Nikah mut'ah
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Nikah mut'ah
According to
Some sources say the Nikah mut'ah has no prescribed minimum or maximum duration,[11] but others, such as The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, indicate the minimum duration of the marriage is debatable and durations of at least three days, three months or one year have been suggested.[1]
Some Muslims and
Background
Historically there were many types of marriages, used for various purposes, as opposed to a full marriage; in mut'ah some of the rights of the husband and wife are non-existent. This was primarily used by those who could not stay at home with their wife and traveled a lot. For example, a traveling merchant might arrive at a town and stay for a few months, in that period he may marry a divorced widow, and they would take care of each other. When he has to leave to the next town, the marriage is over, and he might sign a mut'ah contract at his next place. Although in modern times such a thing is considered obsolete, due to the availability of fast travel, and primarily exists in Iran and Shia regions for sexual pleasure reasons as a means of Halal dating.[15]
Mut'ah, literally meaning joy, is a condition where rules of
The prominent companion and
Religious views
Twelver Shia
According to
Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the
Sunni
During the sixteenth century, during the reign of
The thirteenth century scholar, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi said,
Amongst the Ummah there are many great scholars who deem Mut'ah to have been abrogated, whilst others say that Mut'ah still remains.[28]
The
The people of Faith are in agreement that Mut'ah is halal, then a great man said Mut'ah was abrogated, other than them remaining scholars, including the Shi'a believe Mut'ah remain halal in the same way it was in the past. Ibn Abbas held this viewpoint and Imran bin Husain.[29]
De facto temporary marriages were conducted by Sunnis by not specifying how long the marriage would last in the written documents themselves while orally agreeing to set a fixed period.[30][31]
Even though nikah mut'ah is prohibited by the four
According to classical Sunni scholars such as
According to prominent Indian Salafi scholar Waheed-ud-Deen Zaman:
Western views
Some Western writers have argued that mut'ah approximates prostitution,[12][39] and asserted that it has been used to cover for child prostitution.[40][41] Julie Parshall writes that mut'ah is legalised prostitution which has been sanctioned by the Twelver Shia authorities. She quotes the Oxford encyclopedia of modern Islamic world to differentiate between marriage (nikah) and Mut'ah, and states that while nikah is for procreation, mut'ah is just for sexual gratification.[20] Dawoud el-Alami, a lecturer at the University of Wales, wrote that the recent resurgence in the practice of mut'ah among Iraqi and Iranian Shi'tes was equivalent to "disguised prostitution".[42]
In popular culture
The Girl Sitting Here is a (2021) short film directed by Azadeh Nikzadeh about a temporary marriage contract. Bahar (Bahar Beihaghi) a young woman, in exchange for funds to cover the costs of a surgery negotiates a temporary marriage deal with Mr. Payam (Neimah Djourabchi).[43]
See also
- Misyar marriage
- Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam
- Islamic marital jurisprudence
- Jihad al-nikah
- Marriage of convenience
- Nikah Halala
- Nikah Misyar
- Pilegesh
- Walking marriage
References
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b c d Esposito J. "The Oxford Dictionary of Islam." Archived 25 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press 2003 p221 Accessed 15 March 2014.
- ^ "Temporary 'Enjoyment Marriages' in Vogue Again with Some Iraqis". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: a compact version of the internationally recognized fourth edition Archived 19 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine Ed. JM Cowan. New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc., 1994. Print.
- ^ Sciolino, Elaine (4 October 2000). "Love Finds a Way in Iran: 'Temporary Marriage'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- ^ Mahmood, Shabnam; Nye, Catrin (13 May 2013). "I do, for now anyway". BBC News.
- ^ ISBN 9004126023. Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014. pp. 167-171,176
- ^ a b c d Hughes T. A Dictionary of Islam. Asian Educational Services 1 December 1995. Accessed 15 April 2014.
- ^ ISBN 0761479279, 1780761479277 Accessed at Google Books 15 March 2014.
- ^ "I do... for now. UK Muslims revive temporary marriages". BBC News. 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ İlkkaracan 2008, p. 36.
- ^ Labi, Nadya. "Married for a Minute". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
- ^ ISBN 9780415966924.
- ISBN 9780761479277. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
- ISBN 9780415123501.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ Sharh Ibn Abi al-Hadid. Vol. 4. pp. 489–490.
- ^ a b Al-Raghib al-Isfahani. al-Muhadhiraat. Vol. 2. p. 96.
- ^ al-Ghiṭā, Muḥammad al-Ḥusayn Āl Kāshif (1982). The Shia Origin and Faith. Islamic Seminary. pp. 210–211.
- ^ Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi, Mir-at al-‘Uqul fi Sharh Akhbar Al al-Rasul (Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyyah) [annotator: Sayyid Muhsin al-Husayni al-Amini], vol. 20, p. 226
- ^ ISBN 9780830856961. Archivedfrom the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ISBN 9781441112484.
- ^ Andreeva 2007.
- ^ Temporary Marriage in Islam Part 6: Similarities and Differences of Mut'a and Regular Marriage | A Shi'ite Encyclopedia | Books on Islam and Muslims | Al-Islam.org.
- ^ "Marriage » Mut'ah (temporary marriage) – Islamic Laws – The Official Website of the Office of His Eminence Al-Sayyid Ali Al-Husseini Al-Sistani". www.sistani.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "The Rules in Matrimony and Marriage". Al-Islam.org. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ "Marriage". english.bayynat.org.lb. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
- ^ a b
Müller F. "Introduction to the science of religion." Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Kessinger Publishing 1882 p? reprint 1 December 2004.
ISBN 141797401X, 9781417974016
- Nisa verse 24
- Sura al Nisa
- ISBN 978-90-474-1128-4. Archivedfrom the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "MOTʿA – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ^ Ruffle K. Mut'a "Mut'a." Archived 11 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine Oxford Bibliographies website document.
- ISBN 1612046231, 9781612046235.
- ISBN 978-1-138-77946-4.
- ISBN 978-1138780132.
- ^ Ibn Baz, 'Abd al-Azeez. "Views of those who deem Mut'ah marriage permissible". Kingdom of Saudi Arabia- The General Presidency of Islamic Research and Exile. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021.
- ^ "Allama Waheed Uz Zaman books". Dar-ul-Andalus.
- ^ Upadhyay, R.D (2018). CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION(CIVIL) NO 235 OF 2018. SUPREME COURT OF INDIA. p. 20.
- ^ In Iraq, religious ‘pleasure marriages’ are a front for child prostitution The Guardian, 2019
- ^ "BBC - Undercover With The Clerics - Iraq's Secret Sex Trade - Media Centre". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ISBN 9780761479277. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
- ^ Paine, Herbert. "BWW Review: THE GIRL SITTING HERE". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
Further reading
- Afary, Janet (2009). "Slave concubinage, temporary marriage, and harem wives". Sexual Politics in Modern Iran. ISBN 9780511815249.