Nguyễn dynasty

Đại Việt Quốc 大越國 (1802–1804) Đại Việt Nam Quốc 大越南國 (1804–1839; 1945) Đại Nam Quốc 大南國 (1839–1945)
1802–1945
Court flag (c. 1920s–1945) Coat of arms
Anthem:  Văn ngôn French (from 1884)
Religion	State ideology: Ruism Minority: Mahayana Buddhism, Caodaism, Christianity, Folk religion, Hòa Hảo, Hinduism, Islam, and Taoism
Demonym(s)	Vietnamese
Government	Absolute monarchy under the French colonial administration (1883–1945) under Japanese occupation (1940-1945)
Emperor
• 1802–1820 (first)	Gia Long
• 1847–1883 (last independent)	Tự Đức
• 1926–1945 (last)	Bảo Đại
Regent
• 1818–1820	Minh Mạng
• 1884–1885	Tôn Thất Thuyết & Nguyễn Văn Tường
Prime Minister
• 1945	Trần Trọng Kim
Legislature	None ( invasion	1 September 1858
• Treaty of Saigon	5 June 1862
• End of independence	25 August 1883
• Protectorate Treaty	6 June 1884
• Declaration of Independence	11 March 1945
• Abdication of Bảo Đại	25 August 1945
Area
1830	557,000 km2 (215,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1830	10,500,000
• 1858	12,031,000
• 1890	14,752,000
• 1942	25,552,000
Currency	copper-alloy cash coins (denominated in phần, văn, mạch, and quán) Silver and gold cash coins and ingots (denominated in phân, nghi, tiền, and lạng / lượng) French Indochinese piastre (from 1885)
Preceded by Succeeded by Nguyễn lords Tây Sơn dynasty 1862: Cochinchina 1883: Annam 1883: Tonkin 1945: North Vietnam
Today part of	Vietnam China Laos Cambodia

The Nguyễn dynasty (chữ Nôm: 茹阮, Vietnamese: Nhà Nguyễn; chữ Hán: 朝阮, Vietnamese: triều Nguyễn) was the last Vietnamese dynasty, which was preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruled the unified Vietnamese state independently from 1802 to 1883 before being a French protectorate. During its existence, the empire expanded into modern-day southern Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos through a continuation of the centuries-long Nam tiến and Siamese–Vietnamese wars. With the French conquest of Vietnam, the Nguyễn dynasty was forced to give up sovereignty over parts of southern Vietnam to France in 1862 and 1874, and after 1883 the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the French protectorates of Annam (in central Vietnam) as well as Tonkin (in northern Vietnam). They later cancelled treaties with France and were the Empire of Vietnam for a short time until 25 August 1945.

The

Việt Nam

Country of Vietnam
A Việt Nam Nguyên Bảo (越南元寶), gold sycee of 10 taels produced during the Minh Mạng period.
Hán-Nôm	渃越南

The name Việt Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation:

In 1839, under the rule of Emperor Minh Mạng's, the official name of the empire was Đại Việt Nam (大越南, which means "Great Vietnam"), and it was shortened to Đại Nam (大南, which means "Great South").^[17][18]

Nam Triều

During the 1930s its government used the name Nam Triều (南朝, Southern dynasty) on its official documents.^[19]

Other names

Westerners in the past often called the kingdom Annam^[20][21] or the Annamite Empire.^[22] However, in Vietnamese historiography, modern historians often refer to this period in Vietnamese history as Nguyễn Vietnam,^[23] or simply Vietnam to distinguish with the pre-19th century Đại Việt kingdom.^[24]

History

Background and establishment

Origin of Nguyễn clan

The Nguyễn clan, which originated in the

Lê dynasty's loyal vassal

In 1527,

In 1539, the Lê dynasty was restored in opposition to the Mạc in

In 1558, Lê Anh Tông, emperor of the newly-restored Lê dynasty appointed Nguyễn Hoàng to the lordship of the Thuận Hóa, the territory which have been previously conquered during the 15th century from the Champa kingdom. This event of Nguyễn Hoàng leaving Thăng Long laid the foundation for the eventual fragmentation and division of Đại Việt later down the road as the Trịnh clan would solidify their power in the North, establishing a unique political system where the Lê emperors would reign (as figureheads) yet the Trịnh lords would rule (wielding actual political power). Meanwhile the descendants of the Nguyễn clan, through the bloodline of Nguyễn Hoàng would rule in the South; the Nguyễn clan, just like their Trịnh relatives in the north, recognize the authority of the Lê emperors over Đại Việt yet at the same time solely exercise political power over their own territory.^[29] The official schism of the two families however, would not begin until 1627, the first war between the two.

Nguyễn Phúc Lan chose the city of Phú Xuân in 1636 as his residence and established the dominion of the Nguyễn lord in the southern part of the country. Although the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords ruled as de facto rulers in their respective lands, they paid official tribute to the Lê emperors in a ceremonial gesture, and recognize Lê dynasty as the legitimacy of Đại Việt.

Nguyễn-Trịnh confrontation

The end of the Nguyễn lords' reign

The 17th-century war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn ended in an uneasy peace, with the two sides creating de facto separate states although both professed loyalty to the same Lê dynasty. After 100 years of domestic peace, the Nguyễn lords were confronted with the Tây Sơn rebellion in 1774. Its military had had considerable losses in manpower after a series of campaigns in Cambodia and proved unable to contain the revolt. By the end of the year, the Trịnh lords had formed an alliance with the Tây Sơn rebels and captured Huế in 1775.^[33]

Nguyễn lord,

Ánh met with the Cambodian King Ang Eng, who granted him exile and offered support in his struggle with the Tây Sơn. In April 1782 a Tây Sơn army invaded Cambodia, detained and forced Ang Eng to pay tribute, and demanded, that all Vietnamese nationals living in Cambodia were to return to Vietnam.^[39]

Chinese Vietnamese support for Nguyễn Ánh

Support by the Chinese Vietnamese began when the

Following consecutive losses to the Tây Sơn, Ánh sent his general

Rama I, fearing the growing influence of the Tây Sơn dynasty in Cambodia and Laos, decided to dispatch his army against it. In Bangkok, Ánh began to recruit Vietnamese refugees in Siam to join his army (which totaled over 9,000).

The war between the Nguyễn lord and the Tây Sơn dynasty forced Ánh to find more allies. His relationship with de Behaine improved, and support for an alliance with France increased. Before the request for Siamese military assistance, de Behaine was in Chanthaburi and Ánh asked him to come to Phú Quốc Island.^[47] Ánh asked him to contact King Louis XVI of France for assistance; de Behaine agreed to coordinate an alliance between France and Vietnam, and Ánh gave him a letter to present at the French court. Ánh's oldest son, Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, was chosen to accompany de Behaine. Due to inclement weather, the voyage was postponed until December 1784. The group departed from Phú Quốc Island for Malacca and thence to Pondicherry, and Ánh moved his family to Bangkok.^[48] The group arrived in Lorient in February 1787, and Louis XVI agreed to meet them in May.

• 
  Signatures on the 1787 Treaty of Versailles
• 
  Pigneau de Behaine, the French priest who recruited armies for Nguyễn Ánh during Ánh's war against the Tây Sơn

On 28 November 1787, de Behaine signed the

On 27 December 1787, Pigneau de Behaine and Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh left France for Pondicherry to wait for the military support promised by the treaty. However, due to the French Revolution and the abolition of the French monarchy, the treaty was never executed. Thomas Conway, who was responsible for French assistance, refused to provide it. Although the treaty was not implemented, de Behaine recruited French businessman who intended to trade in Vietnam and raised funds to assist Nguyễn Ánh. He spent fifteen thousand francs of his own money to purchase guns and warships. Cảnh and de Behaine returned to Gia Định in 1788 (after Nguyễn Ánh had recaptured it), followed by a ship with the war materiel. Frenchmen who were recruited included Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, Philippe Vannier, Olivier de Puymanel, and Jean-Marie Dayot. A total of twenty people joined Ánh's army. The French purchased and supplied equipment and weaponry, reinforcing the defense of Gia Định, Vĩnh Long, Châu Đốc, Hà Tiên, Biên Hòa, Bà Rịa and training Ánh's artillery and infantry according to the European model.^[51]

Qing China - Lê alliance against Tây Sơn

In 1786, Nguyễn Huệ led the army against the Trịnh lords; Trịnh Khải escaped to the north but got captured by the local people. He then committed suicide. After the Tây Sơn army returned to Quy Nhơn, subjects of the Trịnh lord restored Trịnh Bồng (son of Trịnh Giang) as the next lord. Lê Chiêu Thống, emperor of the Lê dynasty, wanted to regain power from the Trịnh. He summoned Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, governor of Nghệ An, to attack the Trịnh lord at the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long. Trịnh Bồng surrendered to the Lê and became a monk. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh wanted to unify the country under Lê rule, and began to prepare the army to march south and attack the Tây Sơn. Huệ led the army, killed Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, and captured the later Lê capital. The Lê imperial family were exiled to China, and the later Lê dynasty collapsed.

At that time, Nguyễn Huệ's influence became stronger in northern Vietnam; this made Emperor Nguyễn Nhạc of the Tây Sơn dynasty suspect Huệ's loyalty. The relationship between the brothers became tense, eventually leading to battle. Huệ had his army surround Nhạc's capital, at Quy Nhơn citadel, in 1787. Nhạc begged Huệ not to kill him, and they reconciled. In 1788, Lê emperor Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China and asked for military assistance. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing ordered Sun Shiyi to lead the military campaign into Vietnam. The campaign failed, and later on, the Qing recognized the Tây Sơn as the legitimate dynasty in Vietnam. However, with the death of Huệ (1792), the Tây Sơn dynasty began to weaken.

Franco-Nguyễn alliance against Tây Sơn

Nguyễn Ánh's counter-attack

Ánh began to reorganize a strong armed force in Siam. He left Siam (after thanking King Rama I), and returned to Vietnam.

Defeat of the Tây Sơn

After the fall of the citadel at Gia Định, Nguyễn Huệ prepared an expedition to reclaim it before his death on 16 September 1792. His young son,

Gia Long died in 1819 and was succeeded by his fourth son, Nguyễn Phúc Đảm, who soon became known as Emperor Minh Mạng (r. 1820–1841) of Vietnam.^[78]

Rise and expansion under Minh Mạng

Minh Mạng also expanded his empire westward, putting central and southern Laos under Cam Lộ Province, and collided with his father's former ally-

In 1845, the American warship USS Constitution landed in Đà Nẵng, taking all local officials hostage with the demands that Thiệu Trị free imprisoned French bishop Dominique Lefèbvre.^{[106][107][108]} In 1847, Thiệu Trị had made peace with Siam, but the imprisonment of Dominique Lefebvre offered an excuse for French and British aggression. In April the French navy attacked the Vietnamese and sank many Vietnamese ships in Đà Nẵng, demanding the release of Lefèbvre.^{[109][110][111]} Angered by the incident, Thiệu Trị ordered all European documents in his palace to be smashed, and all European caught on Vietnamese land were to immediate execution.^[112] In autumn, two British warships of Sir John Davis arrived in Đà Nẵng and attempted to force a commercial treaty on Vietnam, but the emperor refused. He died a few days later of apoplexy.^[113]

In the late 1840s, another cholera outbreak hit Vietnam, having travelled from India. The epidemic quickly spread out of control and killed 800,000 people (8%–10% of Vietnam's 1847 population) across the Empire.^[117] Locusts plagued northern Vietnam in 1854, and a major rebellion in the following year damaged much of the Tonkin countryside. These various crises weakened the empire's control over Tonkin considerably.^[112]

In the 1850-1870s, a new class of liberal intellectuals emerged in the court as persecution relaxed, many of them Catholics who had studied abroad in Europe, most notably Nguyễn Trường Tộ, who urged the emperor to reform and transform the Empire following the Western model and open Vietnam to the west.^[118] Despite their efforts the conservative Confucian bureaucrats and Tự Đức himself had a literal interest in such reforms.^[119][120] The economy remained largely agricultural, with 95% of the population living in rural areas, only mining offered potential to the modernist's dreams of a western-style state.

French conquest

In September 1858, Napoleon III orchestrated a Franco-Spanish army bombardment and invaded Đà Nẵng to protest against the executions of two Spanish Dominican missionaries. Seven months later, they sailed to the south to attack Saigon and the rich Mekong Delta.^[121] The Alliance troops held Saigon for two years, while a rebellion of Lê loyalists led by Catholic bishop Pedro Tạ Văn Phụng, who proclaimed himself to be a Lê prince, broke out in the north and escalated.^[122][123] Alongside the pretext of avenging the death of the missionaries the French invasion was designed to prove to Europe that France wasn't a second-rate power, and 'civilize' the area. In February 1861, French reinforcement and 70 warships led by General Vassoigne arrived and overwhelmed the Vietnamese strongholds. Facing the Alliance invasion and internal rebellion, Tự Đức chose to cede three Southern provinces to France in order to deal with the coinciding rebellion.^[124][125]

In June 1862, the

• 
  Capture of Saigon by

  Antoine Morel-Fatio

  .
• 
  Bombardment of Biên Hòa (16 December 1861).
• 
  French warships Siege of Tourane (Đà Nẵng), September 1858.
• 
  Capture of

  Bắc Ninh during the Tonkin campaign

  .
• 
  The capture of Ninh Bình by Aspirant Hautefeuille and his sailors
• 
  French attack on the citadel of Hải Dương.
• 
  Turcos and fusiliers-marins at Bắc Ninh, 12 March 1884
• 
  A French naval gun, deployed on a dyke, supports a marine infantry attack on the Vietnamese positions at Gia Cuc (Gia Quất)
• 
  French warships deployed off the Thuận An forts, 18 August 1883
• 
  The attack on the Thuận An forts, 20 August 1883
• 
  The capture of

  Sơn Tây

  , 16 December 1883
• 
  Capture of Nam Định, 19 July 1883.
• 
  French troops attack Nam Định fortress.
• 
  Capture of Hưng Hóa

By the late 1860s, pirates, bandits, and remnants of the Taiping rebellion in China, fled to Tonkin and turned Northern Vietnam into a hotbed for their raid activities. The Vietnamese state was too weak to fight against the pirates.

Just two years after French recognition, Tự Đức sent an embassy to Qing China in 1876 and re-provoked the tributary relationship with the Chinese (the last mission was in 1849). In 1878, Vietnam renewed relations with Thailand.^[135] In 1880, Britain, Germany, and Spain were still debating the fate of Vietnam, and the Chinese Embassy in Paris openly rejected the 1874 Franco-Vietnamese agreement. In Paris, Prime Minister Jules Ferry proposed a direct military campaign against Vietnam to revise the 1874 treaty. Because Tự Đức was too preoccupied to keep the French out of his Empire without directly engaging against them, he requested assistance from the Chinese court. In 1882, 30,000 Qing troops flooded into the northern provinces and occupied cities. The Black Flags had also been returning, together, collaborating with local Vietnamese officials and harassing French businesses. In March, the French responded by sending a second expedition led by Henri Rivière to the north to deal with these various problems but had to avoid all international attention, particularly from China.^[136] On 25 April 1882, Rivière took Hanoi without facing any resistance.^[137][138] Tự Đức informed the Chinese court that their tributary state was being attacked. In September 1882, 17 Chinese divisions (200,000 men) crossed the Sino-Vietnamese borders and occupied Lạng Sơn, Cao Bằng, Bac Ninh, and Thái Nguyên, under the pretext of defending against the French aggression.^[139]

• 
  Admiral Amédée Courbet and Harmand at Huế, August 1883
• 
  Signing of the Treaty of Huế, 25 August 1883
• 
  French propaganda painting in Hanoi, 1942

Backed by the Chinese army and prince Hoàng Kế Viêm, Liu Yongfu, and the Black Flags decided to attack Rivière. On 19 May 1883, the Black Flags ambushed and beheaded Rivière at the Second Battle of Cầu Giấy.^[140] When news of Rivière's death reached France, there was immediate outcry and demands for a response. The French Parliament quickly voted for the conquest of Vietnam. Tens of thousands of French and Chinese reinforcements poured into the Red River Delta.^[141]

Tự Đức died on 17 July.^[142] Succession trouble temporarily paralyzed the court. One of his nephews Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái was crowned as Emperor Dục Đức but was, however, imprisoned and executed after three days by the three powerful regents Nguyễn Văn Tường, Tôn Thất Thuyết and Tran Tien Thanh for unknown reasons. Tự Đức's brother Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật succeeded on 30 July as Emperor Hiệp Hòa.^[143] The senior Censorate official of the court Phan Đình Phùng denounced the three regents for their irregular handling of Tự Đức's succession. Tôn Thất Thuyết excoriated Phan Đình Phùng and sent him from the court to his home territory, where later he led a nationalist resistance movement against the French for ten years.^[144]

To knock Vietnam out of the war, France decided to take a direct assault on the city of Huế. The French army split up itself into two parts: the smaller under General

On 18 August, French battleships began shelling Vietnamese positions in the Thuận An citadel. Two days later, at dawn, Courbet and the French marines landed on the shore. By the next morning, all Vietnamese defenses in Huế were overwhelmed by the French. Emperor Hiệp Hòa dispatched mandarin Nguyễn Thượng Bắc to negotiate.[147]

On 25 September, two court officials, Trần Đình Túc and Nguyễn Trọng Hợp signed a twenty-seven-article treaty known as

• 
  Hoàng Việt luật lệ, Code of law introduced by Gia Long.
• 
  The Empire of Đại Nam over Indochina in 1839.
• 
  Depiction of a Nguyễn Dynasty soldier, 1844

French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin (1883–1945)

The

After this the Nguyễn dynasty only nominally ruled the two French protectorates. Annam and Tonkin were combined with Cochinchina and the neighboring Cambodian protectorate in 1887 to form the Union of French Indochina, of which they became administrative components.^[154]

French rule also reinforced ingredients that the Portuguese had already added to Vietnam's cultural stew: Catholicism and a Latin-based alphabet. The spelling used in the Vietnamese transliteration is in fact Portuguese-based, because the French relied on a dictionary compiled earlier by a Portuguese cleric, Francisco de Pina.^[154] Due to their presence in Macau, the Portuguese were also the ones who brought Catholicism to Vietnam in the XVI Century, although it was the French who built most of the churches and established missions in the country.^[156][157]

World War I

While seeking to maximize the use of Indochina's natural resources and manpower to fight World War I, France cracked down on Vietnam's patriotic mass movements. Indochina (mainly Vietnam) had to provide France with 70,000 soldiers and 70,000 workers, who were forcibly drafted from villages to serve on the French battlefront. Vietnam also contributed 184 million piastres in loans and 336,000 tons of food.

These burdens proved heavy since agriculture experienced natural disasters from 1914 to 1917. Lacking a unified nationwide organization, the vigorous Vietnamese national movement failed to use the difficulties France had as a result of the war to stage significant uprisings.

In May 1916, sixteen-year-old emperor Duy Tân escaped from his palace to participate in an uprising of Vietnamese troops. The French were informed of the plan, and its leaders were arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean.

World War II

Nationalist sentiment intensified in Vietnam (especially during and after the First World War), but uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain concessions from the French. The Russian Revolution greatly impacted 20th-century Vietnamese history.

For Vietnam, the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 was as decisive as the 1858 French seizure of Đà Nẵng. The

Empire of Vietnam (1945)

In March 1945, after the

Emperor

• 
  Imperial seal, decorated with a dragon, and its imprint against a red background.
• 
  Imperial Crown.
• 
  Imperial sword and hunting rifle of emperor Minh Mang.

The Nguyễn dynasty retained the bureaucratic and hierarchic system of previous dynasties. The emperor was the head of state who wielded absolute authority. Under the emperor was the Ministry of Interior (which worked on papers, imperial messages and recording) and four Grand Secretariats (Vietnamese: Tứ trụ Đại thần), later renamed the Ministry of Secret Council.^{[159][160][161]}

The Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty was an absolutist ruler, which means he was both the head of state and the head of government.^[162] The Gia Long Code in 1812 declared the Vietnamese monarch as the universal ruler of all Vietnam; using the Confucian concept Mandate of Heaven to provide monarchs absolute power. Their reign and popular images were judged based on how prosperous the livelihood (民生, dân sinh) of the people and the Confucian concept of chính danh (rectification of names), according to the Confucian biblical Analects, everything has to stay in its right order.^[163][164] Gia Long also perceived the ancient Chinese conception of Hua-Yi and in 1805 he confessed his Empire as Trung Quốc (中國, "the Middle Kingdom"), the Vietnamese term which often refers to China but now was taken by Gia Long to emphasis his Son of Heaven status and the devaluation of China.^[165][166] Following next decades, Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven theory gradually lost their positions among the Vietnamese officials and intellectuals. When the fourth emperor, Tự Đức, ceded Southern Vietnam to France and called all Southern officials to give up arms, many ignored, disobeyed the Son of Heaven and continued to fight against invaders. Many dissents viewed him as surrendering and frightened of France. Rebellions against Tự Đức erupted every year from 1860 until he died in 1883.^[167]

A dual theory of sovereignty existed in Vietnam. All the Nguyễn monarchs were addressed as hoàng đế (黃帝, Sino-Vietnamese title for "Emperor") in the court while referring himself the first person honorific trẫm (he who give the order). They also used the concept of thiên tử (天子, "Son of Heaven", which is borrowed from China) to demonstrate that the ruler was descended and commissioned by heaven to rule the kingdom.^[163] However, in most cases, Nguyen rulers were formally called vua (𪼀, the Vietnamese title for "monarch" or " sovereign ruler") by the ordinary Vietnamese folks.^[168][169] The concept of a divine Son of Heaven has not been dogmatically practiced, and the monarch's divinity was not absolute due to the dual theory. For example, Xu Jiyu, a Chinese geographer, reported that the bureaucrats in the Vietnamese court sat down and even felt free to search themselves for body lice during the court audiences. Gia Long once told the son of J. B. Chaigneau, one of his advisors, that the use of Son of Heaven in Vietnam was an "absurdity" and "at least in mixed Vietnamese-European Company."^[169] Once the young crown prince is chosen to succeed, his obligation is to be filial with parents, be well-educated in politics and classics, and internalize the morals and ethics of a ruler.^[170]

After the 1884 Treaty of Huế was signed, the Nguyễn dynasty became two protectorates of France and the French installed their own administrators.

In the year 1898, the federal government of French Indochina took over the financial and property management duties of the Nguyễn dynasty's imperial court meaning that the Nguyễn dynasty Emperor (at the time Thành Thái) became a salaried employee of the Indochinese colonial structure, reducing their power to being only a civil servant of the Protectorate government.^[171] The Resident-Superior of Annam also took over the management of provincial mandarins and was a member of the Supreme Council (Conseil supérieur) of the Government-General of French Indochina.^[171]

Civil service and bureaucracy

• 
  Nguyễn dynasty mandarins in the imperial palace
• 
  The imperial guards of the Nguyễn dynasty.
• 
  Eunuchs of the Nguyễn dynasty.
• 
  Mandarin (left) in the traditional Áo tấc and mandarin (right) in the imperial court dress.
• 
  Mandarins kowtow in front of the Imperial palace

Taxes

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Vietnam's monetary subunit was the quan (貫). One quan equaled 10 coins, equivalent to ₫600. Officials received the following taxes (Vietnamese: thuế đầu người):

• First senior rank (Chánh nhất phẩm): 400 quan; rice: 300 kg; per-capita tax: 70 quan
• First junior rank (Tòng nhất phẩm): 300 quan; rice: 250 kg; tax: 60 quan
• Second senior rank (Chánh nhị phẩm): 250 quan; rice: 200 kg; tax: 50 quan
• Second junior rank (Tòng nhị phẩm): 180 quan; rice: 150 kg; tax: 30 quan
• Third senior rank (Chánh tam phẩm): 150 quan; rice: 120 kg; tax: 20 quan
• Third junior rank (Tòng tam phẩm): 120 quan; rice: 90 kg; tax: 16 quan
• Fourth senior rank (Chánh tứ phẩm): 80 quan; rice: 60 kg; tax: 14 quan
• Fourth junior rank (Tòng tứ phẩm): 60 quan; rice: 50 kg; tax: 10 quan
• Fifth senior rank (Chánh ngũ phẩm): 40 quan; rice: 43 kg; tax: 9 quan
• Fifth junior rank (Tòng ngũ phẩm): 35 quan; rice: 30 kg; tax: 8 quan
• Sixth senior rank (Chánh lục phẩm): 30 quan; rice: 25 kg; tax: 7 quan
• Sixth junior rank (Tòng lục phẩm): 30 quan; rice: 22 kg; tax: 6 quan
• Seventh senior rank (Chánh thất phẩm): 25 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan
• Seventh junior rank (Tòng thất phẩm): 22 quan; rice: 20 kg; tax: 5 quan
• Eighth senior rank (Chánh bát phẩm): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 5 quan
• Eighth junior rank (Tòng bát phẩm): 20 quan; rice: 18 kg; tax: 4 quan
• Ninth senior rank (Chánh cửu phẩm): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan
• Ninth junior rank (Tòng cửu phẩm): 18 quan; rice: 16 kg; tax: 4 quan

Political organization

• 
  Privy Council of Nguyễn Dynasty (Cơ Mật Viện: 機密院).
• 
  Ministry of Administration of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lại Bộ : 吏部).
• 
  Ministry of Rites of Nguyễn Dynasty (Lễ Bộ: 禮部).
• 
  Ministry of Finance of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hộ Bộ: 戸部).
• 
  Phạm Liệu, Minister of War of Nguyễn Dynasty (Binh Bộ : 兵部).
• 
  Ministry of Public Works of Nguyễn Dynasty (Công Bộ: 工部).
• 
  Tôn Thất Đàn, Minister of Justice of Nguyễn Dynasty (Hình Bộ : 刑部).
• 
  Imperial Academy, Huế under Ministry of Education of Nguyễn Dynasty (Học Bộ : 學部).
• 
  Phục mạng ceremony when mandarin receive the edict from the Emperor.

Education system

• 
  Candidates on the way to examination school (1897).
• 
  The Imperial examination council.
• 
  Examinator from Ministry of Education in Nam Định (1897).
• 
  Examinator Trần Sĩ Trác (1897).
• 
  Exam supervising from the top (1897).
• 
  Graduates receive Emperor's feast for passing the exams in Nam Định (1897).
• 
  Graduates pay gratitude for the French and Vietnamese governors (1897).
• 
  Graduates pay gratitude at the Confucian temple (1897).
• 
  New graduates receive the graduation uniforms from Emperor in Nam Định (1897).
• 
  Candidates checking their names on result boards.
• 
  French Indochina governor Paul Doumer joins the honour ceremony of graduates.

Colonial education

• 
  Tailoring class in a colonial school in Hanoi.
• 
  Geography class in a colonial school. Hanoi, 1920

Pension

When mandarins retired, they could receive one hundred to four hundred quan from the emperor. When they died, the imperial court provided twenty to two hundred quan for a funeral.^{[citation needed]}

Administrative divisions

Under Gia Long

During the reign of Gia Long, the kingdom was divided into twenty-three quasi-militant protectorates trấn and four military departments doanh.

• 7 Central protectorates

• 4 departments surrounding Huế, directly ruled by Gia Long.

1. Quảng Đức
2. Quảng Bình
3. Quảng Trị
4. Quảng Nam

Minh Mạng and later

In 1831, Minh Mạng reorganised his kingdom by converting all these protectorates into 31 provinces (tỉnh). Each province had a series of smaller jurisdictions: the prefecture (phủ), the subprefecture (châu, in areas whereas having a significant population of ethnic minorities). Under prefecture and subprefecture, there was the district (huyện), the canton (tổng). Under district and canton, the bundle of hamlets around one common religious temple or social factor point, the village (làng or the commune xã) was the lowest administrative unit, which one respected person nominally took care of village administrative, which called lý trưởng.^[174]

Two nearby provinces were combined into a pair. Every pair had a governor-general (Tổng đốc) and a governor (Tuần phủ).

In 1832, there were:

• Three regions and 31 provinces (encompassed modern-day Vietnam):^[179]

• Client/dependent territories:^[180]

1. Luang Phrabang
2. Vientine
3. Cambodia
4. Jarai chiefdoms

• Chief cities:

1. Huế, capital city, population (1880): 30,000
2. Hanoi, major city, population (1880): 120,000
3. Saigon
   , major city, population (1880): 100,000

Economy

Society

Culture and cultural discrimination

The Nguyễn dynasty viewed cultures that were "non-Chinese" as barbaric and called themselves the Central Kingdom (Trung Quốc, 中國).

The Nguyễn dynasty popularized Qing-influenced clothing.^{[197][198][199][200][201][202]} Trousers were adopted by female White H'mong speakers,^[203] replacing their traditional skirts.^[204] The Qing-influenced tunics and trousers were worn by the Vietnamese. The áo dài was developed in the 1920s, when compact, close-fitting tucks were added to predecessor of the áo dài, áo ngũ thân.^[205] Chinese-influenced trousers and tunics were ordered by lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát during the 18th century, replacing traditional Vietnamese áo tràng vạt derived from Chinese jiaoling youren (Chinese: 交領右衽).^[206] Although the Chinese-influenced trousers and tunic were mandated by the Nguyen government, skirts were worn in isolated north Vietnamese hamlets until the 1920s.^[207] Chinese style clothing was ordered for the Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by Nguyễn Phúc Khoát.^[208]

An 1841

Buddhists, Gia Long was not a Buddhist. He adopted Neo-Confucianism and actively restricted Buddhism. Scholars, elites, and officials attacked Buddhist doctrines and criticized them as superstitious and useless. The third emperor, Thiệu Trị, elevated Confucianism as the true religion and while regarding Buddhism as superstition.^[219]

The panorama of Nam Giao procession

Confucianism itself was the ideology of the Nguyen court, also provided the basic core of classical education and civil examination every year. Gia Long pursued

Mang, Jarai, Yao.^[232]

The Annamites are distributed across the lowland of the country from Tonkin to Cochichina. The Chams live in central Vietnam and the Mekong Delta. The Chinese particularly concentrated in urbanised areas such as Saigon, Chợ Lớn, and Hanoi.^[233] The Chinese tended to be divided into two groups called Minh Hương (明鄉) and Thanh nhân (清人).^[234] The Minh Hương were Chinese refugees that had migrated and settled down in Vietnam earlier during the 17th century, who married with Vietnamese women, had been substantially assimilated to local Vietnamese and Khmer populaces, and loyal to the Nguyen,^[235] compared to the Thanh nhân that recently arrived in Southern Vietnam, dominated the rice trade. During the reign of Minh Mạng, a restriction against the Thanh nhân was issued in 1827, Thanh nhân could not access to the state bureaucracy and had to be integrated into Vietnamese population like the Minh Hương.^[236]

The Mường people inhabited the hills west of the Red River Delta, and although subordinate to the central authority, they were permitted to bear arms, a privilege not accorded to any other subjects of the court of Huế. The Tày and the Mang live in the northern highlands of Tonkin, both submitted to Huế court along with taxes and tribute, but were allowed to have their hereditary chiefs.^[237]

Photography

Main article: Photography in Vietnam

The first

Danang, in 1845.^[238] The first photos of the Vietnamese were taken by Fedor Jagor in November 1857 in Singapore.^[239] Due to the forbidden contact to foreigners, photography returned to Vietnam again during the French conquest and had shots taken by Paul Berranger during the French invasion of Da Nang (September 1858).^[240] Since the French seizure of Saigon in 1859, the city and southern Vietnam had been opening to foreigners, and photography entered Vietnam exclusively from France and Europe.^[241]

• 
  Early photograph of Fortress of Danang in 1845
• 
  The Nobility leaving the Imperial Citiadel.
• 
  A Vietnamese noble posed for the photograph.
• 
  Group of musicians in Huế, 1919. They are sitting on a sập.
• 
  Group of female musicians from Cochinchina to perform in the colonial exposition in Marseille, 1922
• 
  Judge and offender in the local trial.

Military

Main article: Military of the Nguyễn dynasty

Gallery

• 
  Huế city drawing in 1875
• 
  1884 drawing of a marriage ceremony in Tonkin
• 
  Elephant parade in Huế
• 
  Tết new year holiday in temple Vietnam
• 
  Model of a traditional ship in central Vietnam

Imperial family

Main article: House of Nguyễn Phúc

Imperial family of the Nguyễn dynasty
Country	Nam Hà / Đàng Trong Nguyễn dynasty French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin Empire of Vietnam Domain of the Crown
Founded	1558
Final ruler	Bảo Đại
Titles	Lord of Quảng Nam Emperor of Đại Việt Emperor of Vietnam Emperor of Đại Nam Chief of State of Vietnam
Traditions	Catholicism
Deposition	1945 (Abdication of Bảo Đại)
Cadet branches	Tôn Thất

The House of Nguyễn Phúc (Nguyen Gia Mieu) had historically been founded in the 14th century in Gia Miêu village,

Thanh Hóa Province, before they came to rule southern Vietnam from 1558 to 1777, then became the ruling dynasty of the entire Vietnam. Traditionally, the family traces themselves to Nguyễn Bặc (?–979), the first duke of Đại Việt. Princes and male descendants of Gia Long are called Hoàng Thân, while male lineal descendants of previous Nguyen lords are named Tôn Thất

. Grandsons of the emperor were Hoàng tôn. Daughters of the emperor were called Hoàng nữ, and always earned the title công chúa (princess).

Their succession practically is according to the law of primogeniture, but sometimes conflicted. The first succession conflict arose in 1816 when Gia Long was designing for an heir. His first prince

Hồng Nhậm were dragged by the ill-failing Emperor Thiệu Trị as a potential heir. At first, Thiệu Trị apparently chose Prince Hồng Bảo because he was older, but after hearing advice from two regents Trương Đăng Quế and Nguyễn Tri Phương, he revised the heir at last minute and choose Hồng Nhậm as the crown prince.^[243]

Emperors

The following list is the emperors'

Saigon (Gia Định) and Hanoi

(Thăng Long) to show the new unity of the country; the fourth, Tự Đức, means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth, Đồng Khánh, means "Collective Celebration".

Portrait/Photo	Temple name	Posthumous name	Personal name	Lineage	Reign	Regnal name	Tomb	Events
	Thế Tổ	Khai Thiên Hoằng Đạo Lập Kỷ Thùy Thống Thần Văn Thánh Vũ Tuấn Đức Long Công Chí Nhân Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Ánh	Nguyễn lords	1802–20 (1)	Gia Long	Thiên Thọ lăng	Defeated the Tây Sơn and unified Vietnam.
	Thánh Tổ	Thể Thiên Xương Vận Chí Hiếu Thuần Đức Văn Vũ Minh Đoán Sáng Thuật Đại Thành Hậu Trạch Phong Công Nhân Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Đảm	Son	1820–41 (2)	Minh Mệnh (Minh Mạng)	Hiếu Lăng	Annexed Cambodia after the Panduranga kingdom after the Ja Thak Wa uprising , renamed the country Đại Nam (Great South), suppressed Christianity.
	Hiến Tổ	Thiệu Thiên Long Vận Chí Thiện Thuần Hiếu Khoan Minh Duệ Đoán Văn Trị Vũ Công Thánh Triết Chượng Chương Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông	Son	1841–47 (3)	Thiệu Trị	Xương Lăng	Carried out policies of isolationism. Pulling troops from Cambodia.
	Dực Tông	Thể Thiên Hanh Vận Chí Thành Đạt Hiếu Thể Kiện Đôn Nhân Khiêm Cung Minh Lược Duệ Văn Anh Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm	Son	1847–83 (4)	Tự Đức	Khiêm Lăng	Suppressed Đoàn Hữu Trưng's rebellion. Facing French invasions. Ceded Cochinchina to France after the Cochinchina campaign. Fought against French invasions of 1873 and 1882–1883.
	Cung Tông	Huệ Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân	Nephew (adopted son of Tự Đức)	1883 (5)	Dục Đức	An Lăng	Three-day emperor (20–23 July 1883), deposed and poisoned by Tôn Thất Thuyết
	–	Văn Lãng Quận Vương	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật	Uncle (son of Thiệu Trị)	1883 (6)	Hiệp Hòa		Four-month emperor (30 July – 29 November 1883), poisoned by the order of Tôn Thất Thuyết.
	Giản Tông	Thiệu Đức Chí Hiếu Uyên Duệ Nghị Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng	Nephew (son of Hiệp Hòa's brother)	1883–84 (7)	Kiến Phúc	Bồi Lăng (within Khiêm Lăng )	Eight-month emperor (2 December 1883 – 31 July 1884). Signing of the Treaty of Huế (1884).
	–	—	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch	Younger brother	1884–85 (8)	Hàm Nghi	Thonac Cemetery, France	Resisting against French rule under the Cần Vương movement. Dethroned after one year, continuing his rebellion until captured in 1888 and exiled to Algeria until his death in 1943.
	Cảnh Tông	Hoằng Liệt Thống Thiết Mẫn Huệ Thuần Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ	Older brother	1885–89 (9)	Đồng Khánh	Tư Lăng	Suppress Hàm Nghi's Cần Vương movement
	–	Hoài Trạch Công	Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân	Cousin (son of Dục Đức)	1889–1907 (10)	Thành Thái	An Lăng	Exiled to Réunion Island due to anti-French activities
	–	—	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San	son	1907–16 (11)	Duy Tân	An Lăng	Rebelled against the French and exiled to Réunion Island in 1916.
	Hoằng Tông	Tự Đại Gia Vận Thánh Minh Thần Trí Nhân Hiếu Thành Kính Di Mô Thừa Liệt Tuyên Hoàng Đế	Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo	Cousin (son of Đồng Khánh)	1916–25 (12)	Khải Định	Ứng Lăng	Collaborated with the French, and was a political figurehead for French colonial rulers. Unpopular to the Vietnamese people.
	—	—	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy	Son	1926–45 (13)	Bảo Đại	Cimetière de Passy, France	Head of the Empire of Vietnam under Japanese occupation during World War II; abdicated and transferred power to the Viet Minh in 1945, ending the Vietnamese monarchy. Installed as head of state of the State of Vietnam, ousted by Ngo Dinh Diem after the 1955 referendum.

After the death of Emperor Tự Đức (and according to his will), Dục Đức ascended to the throne on 19 July 1883. He was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting a paragraph from Tự Đức's will. With no time to announce his dynastic title, his era name was named for his residential palace.

Lineage

1 Gia Long 1802–1819

2 Minh Mệnh 1820–1840

3 Thiệu Trị 1841–1847

4 Tự Đức 1847–1883

Thoại Thái Vương

Kiên Thái Vương

6 Hiệp Hoà 1883

5 Dục Đức 1883

9 Đồng Khánh 1885–1889

8 Hàm Nghi 1884–1885

7 Kiến Phúc 1883–1884

10 Thành Thái 1889–1907

12 Khải Định 1916–1925

11 Duy Tân 1907–1916

13 Bảo Đại 1926–1945

Note:

• Years are reigning years.

Family tree

Simplified family tree of the Nguyen Phuc dynasty:

•   - Lords of Cochinchina (1550s–1777)
•   - Emperors of the independent Vietnamese monarchy (1802–1883)
•   - Emperors of
  French Annam and Tonkin/Emperor of Empire of Vietnam
  (1885–1945)

Nguyễn Phúc family tree

Nguyễn Công Duẩn [vi] Nguyễn Văn Lỗ [vi] Nguyễn Văn Lang [vi] Nguyễn Hoằng Dụ [vi][244] Nguyễn Kim Nguyễn Hoàng Nguyễn Uông Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên Nguyễn Phúc Lan Nguyễn Phúc Tần Nguyễn Phúc Thái Nguyễn Phúc Chu Nguyễn Phúc Trú Nguyễn Phúc Khoát Nguyễn Phúc Luân Nguyễn Phúc Hiệu Nguyễn Phúc Thuần Gia Long (1) r. 1802–20 Nguyễn Phúc Dương Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh Minh Mạng (2) r. 1820–41 Nguyễn Phúc Mỹ Đường Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm Nguyễn Phúc Miên Định Thiệu Trị (3) r. 1841–47 Nguyễn Phúc Miên Bửu Nguyễn Phúc Tăng Du Hiệp Hòa (6) r. August–December 1883 Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Cai Cường Để Dục Đức (5) r. 20–23 July 1883 Đồng Khánh (9) r. 1885–89 Kiến Phúc (7) r. December 1883–July 1884 Hàm Nghi (8) r. July 1884–85 Thành Thái(10) r. 1889–1907 Khải Định (12) r. 1916–25 Duy Tân (11) r. 1907–16 Bảo Đại (13) r. 1925–45 Bảo Ngọc ( Georges Vĩnh San) (b. 1933) Bảo Long (1934 – 2007) Bảo Thăng (1944 – 2017)

Succession line

• Thiệu Trị (1801-1847)

• • Tự Đức (1829-1883)
  • Kiên Thái Vương (1845-1876)
    • Đồng Khánh (1864-1889)
      • Khải Định (1885-1925)
        • Bảo Đại (1913-1997)
          • Crown Prince Bảo Long (1936-2007)
          • Prince
            Bảo Thắng
            (1943-2017)
    • Kiến Phúc (1869-1884)
    • Hàm Nghi (1871-1944)
      • Prince Minh Đức [vi] (1910-1990)

Symbols

Flags

See also: List of flags of Vietnam, List of flags of French Indochina, and Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units

The Nguyễn dynasty's national flag or the Imperial flag first appeared during the reign of Gia Long. It was a yellow flag with a single or three horizontal red stripes, sometimes in 1822, it was entirely blank yellow or white.^[245] The emperor's personal flag was a golden dragon spitting fire, surrounded by clouds, a silver moon, and a black crescent on a yellow background.^[245]

Seals

Main article: Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty

The Nguyễn dynasty's seal are rich and diverse in types and had strict rules and laws that regulated their manipulation, management, and use.^[246] The common practice of using seals was clearly recorded in the book "Khâm định Đại Nam hội điển sự lệ" on how to use seals, how to place them, and on what kinds of documents, which was compiled by the Cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty in the year Minh Mạng 3 (1822).^[246] The various types of seals of the Nguyễn dynasty had different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Ấn chương (印章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký (記).^[247][246]

Seals in the Nguyễn dynasty were overseen by a pair of agencies referred to as the Office of Ministry Seals Management - Officers on Duty (印司 - 直處, Ấn ty - Trực xứ), this is a term that refers to two agencies which were established within each of the Six Ministries, these agencies were tasked with keeping track of the seals, files, and chapters of their ministry.^[248] On duty of the Office of Ministry Seals Management were the correspondents of each individual ministry that received and distributed documents and records of a government agency.^[248] These two agencies usually had a few dozen officers who would import documents from their ministry.^[248] Usually the name of the ministry is directly attached to the seal agency's name, for example "Office of Civil Affairs Ministry Seals Management - Civil Affairs Ministry Officers on Duty" (吏印司吏直處, Lại Ấn ty Lại Trực xứ).^[248]

Since the Nguyễn dynasty period seals have a fairly uniform shape (with or without a handle), the uniform description of these seals in Vietnamese are:^[249]

• Thân ấn - The geometric block, or body, of the seal.^[249]
• Núm ấn - The handle for pressing the seal down on texts. In case the seal is shaped like a pyramid, there is no knob.^[249]
• Mặt ấn - Where the main content of the seal (symbol or word) is engraved, this area is usually in the face down position. The stamp surface is often used up to engrave letters or drawings.^[249]
• Lưng ấn - The face of the seal, where other information about the seal is engraved, usually in the supine position. In the case of the flat-head pyramid seal (ấn triện hình tháp đầu bằng), the flat head is the back.^[249]
• Hình ấn - A word used to indicate the impression of the seal on a text.^[249]

Seals were also given to people after they received a noble title.^[250] For example, after Léon Louis Sogny received the title of "Baron of An Bình" (安平男) in the year Bảo Đại 14 (保大拾肆年, 1939) he was also given a golden seal and a Kim Bài (金牌) with his noble title on it. The seal had the seal script inscription An Bình Nam chi ấn (安平男之印).^[251]

In its 143 years of existence, the government of the Nguyễn dynasty had created more than 100 imperial seals.^[252] These imperial seals were made of jade, bronze, silver, gold, ivory, and meteorite.

Sun, moon, auspicious clouds, and the Yin-Yang symbol

Like

Imperial China and Royal Korea, the Vietnamese used the sun as the "Symbol of the Empire" and auspicious clouds and the Taijitu as "Symbols of the State".^[253] The heraldic systems of both the Later Lê and Nguyễn dynasties were similar to those found in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.^[253] The sun symbol as a flaming disc in Vietnam dates back to the 11th century and during the Nguyễn dynasty period this symbol was often depicted with pointed rays.^[253] The moon symbolised the state, the sun the empire, stars the sovereigns, and clouds the heaven.^[253]

The "

French National Assembly (that is: the French people) was the sovereign over the Empire (the dragons), the Nguyễn Emperor now merely being the head of state (moon or Yin-Yang symbol).^[253] Moons also appeared on the shields of common Nguyễn dynasty soldiers representing the state, while soldiers of the imperial guards sometimes had shields depicting a red sun showcasing that they were a function of the empire.^[253]

Dragons

Main article: Vietnamese dragon

Dragon motifs appeared on many state symbols during the Nguyễn dynasty period including on imperial edicts, coins, buildings, and the badges of the Imperial Guard.^[253] During the Minh Mạng period (1820–1841) dragons on silver Tiền coins were often depicted facing dexter (to the right), while during the Thiệu Trị period (1841–1847) and later these coins depicted dragons guardant (facing forwards).^[253] Dragons were considered to be one of the four sacred animals together with the Phượng hoàng (Phoenix), Kỳ lân (Unicorn), and the Linh quy (Sacred turtle).^[254] During the Nguyễn dynasty period the depiction of dragons in Vietnamese art reached their zenith and the quality and variety of Nguyễn dynasty dragons was much higher than those of earlier dynasties.^[254]

In the third month of the year Bính Tý, or Gia Long 15 (1816), Emperor Gia Long instructed the court to create special clothes, hats, and seals for himself and the crown prince to denote independence from China.^[255] These regalia all depicted five-clawed dragons (蠪𠄼𤔻, rồng 5 móng), in Chinese symbolism (including Vietnamese symbolism) five-clawed dragons are symbols of an Emperor, while four-clawed dragons are seen as symbols or kings.^[255] To denote the high status of Emperor all monarchial robes, hats, and seals were adorned with five-clawed dragons and ordered the creation of new seals with five-clawed dragons as their seal knobs to showcase imperial legitimacy.^[255] Meanwhile, the wardrobes and other symbols of vassals and princes were adorned with four-clawed dragons symbolising their status as "kings".^[256][255]

The two national coats of arms of the French protectorate of Annam would also consist of golden dragons with one being a sword per fess charged with a scroll inscribed with two Traditional Chinese characters Đại Nam (大南) and supported by a single Vietnamese dragon and the other being a golden five-clawed dragon positioned affronté.^[257][253]

Gallery of symbols

• 
  Flag of Nguyễn period Vietnam.^[245]
• 
  An Imperial seal made during the Minh Mạng period.
• 
  Dragon motifs are found everywhere in imperial buildings.

See also

• List of monarchs of Vietnam
• Nguyễn Trường Tộ – served Emperor Tự Đức

Notes

1. ^ At first, Gia Long requested the name "Nam Việt", but the Jiaqing Emperor refused.^[8][16]

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nguyễn dynasty.

• homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty

— Royal house — Nguyễn dynasty Founding year: 1802 Deposition: 1945
Preceded by Tây Sơn dynasty	Dynasty of Vietnam 1 June 1802 – 30 August 1945	Vacant declared