Night
Night or nighttime is the period of
Organisms respond to the changes brought by nightfall, including darkness, increased humidity, and lower temperatures. Their responses include direct reactions and adjustments to
Historically, night has been a time of increased danger and insecurity. Many daytime
Astronomy
A planet's rotation causes nighttime and daytime. When a place on Earth is pointed away from the Sun, that location experiences night. The Sun appears to set in the West and rise in the East due to Earth's rotation.[1] Many celestial bodies, including the other planets in the solar system, have a form of night.[1][2]
Earth
The length of night on Earth varies depending on the time of year. Longer nights occur in winter, with the winter solstice being the longest.[3] Nights are shorter in the summer, with the summer solstice being the shortest.[3] Earth orbits the Sun on an axis tilted 23.44 degrees.[4] Nights are longer when a hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun and shorter when a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun.[5] As a result, the longest night of the year for the Northern Hemisphere will be the shortest night of the year for the Southern Hemisphere.[5]
Night's duration varies least near the equator. The difference between the shortest and longest night increases approaching the poles.[6] At the equator, night lasts roughly 12 hours throughout the year.[7] The tropics have little difference in the length of day and night.[6] At the 45th parallel, the longest winter night is roughly twice as long as the shortest summer night.[8] Within the polar circles, night will last the full 24 hours of the winter solstice.[5] The length of this polar night increases closer to the poles. Utqiagvik, Alaska, the northernmost point in the United States, experiences 65 days of polar night.[9] At the pole itself, polar night lasts 179 days from September to March.[9]
Over a year, there is more daytime than nighttime because of the Sun's size and atmospheric refraction. The Sun is not a single point.[10] Viewed from Earth, the Sun ranges in angular diameter from 31 to 33 arcminutes.[11] When the center of the Sun falls level with the western horizon, half of the Sun will still be visible during sunset. Likewise, by the time the center of the Sun rises to the eastern horizon, half of the Sun will already be visible during sunrise.[12] This shortens night by about 3 minutes in temperate zones.[13] Atmospheric refraction is a larger factor.[10] Refraction bends sunlight over the horizon.[13] On Earth, the Sun remains briefly visible after it has geometrically fallen below the horizon.[13] This shortens night by about 6 minutes.[13] Scattered, diffuse sunlight remains in the sky after sunset and into twilight.[14]
There are multiple ways to define twilight, the gradual transition to and from darkness when the Sun is below the horizon.[15] "Civil" twilight occurs when the Sun is between 0 and 6 degrees below the horizon. Nearby planets like Venus and bright stars like Sirius are visible during this period.[16] "Nautical" twilight continues until the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon.[17] During nautical twilight, the horizon is visible enough for navigation.[18] "Astronomical" twilight continues until the Sun has sunk 18 degrees below the horizon.[16][19] Beyond 18 degrees, refracted sunlight is no longer visible.[19] The period when the sun is 18 or more degrees below either horizon is called astronomical night.[17]
Similar to the duration of night itself, the duration of twilight varies according to latitude.[19] At the equator, day quickly transitions to night, while the transition can take weeks near the poles.[19] The duration of twilight is longest at the summer solstice and shortest near the equinoxes.[20] Moonlight, starlight, airglow, and light pollution can dimly illuminates the nighttime, with their diffuse aspects being termed skyglow.[21][22] The amount of skyglow increases each year due to artificial lighting.[21]
Other celestial bodies
Night exists on the other planets and moons in the solar system.
Night varies from planet to planet within the
The day-night cycle is one consideration for
Biology
Living organisms react directly to the darkness of night.[45] Light and darkness also affect circadian rhythms, the physical and mental changes that occur in a 24-hour cycle.[46] This daily cycle is regulated by an internal "biological clock" that is adjusted by exposure to light.[46] The length and timing of nighttime depend on location and time of year.[47] Organisms that are more active at night possess adaptations to the night's dimmer light, increased humidity, and lower temperatures.[48]
Animals
Animals that are active primarily at night are called
The compound eyes of insects can see at even lower levels of light. For example, the elephant hawk moth can see in color, including ultraviolet, with only starlight.[49] Nocturnal insects navigate using moonlight, lunar phases, infrared vision, the position of the stars, and the Earth's magnetic field.[54] Artificial lighting disrupts the biorhythms of many animals.[55] Night-flying insects that use the moon for navigation are especially vulnerable to disorientation from increasing levels of artificial lighting.[56] Artificial lights attract many night-flying insects that die from exhaustion and nocturnal predators.[57] Decreases in insect populations disrupt the overall ecosystem because their larvae are a key food source for smaller fish.[58] Dark-sky advocate Paul Bogard described the unnatural migration of night-flying insects from the unlit Nevada desert into Las Vegas as "like sparkling confetti floating in the beam's white column".[59]
Some nocturnal animals have developed other senses to compensate for limited light. Many snakes have a pit organ that senses infrared light and enables them to detect heat. Nocturnal mice possess a vomeronasal organ that enhances their sense of smell. Bats heavily depend on echolocation.[60] Echolocation allows an animal to navigate with their sense of hearing by emitting sounds and listening for the time it takes them to bounce back.[60] Bats emit a steady stream of clicks while hunting insects and home in on prey as thin as human hair.[61]
People and other
Compared to waking life, dreams are sparse with limited sensory detail. Dreams are hallucinatory or bizarre, and they often have a narrative structure.[69] Many hypotheses exist to explain the function of dreams without a definitive answer.[69] Nightmares are dreams that cause distress. The word "night-mare" originally referred to nocturnal demons that were believed to assail sleeping dreamers, like the incubus (male) or succubus (female).[70] It was believed that the demons could sit upon a dreamer's chest to suffocate a victim, as depicted in John Henry Fuseli's The Nightmare.[70]
Fungi
Fungi can sense the presence and absence of light, and the nightly changes of most fungi growth and biological processes are direct responses to either darkness or falling temperatures.[47] By night, fungi are more engaged in synthesizing cellular components and increasing their biomass.[71] For example, fungi that preys on insects will infect the central nervous system of their prey, allowing the fungi to control the actions of the dying insect. During the late afternoon, the fungi will pilot their prey to higher elevation where wind currents can carry its spores further. The fungi will kill and digest the insect as night falls, extending fruiting bodies from the host's exoskeleton.[72] Few species of fungi have true circadian rhythms.[47] A notable exception is Neurospora crassa, a bread mold, widely used to study biorhythms.[73]
Plants
During the day, plants engage in photosynthesis and release oxygen. By night, plants engage in respiration, consuming oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.[74] Plants can draw up more water after sunset, which facilitates new leaf growth.[75] As plants cannot create energy through photosynthesis after sunset, they use energy stored in the plant, typically as starch granules.[76] Plants use this stored energy at a steady rate, depleting their reserves almost right at dawn.[76] Plants will adjust their rate of consumption to match the expected time until sunrise. This avoids prematurely running out of starch reserves,[76] and it allows the plant to adjust for longer nights in the winter.[77] If a plant is subjected to artificially early darkness, it will ration its energy consumption to last until dawn.[77]
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms that engage in photosynthesis are also affected by nightfall. Like plants, algae will switch to taking in oxygen and processing energy stored as starch.[86][87] Cyanobacteria, also known as blue algae, switch from photosynthesis to nitrogen fixation after sunset,[88] and they absorb DNA at a much higher rate.[89]
Culture
History and technology
Before the
Many daytime religious, governmental, and local social controls dissipated after nightfall.[100] Fortified Christian communities announced the coming darkness with horns, church bells, or drums. This alerted residents—like peasants working the fields—to return home before the city gates shut.[101] The English engaged in a daily process of "shutting in", where valuables were brought into homes before they were bolted, barred, locked, and shuttered.[102] Many English and European towns attempted to impose curfews during the medieval period and gradually loosened the restrictions via exceptions.[103] Prayer and folk magic were more common by night.[104] Amulets were hung to ward off nightmares, spells were cast against thievery, and pig hearts were hung in chimneys to block demons from traveling down them.[105] The common phrase "good night" has been shortened from "God give you a good night."[104] In Ottoman Istanbul, the royal palaces shifted to projecting nocturnal power through large parties lit by lanterns, candles, and fireworks.[106] Though alcohol was forbidden for Muslims, after dark, Turkish Muslims went to the bars and taverns beyond the Muslim areas.[107]
The night has long been a time of increased sexual activity, especially in taboo forms such as premarital, extramarital, gay, and lesbian sex.[108] In colonial New England courtship, young unmarried couples practiced bundling before marriage. The couples would lie down in the woman's bed, her family would wrap them tightly with blankets, and they would spend the night together this way. Some families took precautions to prevent unintended pregnancies, like sleeping in the same room, laying a large wooden board between the couple, or pulling a single stocking over both of their daughter's legs.[109] Historian Roger Ekirch described pre-industrial night as a "sanctuary from ordinary existence."[110]
Artificial lighting expanded the scope of acceptable work and leisure after dark.
Before the widespread usage of artificial lighting, sleep was typically split into two major segments separated by about an hour of wakefulness.[123] During this midnight period, people engaged in prayer, crimes, urination, sex, and, most commonly, reflection.[124] Without exposure to artificial light, studies show that people revert to sleeping in two separate intervals.[125]
Folklore and religion
Diverse cultures have made connections between the night sky and the afterlife.[126] Many Native American peoples have described the Milky Way as a path where the deceased travel as stars. The Lakota term for the Milky Way is Wanáǧi Thacháŋku, or "Spirit's Road".[127] In Mayan mythology, the Milky Way's dark band is the Road of Xibalba, the path to the underworld.[127] Unrelated cultures share a myth of a star-covered sky goddess who arches over the planet after sunset, like Citlālicue, the Aztec personification of the Milky Way.[128][129] The elongated Egyptian goddess Nut and N!adima from Botswana are said to consume the Sun at dusk.[130] In the Ancient Egyptian religion, the Sun then travels through the netherworld inside Nut's body, where it is reborn at dawn.[130]
Many cultures have personified the night.[131] Ratri is the star-covered Hindu goddess of the night.[132] In the Icelandic Prose Edda, night is embodied by Nótt.[133] Ratri and Nött are goddesses of sleep and rest, but it's common for personifications to be associated with misfortune.[131] In Aztec Mythology, Black Tezcatlipoca, the "Night Wind", was associated with obsidian and the nocturnal jaguar.[134][135] In his "Precious Owl" manifestation, the Aztecs regarded Tezcatlipoca as the bringer of death and destruction.[134] The Aztecs anticipated an unending night when the Tzitzimīmeh, skeletal female star deities, would descend to consume all humans.[136] In classical mythology, the night goddess Nyx is the mother of Sleep, Death, Disease, Strife, and Doom.[137] In Jewish culture and mysticism, the demon Lilith embodies the emotional reactions to darkness including terror, lust, and liberation.[138]
Nighttime in the pre-industrial period, often called the "night season", was associated with darkness and uncertainty.
Many times in the night season, there have been certain spirits heard softly going or spitting or groaning, who being asked what they were have made answer that they were the souls of this or that man and that they now endure extreme torments.[145]
— Ludwig Lavater, Of Ghosts and Spirits Walking by Night
In folklore, nocturnal
Nightlife
Social movements in the 20th century including
Art
Literature
In literature, night is often associated with mysterious, hidden, dangerous, and clandestine activities.
Since the Age of Enlightenment, nocturnal settings have been a frequent place for passionate chaos as a counterbalance to the rationality present during the day.[168] In Gothic fiction, this absence of rationality offered a space for lust and terror.[169] Ottoman literature portrayed night as a time for forbidden or unrequited love.[170] Night and day were long depicted as opposite conditions.[171] The electric light, the industrial revolution, and shift work brought many aspects of daily life into the night.[164] The author Charles Dickens lived in London during the time of gas lighting and compared the unstable separation between the waking and sleeping city, to the unstable separation he perceived between dream and delusion.[172][173] Night in contemporary literature offers liminal settings, such as hospitals and gas stations, that contain some aspects of daily life.[164]
Night fell, while Helga Crane in the rushing swiftness of a roaring elevated train sat numb. It was as if all the bogies and goblins that had beset her unloved, unloving, and unhappy childhood had come to life with tenfold power to hurt and frighten.[174]
Film and photography
Directly filming at night is rarely done. Film stocks and video cameras are much less sensitive to low light environments than the human eye.
Night photography can capture the natural colors of night by increasing the exposure time, or length of time captured in the photography.[182] Longer exposures open the possibility for photographers to use light painting to selectively illuminate a scene.[183] Digital photography can also make use of high-ISO settings, which increase the sensitivity to light, to take shorter exposure shots. This makes it possible to capture moving subjects without turning their movements into a blur.[184]
See also
- Earth's shadow
- Night aviation regulations in the United States
- Night in paintings (Eastern art)
- Night in paintings (Western art)
- Nocturne
- Olbers's paradox
Notes
- ^ a b c Lunar Planetary Institute n.d.
- ^ a b Bolles 2024c.
- ^ a b Greene 2003, p. 31.
- ^ Dobrijevic 2022, "What Causes the Summer Solstice".
- ^ a b c Dobrijevic 2022.
- ^ a b UCSB 2015.
- ^ Steiger & Bunton 1995, "Night and Day".
- ^ Steiger & Bunton 1995, "Twilight".
- ^ a b Mulvaney 2024.
- ^ a b Greene 2003, p. 33.
- ^ Gaherty 2013.
- ^ Katz 2021.
- ^ a b c d McClure 2024.
- ^ Shubinski 2023.
- ^ Greene 2003, p. 86.
- ^ a b Mason 1933, p. 690.
- ^ a b Ottewell 2019.
- ^ Kher & Bikos n.d.
- ^ a b c d Shubinski 2023, "In twilight".
- ^ Greene 2003, pp. 86–87.
- ^ a b Sokol 2023.
- ^ Flanders 2008, "Natural".
- ^ a b David 2022.
- ^ Bolles 2024c, "The View From Home".
- ^ Greene 2003, p. 43.
- ^ Gunn n.d.
- ^ Plait 2023.
- ^ Greene 2003, p. 84.
- ^ Atkinson 2024.
- ^ Planetary Society n.d., "Solar Day Length".
- ^ Margot et al. 2021, p. 676.
- ^ Williams 2017.
- ^ Planetary Society n.d., "Global Average Temperature".
- ^ Bolles 2024b.
- ^ Svedhem et al. 2007, pp. 629–630.
- ^ Gohd 2021.
- ^ Bolles 2024a.
- ^ Clery 2017.
- ^ Konatham, Martin-Torres & Zorzano 2020, "Model".
- ^ a b Guzewich et al. 2020, "Introduction".
- ^ Guzewich et al. 2020, "Simulated Climate and Atmospheric Dynamics".
- ^ Walla 2019.
- ^ Lewis 2023.
- ^ Iglesias et al. 2018, p. 17.
- ^ Dunlap & Loroso 2018, p. 515.
- ^ a b BRAIN 2004, "Sleep and Circadian Rhythms".
- ^ a b c Dunlap & Loroso 2018, p. 517.
- ^ Borges 2018, "Abstract".
- ^ a b Gaston et al. 2012, p. 1261.
- ^ a b Jacobs 2009, p. 2961.
- ^ Shen 2012.
- ^ Cell 2009.
- ^ Greene 2003, p. 147.
- ^ Danthanarayana 1986, p. 3.
- ^ Edwards 2018, p. 241.
- ^ Pennisi, Benthe & Haberland 2021, p. 556.
- ^ Pennisi, Benthe & Haberland 2021, p. 557.
- ^ Pennisi, Benthe & Haberland 2021, pp. 556–557.
- ^ Edwards 2018, p. 239.
- ^ a b Edwards 2018, p. 238.
- ^ Langley 2021, "Bat signals".
- ^ Moorcroft 2005, p. 33.
- ^ Vorster & Born 2015, p. 108.
- ^ Patel et al. 2024, "Mechanism".
- ^ Hoel 2021, "Introduction".
- ^ Dunham 2016.
- ^ Vorster & Born 2015, p. 115.
- ^ Vorster & Born 2015, p. 113.
- ^ a b Hoel 2021, "Contemporary Theories of Dreams".
- ^ a b Harris 2004, pp. 439–440.
- ^ Dunlap & Loroso 2018, p. 528.
- ^ Lovett & Leger 2018, pp. 935–936.
- ^ Dunlap & Loroso 2018, pp. 515–517.
- ^ Fricke 2020, p. 1152.
- ^ Fricke 2020, p. 1154.
- ^ a b c Scialdone & Howard 2015, p. 1.
- ^ a b Scialdone & Howard 2015, p. 2.
- ^ Hewitt 1997, p. 10.
- ^ a b Hewitt 1997, p. 12.
- ^ Herrera 2009, p. 645.
- ^ Borges, Somanathan & Kelber 2016, p. 399.
- ^ Herrera 2009, p. 646.
- ^ Hewitt 1997, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Borges, Somanathan & Kelber 2016, p. 404.
- ^ Hewitt 1997, p. 13.
- ^ Carnegie Institution 2014.
- ^ Lutz n.d.
- ^ Coombs 2006.
- ^ Leitch 2020.
- ^ Edwards 2018, p. 36.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 5.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 23–27.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 8.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 46.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 31–33.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 31–40.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 12–16.
- ^ Atkins 2020, p. 25.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 9.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 59, 88.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 61.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 91–93.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 63–65.
- ^ a b Ekirch 2005, pp. 97–99.
- ^ Ekirch 2001, p. 357.
- ^ Wishnitzer 2014, pp. 521–522.
- ^ Wishnitzer 2014, p. 523.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 191–197.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 197–202.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. xxvi.
- ^ Koslofsky 2011.
- ^ Koslofsky 2011, p. 2.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Koslofsky 2011, pp. 130–136.
- ^ Koslofsky 2011, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Koslofsky 2011, p. 201.
- ^ Koslofsky 2011, pp. 162–165.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 331.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, pp. 331–335.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, p. 335.
- ^ Duijzings & Dušková 2022, p. 2.
- ^ Kumar 2022, pp. 55, 67–68.
- ^ Ekirch 2001, p. 364.
- ^ Ekirch 2001, pp. 370–373.
- ^ Ekirch 2001, p. 367.
- ^ Graur 2024, pp. 37–40.
- ^ a b Graur 2024, p. 39.
- ^ Graur 2024, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Klein 2000, p. 51.
- ^ a b Graur 2024.
- ^ a b Ekirch 2005, p. 4.
- ^ Jordan 2014, p. 264.
- ^ Byock 2006, p. 19.
- ^ a b Cartwright 2013.
- ^ Maestri 2019.
- ^ Klein 2000, p. 17.
- ^ Bronfen 2013, pp. 405, 424.
- ^ Hammer n.d., p. 1.
- ^ Ekirch 2005, Preface.
- ^ Hutton 2017, p. 128.
- ^ Bennett 1999, pp. 140–143.
- ^ Bennett 1999, p. 141.
- ^ Hyde 2021.
- ^ Mikkelson 1999.
- ^ Bruce 2016, p. 222.
- ^
- Ostling & Forest 2014, pp. 561–562;
- Ekirch 2005, pp. 17–19;
- Hutton 2017, p. 230.
- ^ Ransom 2015.
- ^ Pasarić 2015, p. 241.
- ^ Jenkins 2013.
- ^ Pasarić 2015, pp. 239–241.
- ^ Hutton 2017, p. 69.
- ^ Hutton 2017, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Hutton 2017, pp. 234–242.
- ^ a b Nofre 2021, p. 1552.
- ^ Beer 2011, p. 141.
- ^ Oldenburg 1999.
- ^ Nofre 2021, pp. 1553–1555.
- ^ Beer 2011, p. 146.
- ^ Klein 2008, p. 20.
- ^ Bianchini 1995, p. 122.
- ^ Grazian 2009, pp. 908–917.
- ^ Bavinton 2010, pp. 236, 243.
- ^ Rowe & Bavinton 2011, pp. 820–821.
- ^ a b c Boyer 2019.
- ^ Marie-Charlotte von Lehsten 2020, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Bensch-Schaus 2020, p. 190.
- ^ Wilson 2020, pp. 131, 147.
- ^ Bronfen 2013, pp. 343–344.
- ^ Bronfen 2013, p. 227.
- ^ Wishnitzer 2014, p. 518.
- ^ Boyer 2019, "It's plain as night and day...".
- ^ Dickens 2012.
- ^ Beaumont 2014, p. 120.
- ^ Larsen 1971, p. 63.
- ^ Rabiger 2014, p. 88.
- ^ a b Edwards 2018, p. 180.
- ^ Read 2009, pp. 13, 20.
- ^ Kramer 2015, "Tinting and Toning".
- ^ a b Hurkman 2013, p. 31.
- ^ Hurkman 2013, p. 43.
- ^ Hurkman 2013, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Keimig 2012, pp. xxiv, 22.
- ^ Keimig 2012, p. 225.
- ^ Keimig 2012, pp. 104, 118.
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External links
- Media related to Night at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Night at Wikiquote
- The dictionary definition of night at Wiktionary
- International Night Studies Network