New York State were freed, and many of New York's emancipated slaves lived in or moved to Fort Greene, Brooklyn.[13][14] All slaves in the United States were later freed in 1865, with the end of the American Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.[15] After the Civil War, African Americans left the South, where slavery had been the strongest, in large numbers.[4] These movements are now known as the Great Migration, during the 1910s and 1920s and the Second Great Migration, from the end of World War II until 1970.[4][16]

After arriving in New York, the African Americans formed neighborhoods, partially due to racism of the landlords at the time.

Hamilton Heights, on Harlem's western side, was a nicer part of Harlem, and Sugar Hill, named because its inhabitants enjoyed the "sweet life", was the nicest part.[18][19]

In the 1930s, after the

Flatbush, and East Flatbush.[23][24][25]

LeFrak City.[27] Other African American neighborhoods include Laurelton,[28] Cambria Heights,[29] Hollis,[30] Springfield Gardens,[31] and St. Albans.[26]

The Bronx experienced white flight, which was mostly confined to the South Bronx and mostly in the 1970s.[32]

Sandy Ground. This community along the Southwestern shore of Staten Island was once home to thousands of free-black men and women, who came to Staten Island to work as oystermen.[33] Members of this community also settled and established communities on the North Shore, such as West New Brighton and Port Richmond after oyster fishing became scarce in 1916. Many African Americans settled in several North Shore communities during the Great Migration, such as Arlington, Mariners Harbor, and New Brighton
. Although the black community of Staten Island is mostly dispersed throughout the North Shore of the Island, there are several African Americans living on the South Shore.

Ghanaian

Many

Concourse Village in the Bronx since an influx of Ghanaians began in the 1980s and 1990s. With over 27,000 in New York City, Ghanaians are the city's largest African immigrant group. Most live in the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn. In Concourse Village, the intersection of Sheridan Avenue and McClellan Street is considered the Ghanaian population's center of commerce, but people also socialize in this intersection.[34]

West African

There is at least one community of

8th Avenues, and is home to a large number of Francophone West Africans.[36]

An enclave of Liberians developed in Staten Island at the end of the 20th century, following the turbulent Liberian Civil War.[37]

Le Petit Senegal
.

Caribbean

Main article: Caribbean immigration to New York City

According to the 2010 US Census data on brooklyn.com there are approximately 370,000 (16.4%)

Puerto Rican
population. Including Puerto Ricans, there are approximately 560,000 (23.8%) persons of Caribbean descent in Brooklyn. Similar, but not identical demographics in America exist in Miami, but there are fewer people of Cuban descent in New York.

Guyanese, Surinamese, Jamaican, and Trinidadian

New York City has large

Van Wyck Expressway.[38][39] Guyanese and Trinidadians in New York City number around 227,582 as of 2014.[40]

Muslim, and Christian people.[34]

Afro-Guyanese, Afro-Surinamese and Afro-Trinidadians live in neighborhoods like

Flatbush in Brooklyn. However, a majority of the Jamaican population is Black, as Indo-Jamaicans form an extremely small minority.[34]

The largest population of

Jamaican Americans in the United States can be found in New York State.[41] About 3.5% of the population of Brooklyn is of Jamaican heritage. In 1655, Jamaica was captured by the British, who brought African slaves in large numbers to work on plantations.[41] The African slaves were emancipated in 1838, and owners starting paying wages to workers, who were now free to immigrate to the United States.[41] Many Jamaicans immigrated in the years following 1944, when the United States economy was rebuilding from World War II, seeing opportunity.[41] After 1965, when immigration quotas were lifted, Jamaican immigration skyrocketed again.[42]

Jamaican neighborhoods include

Flatbush in Brooklyn, and Wakefield, Williamsbridge and Tremont in the Bronx.[24][25][41][43][44][45][46]

Haitian

According to the 2000 census, there are about 200,000 Haitians/Haitian Americans in Brooklyn, showing that it is home to the largest number of Haitian immigrants in New York City.

Cambria Heights in Queens
.

South and East Asian

Bangladeshi

As of 2013[update], there are more than 74,000

Asian Indians. These enclaves include one in Kensington, Brooklyn, featuring Bangladeshi grocers, hairdressers, and halal markets. Kensington's enclave was formed in the mid-1990s as a small community of Bangladeshi shops. Bangladeshis have tried to leave a permanent legacy, making a failed attempt to rename McDonald Avenue after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh which was not backed by the surrounding residents of that area, they however within themselves have nicknamed the area Bangla Town.[34]

The largest Bangladeshi enclave is on 73rd Street in Jackson Heights, Queens,[48] which they share with the Indian, Pakistani and Filipinos of that area. As well as one on Hillside Avenue in Queens, and one in Parkchester, Bronx.[34] As well as living alongside the Indians, Bangladeshis own many of the Indian restaurants in Brooklyn and Queens.

Chinese

Main article:
Chinese Americans in New York City
See also: Chinatown, Manhattan; Little Fuzhou; Chinatowns in Queens; and Chinatowns in Brooklyn
An intersection in Manhattan Chinatown

Until the late 20th century, the Chinese population was limited to

Flushing Chinatown, the Elmhurst Chinatown, and the newly emerged Chinatown in Corona), three in Brooklyn (the Sunset Park Chinatown, the Avenue U Chinatown, and the new Bensonhurst Chinatown), and one each in Edison, New Jersey and Nassau County, Long Island,[50] not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area. Chinese Americans, as a whole, have had a (relatively) long tenure in New York City. New York City's satellite Chinatowns in Queens and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York.[51][52][53] As of 2023, illegal Chinese immigration to New York City, especially to Queens and its Flushing Chinatown, has accelerated.[54]

Manhattan

Manhattan Chinatown

The first

Fujian Province of Mainland China. Areas surrounding the "Little Fuzhou" consist mostly of Cantonese immigrants from Guangdong Province, the earlier Chinese settlers, and in some areas moderately of Cantonese immigrants. In the past few years, however, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin, the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.[57] The energy and population of Manhattan's Chinatown are fueled by relentless, massive immigration from Mainland China
, both legal and illegal in origin, propagated in large part by New York's high density, extensive mass transit system, and huge economic marketplace.

The early settlers of Manhattan's Chinatown were mostly from

Fujian Province of China, is another, Fuzhouese, enclave in Chinatown and the Lower East Side of Manhattan.[59][60] Manhattan's Little Fuzhou is centered on the street of East Broadway.[61] The neighborhood is named for the western portion of the street, which is primarily populated by mainland Chinese immigrants, (primarily Foochowese from Fuzhou, Fujian). The smaller, eastern portion has traditionally been home to a large number of Jews, Puerto Ricans,[62][63] and African Americans.[64]

Queens

Flushing Chinatown, the first satellite
of the original Manhattan Chinatown.
The Elmhurst Chinatown on Broadway, now a satellite of the Flushing Chinatown in Queens itself.

The present Flushing Chinatown, in the

Fujianese, Wu Chinese, Beijing dialect, Wenzhounese, Shanghainese, Suzhou dialect, Hangzhou dialect, Changzhou dialect, Cantonese, Taiwanese, and English are all prevalently spoken in Flushing Chinatown, while the Mongolian language
is now emerging.

Elmhurst, another neighborhood in Queens, also has a large and growing Chinese community.[70][71]

Brooklyn

One of the Brooklyn Chinatowns

By 1988, 90% of the storefronts on Eighth Avenue in

Fujianese (including Fuzhou people) and Wenzhounese[73][74][75]
immigrants.

Another Chinatown has developed in southern Brooklyn, on

Greeks. The population of Homecrest in 2013 was more than 40% Chinese.[34] Also emerging in southern Brooklyn, in the Bensonhurst neighborhood, below the BMT West End Line (D train) along on 86th Street between 18th Avenue and Stillwell Avenue, is Brooklyn's third Chinatown. The second Chinatown and the third, emerging Chinatown of Brooklyn are now increasingly carrying the majority of the Cantonese population in Brooklyn as the Cantonese dissipate from the main Brooklyn Chinatown in Sunset Park. With the migration of the Cantonese in Brooklyn now to Bensonhurst, and along with new Chinese immigration, small clusters of Chinese people and businesses in different parts of Bensonhurst have grown integrating with other ethnic groups and businesses. Smaller enclaves also exist in nearby Dyker Heights, Gravesend, and Bath Beach.[76][77][78][79][80][81]

Filipino

Main article:
Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region
Little Manila on Roosevelt Avenue, Woodside, Queens

In

Roosevelt Avenue.[82]

The first Filipino settlement in the United States was Saint Malo, Louisiana, established in 1763.[83] Mass immigration started in the late 19th century, to service the plantations of Hawaii and the farms of California.[84] The immigration quota was lowered to 50 Filipinos a year, however, Filipinos in the United States Navy were exempt from this.[84] Therefore, Filipinos settled near naval bases and formed ethnic enclaves due to discrimination.[84] The quota was raised in the second half of the 20th century, starting another wave of Filipino immigration, looking for political freedom and opportunity, and one which has extended until present.[84]

New York City was home to an estimated 82,313

median household income in New York City was $81,929 in 2013, and 68% held a bachelor's degree or higher.[85]

New York City annually hosts the

Hillside Avenue in Hollis, Queens to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area.[88]

Myanmar

The Myanmar culture is very vibrant. However, there is not a large population of Burmese people in New York City. The Myanmar community is spread throughout the five boroughs of New York City.[89]

Indian

Main article:
Asian Indians in the New York City metropolitan region

31st Streets, and another is in Jackson Heights, Queens, centered on 74th Street between Roosevelt and 37th Avenue.[90][91]

Sikh population in the New York City area. It is also known as "Little Punjab". There is also a "Little Indo-Caribbean" community in Richmond Hill, Queens with many Indo-Caribbean Americans
.

Some of the region's main centers of

Indian culture are located in central New Jersey, particularly in Middlesex County. In Edison, New Jersey, ethnic Asian Indians represent more than 28% of the population,[92] the highest percentage of any place in the United States with more than 1,000 residents identifying their ancestry.[93] The Oak Tree Road area, which crosses through Edison and Iselin is a growing cultural hub with high concentrations of Indian stores and restaurants.[94]

There have been three major waves of Indian immigrants, the first between 1899 and 1913, the second after India was granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, and the third after the immigration quota for individual countries was lifted in 1965.[95] As of 2010, the New York City metropolitan area contains the largest Asian Indian population in North America.

Japanese

Main article: Japanese in New York City

As of the

New York State lived in New York City.[96]

As of 2011[update] within the city the largest groups of Japanese residents are in

2010 U.S. Census there are about 1,300 Japanese in Astoria and about 1,100 Japanese in Yorkville. 500 Japanese people lived in East Village. As of the same year, there are about 6,000 Japanese in Bergen County, New Jersey and 5,000 Japanese in Westchester County, New York. As of that year most short-term Japanese business executives in Greater New York City reside in Midtown Manhattan or in New York City suburbs.[97] In 2011 Dolnick and Semple wrote that while other ethnic groups in the New York City region cluster in specific areas, the Japanese were distributed "thinly" and "without a focal point" such as Chinatown
for the Chinese.

Korean

Main article:
Korean Americans in New York City
See also:
Koreatown, Long Island
32nd street in Manhattan's Koreatown, 2009.

New York City is home to the second largest population of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea.

Harry Truman repealed this in 1948.[99] and from 1951 to 1964, another wave of Koreans migrated to the United States, and a third wave lasted from 1969 to 1987. As economic conditions improved in Korea, many Koreans chose to stay.[99]

Korean communities in New York include

station of the same name on the Long Island Rail Road is close to a row of Korean-owned businesses and a mainly Korean-speaking community; the neighborhood culminates with Meokjagolmok (Restaurant Street) with two dozen restaurants, bars, cafes, a bakery, and some karaoke establishments.[34]

Pakistani

Pakistani restaurants
, grocery markets and halal shops are abound in such areas.

Sri Lankan

Many

Sri Lankan people settle in Tompkinsville, Staten Island, which has one of the highest concentrations of Sri Lankans outside of their native country. More than 5,000 Sri Lankans live in Staten Island. The Sri Lankan commercial center is at the corner of Victory Boulevard and Cebra Avenue. They often hold festive New Year celebrations on Staten Island, including a traditional oil-lighting ceremony, live baila music, and competitive events like coconut-scraping and bun-eating contests.[34]

Vietnamese

There is a community of Vietnamese at the Bowery in an area unofficially known as "Little Saigon". The area is overshadowed by neighboring Chinatown in that it is relatively indistinguishable. The area, however, is marked by an abundance of Vietnamese restaurants.[106]

European

Many European ethnic groups have formed enclaves in New York. These include Albanian, Croatian, German, Scandinavian, Hungarian, Greek, Irish, Italian, Jewish (see Jewish enclaves in New York City), Polish, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian. There are British and French expatriate communities in New York City.

Albanian

fall of communism in Eastern Europe, many Albanians flocked to the United States.[107] Two neighborhoods that became Albanian are Belmont and Pelham Parkway.[108][109]

In April 2012, it was reported by the New York Times that 9,500 people in the Bronx identify themselves as Albanian.

Pelham Parkway and Allerton Ave in the Bronx.[110]

Bulgarians

Bulgarians had settled in the city around 1900 along avenues B and C at Third and Fourth streets on the Lower East Side.[111]

German

Business Improvement District
runs from Wyckoff Avenue to Fresh Pond Road in Ridgewood.

Germans starting immigrating to the United States in the 17th century, and until the late 19th century, when Germany was the country of origin for the largest number of immigrants to the United States.[112] In fact, Over one million Germans entered the United States in the 1850s alone.[112]

German American ethnic enclaves in New York City include the now-defunct

Hungarian Americans.[114]

The Queens neighborhoods of Ridgewood and Glendale include small populations of Germans. Ridgewood notably includes Gottschee expatriates from modern-day Slovenia.

Greek

A Greek restaurant in Astoria

Russian Americans all calling Astoria home, among others.[115] Many Greeks are leaving Astoria for Whitestone, Queens, but many of the buildings in Astoria are still owned by Greeks.[115]

Through the 1950s, most Greek New Yorkers lived in Manhattan. With a surge in Greek immigration in the 1960s, Astoria emerged as New York City's "Greektown." Between 1965 and 1975, about 150,000 Greek immigrants settled in the United States, with the majority settling in New York City. With most migrating for the economic opportunity, but as living conditions in Greece improved in the 1980s, Greek migration slowed.[115] However, Astoria remains New York's "Greektown."[115]

Hungarian

There is a significant orthodox Jewish Hungarian population in the rapidly growing neighborhood of Borough Park, Brooklyn.[116] In December 2012, the stretch of 13th Avenue from 36th to 60th Streets was co-named Raoul Wallenberg Way in honor of the Swedish diplomat who saved 100,000 Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust. Many of these survivors settled in Borough Park after the war and raised their families here. There is also a Hungarian population in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and an affluent population in Yorkville, Manhattan.

Irish

Main article: Irish Americans in New York City

Irish Americans make up approximately 5.3% of New York City's population, composing the second largest non-Hispanic white ethnic group.[117] Irish Americans first came to America in colonial years (pre-1776), with immigration rising in the 1820s due to poor living conditions in Ireland.[118] But the largest wave of Irish immigration came after the Great Famine in 1845.[118]

After they came, Irish immigrants often crowded into subdivided homes, only meant for one family, and cellars, attics, and alleys all became home for some Irish immigrants.[119] In fact, New York once had more Irish people than Dublin itself.[119] The Irish in New York developed a particular reputation for joining the New York City Police Department as well as the New York Fire Department.

This traditional connection between the Irish-American population and these services is reflected in the continued presence of Emerald Societies that serve as fraternal associations for law enforcement, fire service, and non-uniform civil service agencies.

Gerritsen Beach
. Another large Irish community can be found on the North Shore of Staten Island in the West Brighton area.

The annual New York City St. Patrick's Day Parade, with over 150,000 participants and 2,000,000 spectators,[125] is a testament to the enduring Irish-American community in New York City that continues to maintain a strong connection to their heritage and culture.

Italian

A street in Manhattan's Little Italy. Chinatown's influence can clearly be seen, but one can see there is a small Italian community left.

At 8.3% of the population, Italian Americans compose the largest

European American ethnic group in New York City, and are the largest ethnic group in Staten Island (Richmond County), making it the most Italian county in the United States, with 37.7% of the population reporting Italian American ancestry.[117][126]

Though Italian immigration began as early as the 17th century, with Pietro Cesare Alberti, from Venice, being the first reported Italian living in the New Amsterdam colony, effective immigration started around 1860 with the founding of the

Kingdom of Italy. Italian immigration skyrocketed, and lasted that way until 1921, when Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act that slowed the immigration of Italians.[127] Most of the Italian immigrants to New York were from Southern Italy, from cities, Sicily, or Naples.[127]

At one time,

Flatbush, Brooklyn, and Brownsville, Brooklyn
also had sizable Italian communities that gradually shrank by the 1970s, though pockets of the older Italian-American communities still exist in these neighborhoods.

Another wave of immigration occurred after World War II, with an estimated 129,000 to 150,000 Italian immigrants entering New York City between 1945 and 1973. They settled in Italian American neighborhoods in the outer boroughs and helped reinvigorate Italian culture and community institutions.[129] With the influx of postwar immigrants, Bensonhurst became the largest Italian community in New York City, with 150,000 Italian Americans in the 1980 census.

Today, Italian neighborhoods with large Italian-American populations include

East Williamsburg; Dyker Heights, Brooklyn, the city's largest Italian neighborhood (as of 2009); Cobble Hill, Brooklyn and Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn; Canarsie, Brooklyn; Astoria, Howard Beach, Middle Village, Whitestone and Ozone Park, Queens; and much of Staten Island.[120][130][131][132][133][134]

Scandinavian

See also:
Lapskaus Boulevard

Norwegian
enclave, which became mostly assimilated in the late 20th century. At its peak, the area was home to about 60,000 Norwegians. In addition, Bay Ridge was also home to many Swedish and Danish immigrants. Other enclaves with notable Scandinavian populations include Sunset Park and Dyker Heights, Brooklyn. The Northeast area of the Bronx, namely the Throggs Neck and Castle Hill sections, also had sizeable populations. In the Southwestern Bronx, many Swedes settled in the Morrisania area. In Manhattan, Scandinavians were scattered throughout the borough.

The Finns had two enclaves in the city. The first was in East Harlem, where they lived alongside poor Irish, Italians, Germans and Jews. Many Finnish businesses could be found along 125th Street, between Fifth Avenue and the Harlem River. Due to social mobility, in the early 20th century, many Finns relocated to Sunset Park. This enclave would contain the largest number of Finns in New York. The Finns were responsible for building many cooperative housing structures in the area. These would also be the first Co-Op buildings built in the United States. In 1991, despite the waning presence of Finns in Sunset Park, 40th street was co named as "Finlandia Street. This was to honor the thousands of Finnish immigrants that called Brooklyn home.

There is a "Sweden Day", a midsummer celebration honoring Swedish American heritage and history. Since 1941, it has been held annually at Manhem Club, located in the Throggs Neck area of the Bronx. There are many smaller celebrations held in other boroughs, as well as New Jersey.

rune stone located in Tune, Norway. The stone stands on Leif Ericson Square just east of Fourth Avenue[135]

Polish

Little Poland")[137] and North Williamsburg in Brooklyn,[138] Maspeth,[137] the East Village near 7th Street, and Ridgewood, Queens[139] around both Fresh Pond Road and Forest Avenue,[34] in Queens.[34]

Polish immigration to New York City began at the end of the 19th century. In the 1980s, as a result of the Polish government's crackdown on the burgeoning

working-class Polish immigrants, reportedly the second largest concentration in the United States, after Chicago. As of the 2000 census, 213,447 New Yorkers reported Polish ancestry.[140]

New York is home to a number of Polish and Polish-American cultural, community, and scientific institutions, including the

Polish Cultural Institute. Polish-language publications with circulation reaching outside the city include The Polish Review, an English-language scholarly journal published since 1956 by PIASA; Nowy Dziennik,[141] founded in 1971; and Polska Gazeta [1], founded in the year 2000. The Polska Gazeta is the leading Polish-language daily newspaper in the tri-state area, delivering daily news to over 17,000 readers in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Long Island and Delaware. The Polish Newspaper SuperExpress [2]
, covering New York, New Jersey & Connecticut started publication in 1996.

The Pulaski Day Parade in New York on

Kazimierz Pułaski, a Polish hero of the American Revolutionary War. It closely coincides with the October 11 General Pulaski Memorial Day, a national observance of his death at the Siege of Savannah, and his held on the first Sunday of October. In these parades march Polish dancers, Polish soccer teams and their mascots, Polish Scouts - ZHP and Polish school ambassadors and representatives, such as Mikolaj Pastorino (Nicholas Pastorino) and Lech Wałęsa
. The Pulaski Day Parade is one of the largest parades in New York City.

Romanians

Romanians are concentrated in Queens.[142]

Russian

Main article:
History of the Russophone Americans in New York City

Brighton Beach.[143][144][145][146][147] Many Russians in New York are Jews from the former Soviet Union, which broke up in 1991, and most still retain at least part of their Russian culture.[147] The primary language of Brighton Beach is Russian, as seen from businesses, clubs, and advertisements.[147] A significant portion of the community is not proficient in English, and about 98% speak Russian as their native language.[147]

Serbian

The strength of the Serbian community in New York is estimated at around 40,000, with the largest concentrations in Ridgewood and Astoria . Whereas the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of St. Sava on 26th Street in Manhattan provides a historical link to the first Serbian immigrants, these days Serbs are concentrated in Queens, mainly in Ridgewood, Glendale, and Astoria, although the Serbian Club is located on 65th Place in Glendale.[148]

Spanish

Spanish-American neighborhood in Manhattan during the 20th century.[149][150] It was on 14th Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues.[151]

Ukrainian

Main article: Ukrainian Americans in New York City

There is a small

10th Streets.[152] The community was there when the East Village was still referred to as the Lower East Side, and was a moderately large community.[152] Though it has since declined, the number of Ukrainians in the neighborhood may have been as high as 60,000 after World War II.[152]

Latin American

Many ethnic enclaves in New York City are Latin American-centric. Latin American ethnic groups with enclaves in New York include Argentinians, Colombians, Dominicans, Peruvians, Salvadorans, Ecuadorians, Guatemalans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans.[153]

More than half of the population of

Colombians, and Uruguayans.[154]

Salvadoran

New York City also has some

Salvadoran American ethnic enclaves such as the one in Flushing; others are in Corona, Jamaica, Williamsburg, and Parkchester
.

Honduran

There is a sizable

East New York in Brooklyn, Harlem, East Harlem in Manhattan, and Jamaica in Queens

Colombian

Colombians have come in small numbers to New York City since the 1950s. The major exodus of Colombians from Colombia came in the 1970s and early 1980s when many of Colombia's cities were facing hardships from drug traffickers, crime and lack of employment. 55% of Colombians in New York City live in

Murray Hill.[155] In 2019, it was and estimated that 505,493 Colombians lived in New York City, representing 5.6% of the total population.[156][157][158]

Dominican

The Hub is the retail heart of the South Bronx, a Hispanic neighborhood with a large Dominican population.

Immigration records of Dominicans in the United States date from the late 19th century, with New York City having a Dominican community since the 1930s. Large scale immigration of Dominicans began after 1961 onward when dictator

Dominicans were the largest group of immigrants coming into New York City.[160] Now, Dominicans compose 7% of New York's population and are the largest immigrant group.[34][161] Major Dominican neighborhoods in New York include Washington Heights and Inwood, East Harlem in Manhattan, Bushwick, Southside Williamsburg, Sunset Park, and East New York in Brooklyn, Corona, Jackson Heights, Ridgewood, and Woodhaven in Queens, and most of the West Bronx, particularly areas like the Highbridge, University Heights, Morris Heights, Kingsbridge, and Fordham-Bedford, among others. In fact, Dominicans are the most dominant Hispanic group (and overall ethnic group) in many areas of the Bronx west of Third Avenue, often sharing these Bronx neighborhoods with Puerto Ricans, African Americans, as well as whites and other immigrants from Latin America and Africa.[159][160][161][162]
Upper Manhattan and western portions of the Bronx have some of the highest concentrations of Dominicans in the country.

The South Bronx is another neighborhood with a Dominican population. During the 1970s, the area, while heavily populated by Puerto Ricans & African Americans, became infamous for poverty and arson, a lot by landlords seeking insurance money on "coffin ships" of buildings.[163] By 1975, the South Bronx was the most devastated urban landscape in America, and had experienced the largest population drop in urban history, given the exception of the aftermath of war.[164] The South Bronx has started to recover, and most of it has recovered from the damage done in the 1970s.[164]

By 1984, the traditionally heavily

Italian neighborhood of Corona had instead become heavily Dominican, and Corona experienced rapid economic growth – 59% – as compared to the rest of the city experiencing 7%, as well as having the most overcrowded school district in the city as of 2006.[34][165]

The Dominican population of Washington Heights is significant, and candidates for political office in the Dominican Republic will run parades up Broadway.[166]

In some of these neighborhoods, shops advertise in Spanish and English, the Dominican flag is hung from windows, storefronts, and balconies, and the primary language is Dominican Spanish.[161]

Ecuadorian

New York City has a large

Ecuadorian American ethnic enclaves, and there are over 210,000 Ecuadorians in the city as of 2013, making them the sixth largest ethnic population in the city.[34] A part of Southside Williamsburg in Brooklyn is Ecuadorian in nature, with Spanish being the primary language of most Ecuadorians in the area, bodegas advertising goods in Spanish, and churches advertising bingo games in Spanish.[167]

Other Ecuadorian neighborhoods include Tremont in the Bronx,[168] and several neighborhoods in Queens, including Jackson Heights,[169] Corona,[34][165] and Ridgewood, have significant Ecuadorian communities.[170] Corona's Ecuadorian community, notably, is the fastest-growing, with parts of Corona being over 25% Ecuadorian.[34]

Mexican

Dominicans.[34] Close to 80% of New York Mexicans were born outside the United States, and more than 60% of Mexican New Yorkers reside in Brooklyn and Queens.[171]

In Brooklyn,

West Brighton, and Tompkinsville
areas.

The densest population of Mexicans in the city is in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, in an area bounded by Second and Fifth Avenues and by 35th and 63rd Streets. This area is centered around a

Fifth Avenue commercial strip. The main church is Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, with over 3,000 Mexican Catholic parishioners.[34]

Compared to Mexican immigrants in other states and cities, Mexicans in New York are primarily of

indigenous languages.[173] New York holds 61% of indigenous-speaking immigrants from Mexico.[173]

Puerto Rican

Main articles:
Puerto Rican migration to New York
A German-themed pub in Loisaida

New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed an increase in its Puerto Rican population from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,201,850 in 2012,[179] maintaining its status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outside San Juan
.

Coney Island, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Bay Ridge.[24][180][181][182]
In Williamsburg; Graham Avenue is nicknamed "Avenue of Puerto Rico" because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s. The Puerto Rican day parade is also hosted on the avenue.

Maspeth, Glendale, and Middle Village; as does neighboring community Bushwick, Brooklyn. Other neighborhoods in Queens such as Woodhaven also have a sizable population.[183]

Puerto Rican neighborhoods in

General Slocum disaster in 1904. Since them, the community has become Puerto Rican and Latino in character, despite the "gentrification" that has affected the East Village and the Lower East Side since the late 20th century.[185]

Staten Island has a fairly large Puerto Rican population along the North Shore, especially in the Mariners' Harbor, Arlington, Elm Park, Graniteville, Port Richmond & Stapleton neighborhoods, where the population is in the 20% range.

Unlike the other four boroughs, Puerto Rican populations are significant throughout the Bronx, though there is slightly higher concentrations in the South Bronx.

Throggs Neck and Riverdale
for example. Nearly 40% of NYC Puerto Ricans live in the Bronx.

In New York and many other cities, Puerto Ricans usually live in close proximity with Dominicans and African Americans.[186] High concentrations of Puerto Ricans are also present in numerous public housing developments throughout the city.[186]

In some places in the South Bronx, Spanish is the primary language.[174] Throughout the 1970s, the South Bronx became known as the epitome of urban decay, but has since made a recovery.[164]

Middle Eastern

Arabs

Further information:
Arab American
Syrian man selling cold drinks in Lower Manhattan
, circa 1908

Syrian/Lebanese mother colony was located around Washington Street in Lower Manhattan, in a neighborhood called Little Syria.[189] Syrian immigration to the United States was very small with respect to the other ethnic groups or peoples that arrived in America. In 1910, at the peak of Syrian immigration, only 60,000 Syrians entered the United States.[187]

Around the late-1930s, Little Syria started to go into decline with the construction of skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan. In the name of urban renewal, the skyscraper era was ushered in and preceded with the destruction of five-storey tenements that Syrians called home. The final blow to Little Syria commenced with the construction of the

Bay Ridge.[190]

The New York metro area contains the largest concentration of populations with Arab and Middle Eastern ancestry in the United States, with 230,899 residents of the metro area claiming Arab ancestry in the 2000 U.S. Census.[191] An estimated 70,000 lived in New York City as of 2000.[192] New York City holds the New York Arab-American Comedy Festival, founded in 2003 by comedians Dean Obeidallah and Maysoon Zayid. There is also a Berber community present in New York.[193]

Bronx

Located on White Plains Road in Morris Park the area has been recently named Little Yemen due to the growing number of Yemeni Americans. The area contains several Hookah cafes, a Yemeni supermarket, and Yemeni delis and pharmacies that surround the intersection.[194]

Queens

Egyptian American community, dubbed "Little Egypt", centered on Steinway Street between Broadway and Astoria Boulevard.[195] It features many Middle Eastern and North African cafés, restaurants, and shops, including other businesses from countries like Algeria, Lebanon, and Syria.[195]

Brooklyn

On Atlantic Avenue between the East River and Flatbush Avenue, there is also a significant population of Middle Easterners.[195] There are a few shops which still exist in this street, such as Sahadi's. A little part of this community remained in the neighborhoods Boerum Hill and Park Slope. There is also a significant Middle Eastern population in Midwood, Brooklyn and Bay Ridge, Brooklyn.[196] Especially Bay Ridge has a dramatically growing concentration of Arabs. You can find a lot of Yemenis and Palestinians in this neighborhood.

Other boroughs: Staten Island has a Palestinian community, found in the New Springville area, and a small Coptic Egyptian community in the South Shore of Staten Island. There are a lot of Arab restaurants in Manhattan.

See Arab Americans & Arab immigration to the United States.

Israeli Americans.[197] There is also a small community of Israelis centered on Kings Highway, also in Brooklyn.[198] Israelis first immigrated to the United States after 1948. United Kingdom, and the United States has experienced two large waves of immigration from Israel.[196] The first was during the 1950s and early 1960s, 300,000 Israelis immigrated to the United States, and another wave, starting in the mid-1970s and lasting through the present, in which 100,000 to 500,000 Israelis have immigrated to the United States.[196]

Armenians and Iranians

The main concentration of

Queens, an estimated 50,000 people of the city's over 100,000 Armenians.[199]

Others

Jewish

Main articles:
History of the Jews in New York City and Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam
Orchard Street
in the Lower East Side

The first Jewish presence in New York City dates to the arrival of

anti-semitic persecution in their home countries.[202] A later wave from Eastern Europe, from 1985 to 1990, over 140,000 Jews immigrated from the former Soviet Union.[202] 50,000 Jews a year still immigrate to the United States.[202]

New York today has the second largest number of Jews in a metropolitan area, behind

Upper West Side, Manhattan, are also home to Jewish communities.[206][207][208][209] Another neighborhood, the Lower East Side, though presently known as a mixing pot for people of many nationalities, including German, Puerto Rican, Italian, and Chinese, was primarily a Jewish neighborhood.[210] Although the Jewish community of Staten Island is dispersed throughout the Island, enclaves of Hasidic Jews are found in the Willowbrook, New Springville, Eltingville, and New Brighton
areas.

The New York metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish population in the world outside Israel. While most are descendants of Jews who moved from Europe, a growing number are of Asian and Middle Eastern origin. After dropping from a peak of 2.5 million in the 1950s to a low of 1.4 million in 2002 the population of Jews in the New York metropolitan area grew to 1.54 million in 2011. A study by the UJA-Federation of New York released in 2012[211] showed that the proportion of liberal Jews was decreasing while the proportion of generally conservative Orthodox Jews and recent immigrants from Russia was increasing. Much of this growth is in Brooklyn, which in 2012 was 23% Jewish and where most of the Russian immigrants live and nearly all of the ultra-orthodox.[212] The study by UJA-Federation of New York has been criticized by J.J. Goldberg, an observer at The Jewish Daily Forward, as excluding suburban Jews, for example in New Jersey, that are outside the service area of UJA-Federation of New York and also for lack of granularity with respect to the Orthodox of New York City.[213]

Romani

Machvaya who came from Serbia settled in Brooklyn but they moved after World War II to Manhattan in increasing numbers. The Lovari, from Hungary, settled in Newark, New Jersey.[214]

Native Americans

180,866 Native Americans live in the city.[215]

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External links

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