Nico
Nico | |
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Background information | |
Birth name | Christa Päffgen |
Born | Cologne, Germany | 16 October 1938
Died | 18 July 1988 Ibiza, Spain | (aged 49)
Genres | |
Occupation(s) |
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Instrument(s) |
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Years active | 1954–1988 |
Labels | |
Formerly of | The Velvet Underground |
Christa Päffgen (
At the insistence of Warhol, Nico sang on three songs of
In the 1980s, Nico toured extensively in Europe, United States, Australia and Japan. After a concert in Berlin in June 1988, she went on holiday in Ibiza to rest and died as the result of a cerebral haemorrhage while cycling in extremely hot weather.[5]
Early life
Nico was born Christa Päffgen in
Her father was conscripted into the
In 1946, Nico and her mother relocated to downtown Berlin, where Grete worked as a
Career
Acting and modelling (1954–1964)
Nico was discovered at 16 by photographer Herbert Tobias while both were working at a KaDeWe fashion show in Berlin. He gave her the name "Nico" after a man he had fallen in love with, filmmaker Nikos Papatakis, and she used it for the rest of her life.[14] She moved to Paris and began working for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, and other fashion magazines. Around this time, she dyed her brown hair blonde, later claiming she was inspired to do so by Ernest Hemingway.[15] At age 17, she was contracted by Coco Chanel to promote their products, but she fled to New York City and abandoned the job.[9] Through her travels, she learned to speak English, Spanish, and French.
In 1959, she was invited to the set of
After a role in the 1961
Early singing work
In New York, Nico first met Greek filmmaker
In 1965, Nico met the Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones and recorded her first single, "I'm Not Sayin'", with the B-side "The Last Mile", produced by Jimmy Page for Andrew Loog Oldham's Immediate label. Actor Ben Carruthers introduced her to Bob Dylan in Paris that summer. In 1967, Nico recorded his song "I'll Keep It with Mine" for her first album, Chelsea Girl.[1]
The Velvet Underground (1966–67)
After being introduced by Brian Jones, she began working in New York with
The group became the centerpiece of Warhol's
Nico's tenure with the Velvet Underground was marked by personal and musical difficulties. Multi-instrumentalist John Cale wrote that Nico's long dressing room preparations, and pre-performance ritual of burning a candle, often held up performances, which especially irritated songwriter Lou Reed. Nico's partial deafness sometimes caused her to veer off key, for which she was ridiculed by other band members.[21] The album became a classic, ranked 13th on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time,[22] though it was poorly received at the time of its release.[23]
Early solo career (1967–1977)
Immediately following her musical work with the Velvet Underground, Nico began work as a solo artist, performing regularly at The Dom in New York City. At these shows, she was accompanied by a revolving cast of guitarists, including members of the Velvet Underground, Tim Hardin, Tim Buckley, Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Jackson Browne.
For her debut album, 1967's
For The Marble Index, released in 1968, Nico wrote the lyrics and music. Nico's harmonium anchored the accompaniment, while John Cale added an array of folk and classical instruments, and arranged the album. The harmonium became her signature instrument for the rest of her career. The album has a classical-cum-European folk sound. The album also marked a radical change in Nico's appearance and image. She once again dyed her hair, this time from blonde to red, and began dressing mostly in black, a look that would be considered a visual prototype for the gothic rock scene that would emerge in subsequent years.[27]
A promotional film for the song "Evening of Light" was filmed by Francois de Menil. This video featured the now red-haired Nico and Iggy Pop of the Stooges.
Returning to live performance in the early 1970s, Nico (accompanying herself on harmonium) gave concerts in Amsterdam as well as London, where she and John Cale opened for Pink Floyd. 1972 saw a one-off live reunion of Nico, Cale and Lou Reed at the Bataclan in Paris.
Nico released two more solo albums in the 1970s, Desertshore (1970) and The End... (1974). She wrote the music, sang, and played the harmonium. Cale produced and played most of the other instruments on both albums. The End... featured Brian Eno on synthesizer and Phil Manzanera on guitar, both from Roxy Music. She appeared at the Rainbow Theatre, in London, with Cale, Eno, and Kevin Ayers. The album June 1, 1974 resulted from this concert. Nico performed a version of the Doors' "The End", which was the catalyst for The End... later that year.
Between 1970 and 1979, Nico made about seven films with French director Philippe Garrel. She met Garrel in 1969 and contributed the song "The Falconer" to his film Le Lit de la Vierge. Soon after, she was living with Garrel and became a central figure in his cinematic and personal circles. Nico's first acting appearance with Garrel occurred in his 1972 film, La Cicatrice Intérieure. Nico also supplied the music for this film and collaborated closely with the director. She also appeared in the Garrel films Anathor (1972); the silent Jean Seberg feature Les Hautes Solitudes, released in 1974; Un ange passe (1975); Le Berceau de cristal (1976), starring Pierre Clémenti, Nico and Anita Pallenberg; and Voyage au jardin des morts (1978). His 1991 film J'entends Plus la Guitare is dedicated to Nico.[28]
On 13 December 1974, Nico opened for Tangerine Dream's infamous concert at Reims Cathedral in Reims, France.[29]
Around this time, Nico became involved with Berliner musician Lutz Ulbrich, guitarist for Ash Ra Tempel. Ulbrich would accompany Nico on guitar at many of her subsequent concerts through the rest of the decade. Also in this time period, Nico let her hair return to its natural brown color but continued wearing mostly black. This would be her public image from then on.[30]
Nico and Island Records allegedly had many disputes during this time, and in 1975 the label dropped her from their roster.[31]
Later solo career (1978–1988)
In September 1978, Nico performed at the Canet Roc '78 festival in Spain.[32] Also performing at this event were Blondie, Kevin Ayers, and Ultravox. She made a vocal contribution to Neuronium's second album, Vuelo Químico, as she was at the studio, by chance, while it was being recorded in Barcelona in 1978 by Michel Huygen, Carlos Guirao and Albert Gimenez. She read excerpts from "Ulalume" by Edgar Allan Poe. She said that the music deeply moved her, so she could not help but make a contribution. During the same year, Nico briefly toured as supporting act for Siouxsie and the Banshees, one of many post-punk bands who namechecked her.[33] In Paris, Patti Smith bought a new harmonium for Nico after her original was stolen.
Nico returned to New York in 1979 where her comeback concert at
In France, Nico was introduced to photographer Antoine Giacomoni. Giacomoni's photos of Nico would be used for her next album, and would eventually be featured in a book (Nico: Photographies, Horizon Illimite, Paris, 2002). Through Antoine Giacomoni, she met Corsican bassist Philippe Quilichini. Nico recorded her next studio album, Drama of Exile, in 1981.[1] produced by Philippe Quilichini. Mahamad Hadi aka Mad Sheer Khan played oriental rock guitar and wrote all the oriental production. It was a departure from her earlier work with John Cale, featuring a mixture of rock and Middle Eastern arrangements. For this album, in addition to originals like "Genghis Khan" and "Sixty Forty", Nico recorded covers of the Velvet Underground's "I'm Waiting for the Man" and David Bowie's "'Heroes'". Drama of Exile was released twice, in two different versions, the second appearing in 1983.[29]
After relocating to Manchester, England, in the early 1980s, Nico acquired a manager, the influential Factory Records executive and promoter Alan Wise,[34][35] and began working with a variety of backing bands for her many live performances. These bands chronologically included Blue Orchids, the Bedlamites and the Faction.
In 1981, Nico released the Philippe Quilichini-produced single "Saeta"/"Vegas" on Flicknife Records. The following year saw another single, "Procession", produced by Martin Hannett and featuring The Invisible Girls. Included on the "Procession" single was a new version of The Velvet Underground's "All Tomorrow's Parties".
Nico toured in 1982 with
The live compilations 1982 Tour Diary and En Personne En Europe were released in November 1982 on the 1/2 Records cassette label in France; the ROIR cassette label reissued the former under the revised title "Do Or Die!" in 1983. These releases were followed by more live performances throughout Europe over the next few years.
She recorded her final solo album, Camera Obscura, in 1985, with the Faction (James Young and Graham Dids). Produced by John Cale, it featured Nico's version of the Richard Rodgers/Lorenz Hart song "My Funny Valentine". The album's closing song was an updated version of "König", which she had previously recorded for La cicatrice interieure. This was the only song on the album to feature only Nico's voice and harmonium. A music video for "My Heart Is Empty" was filmed at The Fridge in Brixton.
The next few years saw frequent live performances by Nico, with tours of Europe, Japan and Australia (usually with the Faction or the Bedlamites). A number of Nico's performances towards the end of her life were recorded and released, including 1982's Heroine, Nico in Tokyo, and Behind the Iron Curtain.
In March 1988, she and Young hired new guitarist Henry Olsen: together, they composed new songs to be premiered at a festival organized by Lutz Ulbrich at the Berlin Planetarium in June. Nico was then inspired by Egyptian music and Egyptian singer and diva
A duet called "Your Kisses Burn" with singer Marc Almond was her last studio recording (about a month before her death). It was released a few months after her death on Almond's album The Stars We Are. The recording of the 1988 Berlin concert, was later released with the title Nico's Last Concert: Fata Morgana.
Personal life
On 11 August 1962, she gave birth to her son, Christian Aaron Boulogne, whom she called Ari.[10] She was living with Nicos Papatakis in 1962 but told him that Delon would be the father of her child. Delon always denied it (which has never been proved). Unable to raise her child, Ari was raised by Delon's parents.[36][37] Ari became a photographer and actor.[38] He died, aged 60, in Paris in 2023.[39][40]
Nico saw herself as part of a tradition of bohemian artists, which she traced back to the Romanticism of the early 19th century. She led a nomadic life, living in different countries. Apart from Germany, where she grew up, and Spain, where she died, Nico lived in Italy and France in the 1950s, spent most of the 1960s in the US, and lived in London in the early 1960s and again in the 1980s, when she moved between London and Manchester.[34]
In 1965 she became pregnant during a three month affair with Brian Jones but decided to have an abortion in London that same year. This event prompted her to seek out a closer relationship with her son Ari.[41]
The final years of her life were mainly spent in the Prestwich[34] and Salford area of Greater Manchester. Although she was still struggling with addiction, she became interested in music again.[34] For a few months in the 1980s, she shared an apartment in Brixton, London, with punk poet John Cooper Clarke[34] but not as a couple.[42]
Nico was a
In his autobiography, Cheetah Chrome depicted his friendship with a strung-out Nico in the 1980s and their mutual dependency.
Shortly before her death, Nico stopped using heroin and began
Nico's friend
In 2019, Nigel Bagley, Nico's co-manager and promoter in Manchester, claimed he never saw Nico express racist views, stating, "She was in a multicultural city and was good friends with Yankee Bill, our American-Jamaican doorman." Her drummer Graham Dowdall said, "She played an Indian instrument, worked with north Africans, and brought that to her music. She was certainly capable of very casual racism about Alan [Wise], who was Jewish, but that was a way of having a go at Al."[46]
Death
On 17 July 1988, during a holiday with Ari on the Spanish island of
In the late morning of July 17, 1988, my mother told me she needed to go downtown to buy marijuana. She sat down in front of the mirror and wrapped a black scarf around her head. My mother stared at the mirror and took great care to wrap the scarf appropriately. Down the hill on her bike: "I'll be back soon." She left in the early afternoon on the hottest day of the year.[47]
Nico's
Legacy
Nico directly inspired many musicians, including
Two of Nico's songs from Chelsea Girl, "The Fairest of the Seasons" and "These Days", both written by Jackson Browne, were featured in Wes Anderson's film The Royal Tenenbaums.[60]
Several biographical works on Nico have appeared, both in print and film. The first, in 1992, was Songs They Never Play on the Radio, a book by James Young that draws on his association with Nico in her last years. In 1993, Nico: The Life and Lies of an Icon by musicologist Richard Witts covered Nico's entire life and career. The 1995 documentary Nico Icon by Susanne Ofteringer examined the many facets of Nico's life with contributions from people who knew her, including her colleagues Reed and Cale. In 2015, Lutz Graf-Ulbrich, Nico's former partner and accompanist in the late 1970s, published Nico: In the Shadow of the Moon Goddess, an account of his time with Nico. In the 2018 biopic Nico, 1988 directed by Susanna Nicchiarelli, Trine Dyrholm portrays Nico on a journey across Europe during her last tour.
In 2019, Manchester International Festival put on a production called The Nico Project.[61] It was a theatrical re-telling of Nico's 1968 album The Marble Index starring Maxine Peake.[62][63]
In 2021, the book You Are Beautiful and You Are Alone: The Biography of Nico, by Jennifer Otter Bickerdike, was released.
Tributes
Several concerts to honour Nico's career were organized over the years with multiple singers revisiting her repertoire. In 1981 Texas punk band
Performance artist Tammy Faye Starlite (Tammy Lang) enjoyed success in 2011 with her one-woman show Nico: Chelsea Mädchen, in which she impersonated the singer and delivered spoken material based on an interview Nico gave in the mid-Eighties, during an Australian tour.[64]
In 2012, X-TG (featuring members of industrial band Throbbing Gristle) released a re-interpretation of the Desertshore album.[65]
In January 2013, John Cale organized a tribute A Life Along the Borderline at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City. Performers included Cale, Kim Gordon with Bill Nace, Sharon Van Etten, Meshell Ndegeocello, Stephin Merritt, Peaches, Alison Mosshart, Joan As Police Woman, Greg Dulli, Yeasayer, and Mercury Rev.[66]
The song "Last Ride" on Beach House's 2018 album 7 "was inspired by" Nico, according to lead singer Victoria Legrand.[67]
Discography
According to The Great Rock Discography:[1]
Studio albums
Year | Title |
---|---|
1967 | The Velvet Underground & Nico (US No. 129, UK No. 59, IRL No. 56, ITA No. 76) |
1967 | Chelsea Girl |
1968 | The Marble Index |
1970 | Desertshore |
1974 | The End... |
1981 | Drama of Exile |
1985 | Camera Obscura |
EP
Year | Title |
---|---|
1977 | The Peel Sessions (Recorded 1971 and 1974) |
Live albums
Year | Title |
---|---|
1972 | Le Bataclan '72 (Together with John Cale and Lou Reed) |
1974 | June 1, 1974 |
1982 | Do or Die: Nico in Europe (Live recordings from 1982 European tour)
|
1983 | Live in Denmark (tracks 01-09 recorded live 1982-10-06, at the Club Paramount, Eriksvej 40, Roskilde, Denmark) |
1985 | Nico Live in Pécs |
1986 | Behind the Iron Curtain |
1989 | Nico in Tokyo (tracks 01-11 recorded live 11 April 1986, Tokyo) |
1990 | Hanging Gardens |
1992 | Chelsea Girl / Live (recorded live June 1985, Chelsea Town Hall) |
1994 | Heroine |
2022 | Live at the Hacienda '83 (recorded live in Manchester, 24 February 1983) |
Compilation albums
Year | Title |
---|---|
1984 | Live Heroes |
1998 | Nico: The Classic Years |
2003 | Femme Fatale – The Aura Anthology. (Re-issue of Drama of Exile with bonus tracks plus Live at Chelsea Town Hall 9.8.85.) |
2007 | The Frozen Borderline – 1968–1970. (The Marble Index and Desertshore re-issued with bonus tracks.) |
Unofficial releases
In 2002, Faust Records released two collections of obscure Nico tracks, Reich der Träume (Realm of Dreams) and Walpurgis-Nacht (Walpurgis Night).[68][69]
Singles
Year | Title |
---|---|
1965 | "I'm Not Sayin'" / "The Last Mile" |
1981 | "Saeta" / "Vegas" – Flicknife Records FLS 206 |
1982 | "Procession" / "All Tomorrow's Parties" (Recorded with the Invisible Girls & Martin Hannett) |
1983 | "Heroes" / "One More Chance" |
1985 | "My Funny Valentine" / "My Heart Is Empty" |
Bibliography
- Nico: The Life and Lies of an Icon by Richard Witts (Virgin Books: London, 1992).
- Up-tight: the Velvet Underground Story by Victor Bockris and Gerard Malanga (Omnibus Press: London, 1995 reprint).
- Songs They Never Play on the Radio: Nico, the Last Bohemian ISBN 0-7475-1194-2
- Nico: Photographies by Antoine Giacomoni, (Dragoon: Paris, 2002).
- Nico: Cible mouvante. Chansons, Poèmes, Journal by Nico, Jacques Pauvert and Ari Boulogne, (Pauvert: Paris, 2001).
- L'amour n'oublie jamais by Ari Boulogne, (Pauvert: Paris, 2001).
- Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk by Legs McNeil and Gillian Mccain, (Grove Press: New York, 1996).
- Lüül: Ein Musikerleben zwischen Agitation Free, Ashra, Nico, der Neuen Deutschen Welle und den 17 Hippies by Lutz Ulbrich (Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf: Berlin, 2007).
- Nico - In The Shadow of the Moon Goddess by Lutz Graf-Ulbrich (E-book, Amazon Digital Services, 2015).
- You Are Beautiful and You Are Alone: The Biography of Nico, by Jennifer Otter Bickerdike, Faber (2021), ISBN 978-0-571-35001-8, 512 pp.
Films and plays
- Nico – In Memoriam (1988), documentary directed by Bernd Gaul
- Nico Icon (1995), documentary directed by Susanne Ofteringer
- Nico Icon Play, play by Stella Grundy, premièred at Studio Salford on 5 September 2007
- Nico. Sphinx aus Eis (2005), by Werner Fritsch
- Nico, 1988 (2018), directed by Susanna Nicchiarelli with actress Trine Dyrholm as Nico.
- The Nico Project (2019), co-created by Sarah Frankcom (director) and Maxine Peake (performer), performed at Manchester International Festival 2019.
References
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- ISBN 1846090911.
- ^ a b "The Velvet Underground | American rock group". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
Nico (original name Christa Päffgen; b. October 16, 1938, Cologne, Germany—d. July 18, 1988, Ibiza, Spain)
- ^ ISBN 978-0820474908.
- ^ a b c d Stephen Yardwood (March 2004). "An Interview with James Young". Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0863696558.
- ISBN 978-1549167270.
- The Village News. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ a b Gilbert, Pat (29 August 1994). Heroine (CD booklet). Nico. United Kingdom: Anagram Records. CDMGRAM85.
She was related to Hermann Päffgen, a dynastic master brewer who founded the Päffgen brewery in 1883 in Cologne.
- ^ a b c d e Mironneau, Serge. "Nico: A Short Biography". Retrieved 8 August 2011.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (16 March 2007). "Nico: The Inner Scar director's cut". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2013 – via ReynoldsRetro.
- ISBN 978-1906002220.
- ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Rogers, Mimi Fronczak (3 March 2010). "Life among the ruins; Poignant moments of love and loneliness in postwar Europe". The Prague Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ LaPointe, Michael (30 July 2018). "Nico: Beyond the Icon".
- ^ Johnson, David (16 December 2007). "Who's the Bill Evans Cover Girl?". Night Lights. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ "Niko on Nico: Papatakis recalls Velvet Underground singer". YouTube.
- ^ "'The Solitary Anarchist' | Commonweal Magazine".
- ISBN 978-0-8264-1550-9.
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- ^ "13. The Velvet Underground and Nico, 'The Velvet Underground'". Rolling Stone. 31 May 2012.
- ^ Harvard, J. (2004), p.5.
- ^ Gross, Joe. "Nico: Biography". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
- liner notes for the 2002 Deluxe re-issue of The Velvet Underground & Nico, which includes all five Velvet collaborations for Chelsea Girl.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (16 March 2007). "From the Velvets to the Void". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- Alternative Press. Archived from the originalon 4 March 2016.
- ^ Jahn, Anne-Sophie (7 March 2008). "Unfolding Garrel's Love Letter". The New York Sun. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
- ^ a b Pasquier, Jacques (10 April 2008). "Nico, The Drama of Exile". Rakosrecords.cz. Archived from the original on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
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- ^ "Festival Canet Rock 1978". La Web Sense Nom (in Catalan). 21 November 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ Watson, Andrew (5 July 2019). "Post". Retrieved 13 November 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 5 July 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Todd (2 June 2016). "Legendary music mogul Alan Wise - father of tragic Natasha Wise - dies aged 63". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- ^ Willmington, Michael (2 February 1996). "'Nico' Shows Ex-model's Disintegration". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ "Der Muttersohn". Berliner Zeitung (in German). 22 May 2001. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ISSN 0300-7766.
- ^ https://www.thelocal.fr/20230521/french-man-who-claimed-to-be-son-of-alain-delon-found-dead
- ^ "Photographer Ari Boulogne, who claimed to be the son of Alain Delon, has been found dead - News Rebeat". 20 May 2023.
- ISBN 9780863696558.
She had just undergone an abortion in London, having discovered she was pregnant by Brian Jones.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (29 May 2012). "John Cooper Clarke: 'It's diabolical how poor I am'". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ ISBN 0-7475-1194-2.
- ^ a b Reynolds, Simon (16 March 2007). "From the Velvets to the void". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- ^ a b c LaPointe, Michael (30 July 2018). "Nico: Beyond the Icon". The Paris Review. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ McNeil & McCain (1996), Vol.2.
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- ^ "Fallout Favorites [Robert Smith chooses the records he'd take into the bunker after the big bang]". Flexipop. April 1982.
Desertshore Nico 'I like to remember to it'
- ^ Alex Ross (15 February 2015). "How Björk broke the sound barrier". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ "My Favorite Records: Björk". Therestisnoise.com. 13 November 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ "Peter Hook Talks Lost Joy Division Tapes". pedestrian.tv. 30 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
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- ^ "Morrissey News Questions answered". True-to-you.net. 20 November 2005. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ Harrison, Andrew (May 1994). "Hand in Glove". Select. p. 78.
- ^ "Elliott Smith Archive Interview March 2000 – 'There Has To Be Darkness In My Songs'". NME. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ Turner, Luke (19 November 2012). "Marc Almond on Desertshore". The Quietus.
- ^ Grow, Kory (30 August 2016). "Hear Patti Smith Sing Ambient Nico Song 'I Will Be Seven". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Hermes, Will (3 September 2013). "The Worse Things Get, the Harder I Fight, the Harder I Fight, the More I Love You". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ Hughes, William (12 December 2016). "The Royal Tenenbaums soundtrack is the film dork's secret musical weapon". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
- ^ "The Nico Project".
- ^ "Maxine Peake – A long talk with the British actor about becoming Nico". Loud And Quiet. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ "Maxine Peake: 'The truth seems slippery with Nico'". the Guardian. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
- ^ Fricke, David (12 October 2011). "A Femme Fatale Reborn: Nico's Life and Songs Come Alive in New York Cabaret Show". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Desertshore / The Final Report". Throbbing Gristle.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
- ^ "Life Along the Borderline: A Tribute to Nico". BAM. 16 January 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ^ "Beach House's Victoria Legrand on eternal muse Edie Sedgwick". CR Fashion Book. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ "Reich Der Träume". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Walpurgis-Nacht". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ Reissued numerous times over the years with recognizable variant titles (Nico – Songs They Never Play on the Radio or Nico – The End)
External links
- Habits of Waste, Pt. 1 Evaluation of Nico's early work
- Habits of Waste, Pt. 2 Evaluation of Nico's later work
- Nico, the Voice of Disaffected Youth – Audio story from National Public Radio
- Nico (BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour audio item)
- Nico discography at Discogs
- Nico discography at MusicBrainz
- Nico at IMDb
- Nico – In Memoriam Video on demand link to 1988 concert documentary