Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne | |
---|---|
Latin: Fortiter Defendit Triumphans, lit. 'Triumphing by Brave Defence' | |
Coordinates: 54°58′41″N 1°36′37″W / 54.9780°N 1.6102°W[1] | |
OS grid reference | NZ 2504 6489[1] |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | England |
Region | North East |
City region | North of Tyne |
Ceremonial county | Tyne and Wear |
Historic county | Northumberland |
Founded | 2nd century AD |
City status | 1882 |
Metropolitan borough | 1 April 1974 |
Administrative HQ | Newcastle Civic Centre |
Government | |
• Type | Metropolitan borough with leader and cabinet |
• Body | Newcastle City Council |
• Control | Labour |
• Leader | Nick Kemp (L) |
• Lord Mayor | Veronica Dunn |
• Chief Executive | Pam Smith |
• House of Commons | 3 MPs |
Area | |
• City and metropolitan borough | 44 sq mi (115 km2) |
• Land | 43.8 sq mi (113.5 km2) |
• Rank | 182nd |
Population (2021)[5] | |
• City and metropolitan borough | 298,264 |
• Rank | 47th |
• Density | 6,810/sq mi (2,629/km2) |
• Urban | 286,445[4] |
Demonyms | |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
UTC+1 (BST) | |
Postcode area |
|
Dialling code | 0191 |
ISO 3166 code | GB-NET |
GSS code | E08000021 |
ITL code | TLC22 |
GVA | 2021 estimate[7] |
• Total | £9.5 billion |
• Per capita | £31,700 |
GDP (nominal) | 2021 estimate[7] |
• Total | £10.5 billion |
• Per capita | £35,070 |
Website | newcastle |
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle (/njuːˈkæsəl/ ⓘ new-KASS-əl, RP: /ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/ ⓘ NEW-kah-səl),[8] is a city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is England's northernmost metropolitan borough, located on the River Tyne's northern bank opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.[9]
Newcastle developed around a
History
Roman
The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was
The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the
Anglo-Saxon and Norman
After the
Conflicts with the
Because of its strategic position,
Middle Ages
Throughout the
16th to 19th centuries
From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from
In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.[30] They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population.[31] Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.[32]
During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King.[33] In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.[34]
Newcastle opened its first lunatic asylum in 1767.[35] The asylum catered for people from the counties of Newcastle, Durham and Northumberland.[35]
The Newcastle Eccentrics of the 19th century were a group of unrelated people who lived in and around the centre of Newcastle and its Quayside between the end of the 18th and early/mid 19th century. These were characters who were described as "Worthies", "Props" or "Eccentrics" and would later be more gently described as "unfortunates". All had some form of physical or mental disability, but were looked upon as "unfortunates" and generally liked, respected and looked after by the population of hard working inhabitants.[citation needed]
Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London,
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806.[39]
The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.[40]
The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.
20th and 21st centuries
Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.[52]
The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant[53] who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery (now part of Newcastle University), opened in 1925.[54]
With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901[55] and the Tyne Bridge in 1928.[56]
Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,[57] as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year.[58]
Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,[60] though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013.[61] The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.[61] The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the River Tyne happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[62]
During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.[63] A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to Admiral Raeder who was the head of the German Navy.[64]
The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the
Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and Stephenson Railway Museum in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.[67] New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the Life Science Centre in 2000 and Millennium Bridge in 2001.[68]
Based at
In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.[72][73][74] In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.[75][76]
In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.[77]
Geography
Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. The city is located on the north-western bank of the River Tyne, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland.
The ground beneath the city is formed from
In large parts, Newcastle still retains a
The city has an extensive
Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is
Another major
In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is
Ouseburn
The wooded gorge of the
The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.[98] The dawn chorus of the Jesmond Dene green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.[98]
Quayside
The area around the Tyne Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and Gateshead on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead Quayside. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the Tyne Bridge of 1928 which was built by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough, Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the Swing Bridge of 1876.[99]
Large-scale
Grainger Town
The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by
Grey's Monument, which commemorates Prime Minister Earl Grey and his Reform Act of 1832, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by Edward Hodges Baily and Benjamin Green. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue,[104] and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.[105]
The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.[106] The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.[107] At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.[107] The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.[107] With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.[107] The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.[106]
The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of
Chinatown
Newcastle's thriving Chinatown lies in the north-west of Grainger Town, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.[109]
Housing
The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.[110] Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.[111]
In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Royal Tunbridge Wells.[112]
Significant Newcastle
Climate
Newcastle has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor James Losh.[114] Situated in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) set in July 2022[115] down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995.[116] Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen and southern Sweden.
The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of Newcastle City Centre. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year.
Climate data for Newcastle (Met Office Durham) Extremes Newcastle | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.0 (78.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
37.0 (98.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.6 (63.7) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.3 (55.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.8 (49.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.7 (38.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
6.3 (43.3) |
3.4 (38.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.4 (41.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.6 (9.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.0 (42.8) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 52.3 (2.06) |
41.8 (1.65) |
44.6 (1.76) |
52.7 (2.07) |
44.2 (1.74) |
55.4 (2.18) |
54.0 (2.13) |
60.8 (2.39) |
55.4 (2.18) |
60.9 (2.40) |
72.0 (2.83) |
57.0 (2.24) |
651.1 (25.63) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.4 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 122 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 58.6 | 80.3 | 115.5 | 150.3 | 181.7 | 164.8 | 172.3 | 167.3 | 134.5 | 102.8 | 66.4 | 51.2 | 1,445.4 |
Source: Met Office[117] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
8.5 (47.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.2 (63.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
17.0 (62.6) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.5 (50.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
6.2 (43.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 106.6 (4.20) |
74.8 (2.94) |
80.4 (3.17) |
63.2 (2.49) |
66.8 (2.63) |
68.3 (2.69) |
60.5 (2.38) |
81.8 (3.22) |
73.6 (2.90) |
100.0 (3.94) |
105.3 (4.15) |
101.9 (4.01) |
983.2 (38.72) |
Average rainy days | 14.2 | 10.6 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 13.4 | 13.2 | 140.1 |
Source: WMO[118] |
Environment
The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.[119]
The green belts stated aims[120] are to:
- Prevent the merging of settlements
- Safeguard the countryside from encroachment
- Check unrestricted urban sprawl
- Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land
The green belt surrounds Brunswick Village, Dinnington, Callerton, Hazlerigg, Throckley, Walbottle, and Woolsington. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle International Airport fall inside the green belt.
The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first
Culture
Nightlife
The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's number one tourist attraction.[123] In the Tripadvisor Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind London and Berlin)[124] and seventh place in the world.[125] In July 2023 Newcastle was voted the best city in the UK for food, fashion and nightlife.[126]
There are many bars on the
Food
Bakery chain Greggs was founded, and is headquartered, in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores per capita in the world.[130] Local delicacies include pease pudding and stottie cake.
In 1967, London based Smith's Crisps created Salt & Vinegar flavour crisps which were first produced by their Newcastle based subsidiary Tudor Crisps and tested in Tudor's home market of north-east England before being launched nationally.[131]
In 2010, Osborne Road in Jesmond was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.[86] Newcastle has its own Chinatown.
Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including
Theatre
The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the well-known Kemble family managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.[135] It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built.
The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the
Literature and libraries
Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The Morden Tower, run by poet Tom Pickard, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where Basil Bunting gave the first reading of Briggflatts in 1965.[140]
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.[141][142] The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.[136] Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.[141]
The old City library designed by Basil Spence,[143] was demolished in 2006[143] and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009[144] and was named after the 18th-century local composer Charles Avison; the building was first opened by Dr Herbert Loebl.[144] Later that year it was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II.
Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the Ouseburn Valley.[145][146]
Festivals and fairs
In either January or February, Newcastle's Chinatown becomes the focus point of celebrations for the Chinese New Year with carnivals and parades.
The Newcastle Science Festival, now called Newcastle ScienceFest, returns annually in early March.[147]
The Newcastle
The Hoppings, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.[153] Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park.[154] The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.[155][156] The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.[157]
Newcastle
Music
Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian folk music and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as George "Geordie" Ridley, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, "Blaydon Races".
The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group The Animals emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go[162] on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting,[163] Bryan Ferry,[164] Dire Straits[165] and more recently Maxïmo Park.[166] There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including drum and bass, doom metal and post-rock.
Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band AC/DC.[167]
Newcastle is the home of Kitchenware Records (c. 1982),[169] previously home to acclaimed bands such as Prefab Sprout, Martin Stephenson and the Daintees and The Fatima Mansions. The members of Lighthouse Family met at Newcastle University; the music video for their hit single "High" features the city's Tyne Bridge.[170]
The 1990s boom in
Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the
ICMuS, Newcastle University's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region.
Concert venues
The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest
On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity
The
In 2016 open-air concerts took place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from Maxïmo Park, Ocean Colour Scene and Catfish and the Bottlemen.[179][180][181]
The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.
Independent cinema
Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous Tyneside Cinema,[186] located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors Ridley Scott[185] and Tony Scott. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.[187] The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic[188] —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites.
As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans.
Landmarks
Its landmarks include the
Media
TV and film
The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939),[189] though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller Get Carter (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.[190] The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the film noir Stormy Monday (1988), directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.[191] As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for I, Daniel Blake (2016) which won the Palme d'Or award at Cannes Film Festival as well as the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film.
The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as Purely Belter (2000),[192] The One and Only (2002)[193] and Goal![194] have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy School for Seduction (2004), starring Kelly Brook was also filmed in Newcastle.[195]
The
Crime drama Harrigan (2013) was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside.[197]
Print media
Local newspapers that are printed in Newcastle include
Television
BBC North East and Cumbria is based to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known as the Pink Palace.[198] It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle.
ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959.[199] In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead.[200] The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube.[199]
Radio
Newcastle Student Radio is run by students from both of the city's universities, broadcasting from
Public City WiFi
Newcastle was one of the first cities in the UK to have its city centre covered by free wireless internet access. It was developed and installed at the end of 2006 and went active in March 2007.[208]
Economy
The city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK Core Cities, as well as part of the Eurocities network.[209][210][211]
Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples.
Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK
The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.[213]
The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life, is located by Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.[214]
Retail
In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.
The main shopping street in the city is
Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around
Population
According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.
Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from
Year | Population | |
---|---|---|
1801 | 33,322 | |
1851 | 80,184 | |
1901 | 246,905 | |
1911 | 293,944 | |
1921 | 309,820 | |
1931 | 326,576 | |
1941 | 333,286 | |
1951 | 340,155 | |
1961 | 323,844 | |
1971 | 308,317 | |
1981 | 272,923 | |
1991 | 277,723 | |
2001 | 259,573 | |
2011 | 292,200 | |
2019[229] | 302,820 |
Demographics
Age
According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years.
Religion
From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: Christian and Muslim. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.[230] Over 28% stated they have no religious affiliation.
Ethnicity and nationality
According to the 2011 census,
Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as
According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), Bangladesh (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).[232] In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough.
There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European populations. The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.[233][234]
Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1991[235] | 2001[236] | 2011[237] | 2021[238] | |||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 248,990 | 96% | 241,684 | 93.1% | 239,533 | 85.5% | 240,002 | 80% |
White: British | – | – | 235,259 | 90.6% | 229,520 | 81.9% | 223,567 | 74.5% |
White: Irish | – | – | 1,733 | 1,826 | 1,895 | 0.6% | ||
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller
|
– | – | – | – | 163 | 332 | 0.1% | |
White: Roma | 1,031 | 0.3% | ||||||
White: Other | – | – | 4,692 | 8,024 | 13,177 | 4.4% | ||
Asian or Asian British : Total
|
8,610 | 3.3% | 13,243 | 5.1% | 27,107 | 9.7% | 34,128 | 11.3% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | 2,198 | 3,098 | 5,072 | 7,304 | 2.4% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 2,920 | 4,842 | 6,364 | 8,753 | 2.9% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 1,300 | 2,607 | 4,692 | 7,248 | 2.4% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 1,213 | 1,871 | 6,037 | 5,382 | 1.8% | |||
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | 979 | 825 | 4,942 | 5,441 | 1.8% | |||
Black or Black British: Total | 950 | 0.4% | 959 | 0.4% | 5,160 | 1.8% | 9,921 | 3.3% |
Black or Black British: Caribbean | 196 | 133 | 217 | 340 | 0.1% | |||
Black or Black British: African | 496 | 738 | 4,664 | 8,555 | 2.9% | |||
Black or Black British: Other Black | 258 | 88 | 279 | 1,026 | 0.3% | |||
Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | 2,290 | 0.9% | 4,279 | 1.5% | 6,920 | 2.4% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | 398 | 830 | 915 | 0.3% | ||
Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | 403 | 859 | 1,378 | 0.5% | ||
Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | 912 | 1,609 | 2,600 | 0.9% | ||
Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | 577 | 981 | 2,027 | 0.7% | ||
Other: Total | 991 | 0.4% | 1,360 | 0.5% | 4,098 | 1.5% | 9,156 | 3.1% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | 2,602 | 4,175 | 1.4% | |
Other: Any other ethnic group | 991 | 0.4% | 1,360 | 0.5% | 1,496 | 4,981 | 1.7% | |
Total | 259,541 | 100% | 259,536 | 100% | 280,177 | 100% | 300,127 | 100% |
Geordies
The
Dialect
The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as Geordie. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").[240]
According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as Pitmatic and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".[241]
"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia;[242] barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty") and "stot" ("bounce") are used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA:/naʊt/, rhymes with out, "nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hockle" ("spit").[243]
Health
According to research from 2011, public health and levels of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than average in England.[244] As levels of deprivation is considerably higher than the nationwide average, sociologists argue that as a result, the life expectancy for both men and women is lower than the nationwide average. There is significant discrepancy between life expectancies in wealthy areas and deprived areas, with life expectancy up to 14.3 years lower for men and 11.1 years lower for women in deprived areas than in wealthy areas.[245] From 2015 to 2019 Newcastle became relatively more deprived according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation.[246]
From 2001 to 2011, as with all UK cities all-cause mortality rates have fallen, life expectancy has increased. Early death rates from cancer and from heart disease and stroke have fallen but remain worse than the England average.
Almost 21.9% of Year 6 children are clinically obese. In 2014/5, 35.9% of 10 to 11-year-olds were classified as overweight or obese, in comparison to a national average of 33.2%.[247] 54.9% of pupils meet the recommendation of at least three hours each week on school sport. Levels of teenage pregnancy are higher than the nationwide average. In 2011, GCSE attainment amongst school children was worse than the England average.[248] Estimated numbers of adults 'healthy eating' are lower than the England average.[249] Rates of smoking-related deaths[250] and hospital stays for alcohol-related harm are higher than average.[251]
Newcastle remains one of the few major cities in England to supply fluoridated water; this scheme is directed by Northumbria Water plc.[252]
Newcastle has two large teaching hospitals: the
In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London and Widex, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK with an average noise level of 80.4 decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.[253] The report was criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.[254] As well as numerous parks, open spaces, and extensive riverside areas, puzzlingly the report also overlooked the 1000-acre Town Moor at the heart of the city. Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined,[255] and even larger than New York's Central Park, the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament.
Sport
The city has a strong sporting tradition.
.There is a women's football team, Newcastle United Women's Football Club, founded in 1989. Newcastle United W.F.C. currently has 40 ladies aged between 16 and 29 years signed or associated with the club, and plays in the FA Women's Premier League (North).[257]
The
Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park.[258] The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University.[259] The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL).[260] The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual Great North Run, the world's largest half-marathon[261] in which participants race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at South Shields.[262] Another athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing.[263]
The 2012 London Olympic committee selected Newcastle as one of the UK host venue cities,[264][265] with the stadium St James' Park hosting 9 matches in both the men's and women's football.[266]
The
Newcastle upon Tyne was one of the 11 host cities for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[267] St James' Park hosted three matches;
- South Africa v. Scotland (3 October 2015)
- New Zealand v. Tonga (9 October 2015)
- Samoa v. Scotland (10 October 2015)
Transport
Air
Newcastle International Airport is situated on the northern outskirts of the city at Woolsington, near to Ponteland. It is the largest and busiest airport in North East England and the second largest and busiest in Northern England (behind Manchester), handling over five million passengers per year. It is also the tenth-largest, and the fastest growing regional airport in the UK,[268] expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016, and 15 million by 2030.[269] As of 2007[update], Newcastle Airport operates flights to 90 destinations worldwide.[270] The airport is serviced by numerous airlines including British Airways, Jet2, easyJet, Emirates, Ryanair, Air France, TUI Airways, Loganair, KLM and Eurowings.
The airport is connected to Central Newcastle by the Tyne and Wear Metro, with an average journey between Central Station Metro station and Newcastle Airport Metro station taking approximately 20 minutes.
Rail
Newcastle Central Station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line and Cross Country Route. It is one of the busiest stations in Britain.[271]
Train operator
In 2014, work was completed on the station's historic entrance.
The other mainline station in Newcastle is Manors, exclusively served by Northern Trains.
Metro
The city is served by the
The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line begins at
The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernisation, entitled '
Road
Major roads in the area include the
Bus
Bus services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part are coordinated by the
Other major bus departure points are Pilgrim Street (for buses running south of the Tyne via Gateshead), and Blackett Street/Monument for services to the East and West of the city. Many bus services also pass Newcastle Central Station, a major interchange for rail and metro services.[289]
Cycling
Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free
Suburban cycle routes exist, which use converted trackbeds of former industrial
Newcastle has a growing culture of bicycle usage. Newcastle is also home to a cycling campaign, called the 'Newcastle Cycling Campaign.'[292] The ideal of the organisation is to model other European cities like Amsterdam and Copenhagen.[292] The aims of the organisation, within the constitution are: To raise the profile of cycling, especially utility cycling around the city;[293] to educate decision makers over the benefits of cycling;[293] to promote equality.[293]
Following guidelines set in the National Cycling strategy, Newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998.[294] As of 2012[update], the city council's social aims and objectives for cycling include: highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion and educating that cycling promotes healthy living[291] The authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include: developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets; developing the existing off-road cycle route networks and improve signage; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated; Increase the number of cycle parking facilities; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans; link the local networks to national networks.[291]
Water
Government and politics
Newcastle is a metropolitan borough with city status, governed by Newcastle City Council. Since 2018 the council has been a member of the North of Tyne Combined Authority, which is due to be replaced by the larger North East Mayoral Combined Authority in May 2024.[297] There are six civil parishes within the city boundaries, at Blakelaw and North Fenham, Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth, and Woolsington, which form an additional tier of local government for their areas. The rest of the city is an unparished area.[298]
Administrative history
Newcastle was an
The Northumberland
Until the 1830s the borough just covered the four parishes of
Newcastle was awarded city status in 1882. When elected county councils were established in 1889, Newcastle was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it was made a county borough.[308] The city boundaries were enlarged on several occasions, notably in 1904 when it absorbed Benwell, Fenham and Walker,[309] and in 1935 when it absorbed Kenton and parts of neighbouring parishes.[310] In 1906 the city was given the right to appoint a Lord Mayor.[311]
In 1974 the county borough was replaced by a larger metropolitan borough within the new county of Tyne and Wear. The borough gained the area of the former
From 1974 until 1986 the city council was a lower-tier district authority, with
UK Parliament
Newcastle is represented by three elected Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons, the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Two of the current MPs are from the Labour Party and one sits as an independent.
Newcastle upon Tyne Central | Newcastle upon Tyne East | Newcastle upon Tyne North |
---|---|---|
Chi Onwurah | Nick Brown | Catherine McKinnell |
Labour | Independent | Labour |
EU referendum
In the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, Newcastle voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union, with a ratio of 51:49 in favour of remain, compared to a national ratio of 48:52 in favour of leave.[316]
Education
Schools and colleges
Newcastle has 74 primary schools and 20 secondary schools, of which 13 are
There are a number of critically acclaimed
.The largest
Newcastle College is the largest general further education (FE) college in North East England and is a Beacon Status college. There are also two smaller FE colleges in Newcastle.
Universities
The city has two major universities – Newcastle University and Northumbria University.
Newcastle University has its origins in the Durham University School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834. It became fully independent on 1 August 1963, forming the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now simply Newcastle University). It is a red brick university and is a member of the Russell Group, an association of research-intensive UK universities, often considered to represent the best UK universities.[317][318] It won the Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000.[319] It was awarded the Gold Award in the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF), one of only ten Russell Group universities to achieve the Gold TEF rating.[320]
Northumbria University has its origins in Newcastle Polytechnic, established in 1969 and becoming the University of Northumbria at Newcastle in 1992 as part of the UK-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities. Northumbria University was voted 'Best New University' by The Times Good University Guide 2005. It holds the Silver TEF Award.
Museums and galleries
There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the
The
an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online.Religious sites
Newcastle has three cathedrals, the
One of the largest
Newcastle is home to the only Baháʼí Centre in North East England; the centre has served the local Baháʼí community for over 25 years and is located close to the Civic Centre in Jesmond.
Newcastle was a prominent centre of the Plymouth Brethren movement up to the 1950s, and some small congregations still function. Among these are at the Hall, Denmark Street and Gospel Hall, St Lawrence.
The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'.[331] The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726.[332] It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham.[332] The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.[332]
Notable people
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2023) |
Musicians
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Newcastle upon Tyne is
- Newcastle, Australia[345]
- Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. (1977)[346]
- Groningen, Netherlands[347]
- Gelsenkirchen, Germany (1948)[350]
- Haifa, Israel[351]
- Nancy, France (1954)[352][353]
- Taiyuan, China (1985, unilaterally terminated by Newcastle upon Tyne in 2022)[354][355]
Other agreements
Newcastle has a "friendship agreement" with the American city of Little Rock, Arkansas.[356] Since 2003, it has had a "special cooperation agreement" with the Swedish city of Malmö.[357] Furthermore, Newcastle participated in the 1998 summit of worldwide cities named Newcastle,[358] which led to friendship agreements with the following places:
- Neuburg an der Donau, Germany
- Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Neufchâteau, Vosges, France
- New Castle, Delaware, United States
- New Castle, Indiana, United States
- New Castle, Pennsylvania, United States
- Newcastle-under-Lyme, England
- Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Shinshiro, Japan
Foreign consulates
The following countries have consular representation in Newcastle: Denmark,[359] Finland, Romania, Belgium,[360] France,[361] Germany,[362] Iceland,[363] Italy,[364] Norway,[365] and Sweden.[366]
See also
- List of tallest buildings and structures in Newcastle upon Tyne
- List of public art in Newcastle upon Tyne
- List of Freemen of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne
- Duke of Newcastle
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Sources
- Tyneside: A History of Newcastle and Gateshead from Earliest Times, Alistair Moffat and George Rosie, Mainstream Publishing (10 November 2005), ISBN 1-84596-013-0
- Tyneside Neighbourhoods: Deprivation, Social Life and Social Behaviour in One British City, Daniel Nettle, Open Book Publishers, (2016), ISBN 9781783741885
- History of Northumberland and Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Leslie W. Hepple, Phillimore & Co Ltd (1976), ISBN 0-85033-245-1
External links
- Official NewcastleGateshead Tourism Site
- BBC Tyne BBC Local website