Nikola Pašić
This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2020) |
Milenko Vesnić | |
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Succeeded by | Ljubomir Davidović |
In office 1 December 1918 –
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Monarch | Peter I |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Stojan Protić |
9th, 25th, 28th, 31st and 34th Prime Minister of Kingdom of Serbia | |
In office 12 September 1912 – 1 December 1918 | |
Monarch | Peter I |
Preceded by | Marko Trifković |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
In office 24 October 1909 – 4 July 1911 | |
Monarch | Peter I |
Preceded by | Stojan Novaković |
Succeeded by | Milovan Milovanović |
In office 29 April 1906 – 20 July 1908 | |
Monarch | Peter I |
Preceded by | Sava Grujić |
Succeeded by | Petar Velimirović |
In office 10 December 1904 – 28 May 1905 | |
Monarch | Peter I |
Preceded by | Sava Grujić |
Succeeded by | Ljubomir Stojanović |
In office 23 February 1891 – 22 August 1892 | |
Monarch | Alexander I |
Preceded by | Sava Grujić |
Succeeded by | Jovan Avakumović |
44th Minister of Army of Kingdom of Serbia | |
In office 22 November 1914 –
| |
Monarch | Peter I |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Dušan Stefanović |
Succeeded by | Radovije Bojović |
23rd and 29th Mayor of Belgrade | |
In office 30 December 1889 – 14 January 1891 | |
Preceded by | Živko Karabiberović |
Succeeded by | Milovan Malinković |
In office 10 January 1897 – 13 November 1897 | |
Preceded by | Nikola Stevanović |
Succeeded by | Nikola Stevanović |
10th, 27th, 30th and 33rd Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Serbia | |
In office 21 March 1892 – 21 August 1892 | |
Monarch | Alexander I |
Prime Minister | Himself |
Preceded by | Mihailo Kr. Đorđević |
Succeeded by | Jovan Avakumović |
In office 8 February 1904 – 29 May 1905 | |
Monarch | Peter I |
Prime Minister | Sava Grujić Himself |
Preceded by | Andra Nikolić |
Succeeded by | Jovan Žujović |
In office 30 April 1906 – 20 July 1908 12 August 1912 – 23 March 1918 | |
Monarch | Peter I |
Prime Minister | Sava Grujić Himself Marko Trifković Himself |
Preceded by | Vasilije Antonić Jovan Jovanović Pižon |
Succeeded by | Milovan Milovanović Mihailo Gavrilović |
Personal details | |
Born | Federal Polytechnic School | 18 December 1845
Signature | |
Nikola Pašić (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Пашић, pronounced [nǐkola pǎʃitɕ]; 18 December 1845 – 10 December 1926) was a Serbian and Yugoslav politician and diplomat. During his political career, which spanned almost five decades, he served five times as prime minister of Serbia and three times as prime minister of Yugoslavia, leading 22 governments in total. He played an instrumental role in the founding of Yugoslavia and is considered one of the most influential figures in Serbian twentieth-century history. With 12 years in office, Pašić was the longest-serving prime minister of Serbia.[1]
Born in Zaječar, in eastern Serbia, Pašić studied engineering in Switzerland and embraced radical politics as a student at the Polytechnical School in Zürich. On his return to Serbia, he was elected to the National Assembly in 1878 as a member of the People's Radical Party, which was formally organised three years later. After the failed Timok Rebellion against the government of King Milan I, he was sentenced to death but narrowly avoided capture and execution. He spent the next six years exiled in Bulgaria. Following Milan's abdication in 1889, Pašić returned to Serbia and was elected president of the National Assembly. A year later he also became mayor of Belgrade. In 1891, Pašić became prime minister for the first time, but was forced to resign the following year.
Following the
In 1918, the
Early life
Pašić was born in
Pašić completed elementary school in Zaječar, and finished his gymnasium work in Negotin and Kragujevac.[14][15] In the fall of 1865, he enrolled in the Belgrade Higher School and in 1867 received a state scholarship to study railroad engineering at the Polytechnical School in Zürich.[15] Historian Gale Stokes wrote that Pašić was a "serious student" who "went beyond the required subjects of his specialization".[16] According to Stokes, Pašić's early socialist ideals were shaped by German experiences rather than Marxist or Russian populism, as his studies were focused on German history and contemporary events which were taught by Germanophile professors.[16] He graduated as an engineer but, apart from his brief participation in the construction of the Vienna–Budapest railroad, he never worked in this field.[17]
Radical Party
Origins
While a student in Zürich, Pašić lived near other Serbian students and became politically involved, initially as an organizer.
After returning to Serbia, Pašić went to
Timok Rebellion
The party and Pašić quickly gained popularity; the Radicals received 54 percent of the vote in the September 1883 elections, while the Progressive Party, favored by King
The atmosphere was made worse when Hristić attempted to take away peasants' guns, in order to establish a regular army.[27] As a result, clashes began in eastern Serbia, in the Timok valley. King Milan blamed the unrest on the Radicals and sent troops to crush the rebellion. Pašić was sentenced to death in absentia and he narrowly avoided arrest by fleeing to Hungary.[27] Twenty-one others were sentenced to death and executed,[27] and 734 more were imprisoned.
Exile in Bulgaria
For the next six years, Pašić lived with relatives in Bulgaria, supported by the Bulgarian government. He lived in
Bulgarian testimonies completely differ in one important respect, whether Pašić worked actively in politics during his exile in Sofia.[29] The official Bulgarian support became one of several reasons for Milan's decision to start the Serbo-Bulgarian War in 1885.[citation needed] After suffering a decisive defeat, Milan granted an amnesty for those sentenced for the Timok rebellion, but not for Pašić, who remained in Bulgarian exile until Milan's abdication in 1889.[30] A few days later the newly formed Radical cabinet of Sava Grujić pardoned Pašić.[31]
High politics 1890–1903
President of assembly and mayor
On 13 October 1889, Pašić was elected president of the National Assembly, a duty he would perform (de jure though, not de facto) until 9 January 1892. He was also elected mayor of Belgrade from 11 January 1890 to 26 January 1891. His presiding over the assembly saw the largest number of laws being voted in the history of Serbian
After wisely not accepting to head the government immediately after his return from exile, Nikola Pašić became prime minister for the first time on 23 February 1891. However, ex-king Milan returned to Serbia in May 1890 and again began campaigning against Pašić and the Radicals. On 16 June 1892, Kosta Protić, one of three regents during the minority of Alexander I, died. Under the constitution, the National Assembly was to elect a new regent, but as the assembly was on several months' vacation, Pašić had to call for an emergency session. Jovan Ristić, the most powerful regent, fearing Pašić might be elected co-regent and thus undermine his position, refused to allow the extra session, and Pašić resigned as prime minister on 22 August 1892. During his tenure, he was also foreign minister from 2 April 1892 and acting finance minister from 3 November 1891.[32]
Alexander's coup d'état
After King Alexander declared himself of age ahead of time and dismissed the regency, he offered a moderate Radical Lazar Dokić to form a government. Though he received approval from some members of the Radical party to participate in the government, Pašić refused. In order to exclude him from the political scene in Serbia, Alexander sent Pašić as his extraordinary envoy to Saint Petersburg, Russia, 1893–1894. In 1896, the king managed to force Pašić to back off from pushing for constitutional reforms. However, since 1897 both kings, Milan and Alexander, ruled almost jointly; as both disliked Pašić, in 1898 they had him imprisoned for 9 months because Samouprava published a statement about his previous opposition to King Milan. Pašić claimed he was misquoted, with no effect.[33]
Ivandan's assassination attempt
Former fireman, Đura Knežević, who was sentenced to death, tried to assassinate ex-king Milan in June 1899 (Serbian: Ивандањски атентат). The same evening, Milan declared that the Radical Party tried to kill him and all heads of the Radical Party were arrested, including Pašić who had just been released from prison from his previous sentence.[34] The accusations that the Radicals or Pašić were linked to the assassination attempt were unfounded. Still, Milan insisted that Nikola Pašić and Kosta Taušanović be sentenced to death.[35] Austria-Hungary feared that the execution of the pro-Russian Pašić would force Russia to intervene, abandoning an 1897 agreement to leave Serbia in status quo. A special envoy was sent from Vienna to Milan to warn him that Austria-Hungary would boycott the Obrenović dynasty if Pašić was executed. Noted Serbian historian Slobodan Jovanović later claimed that the entire assassination was staged so that Milan could get rid of the Radical Party.
Imprisoned and unaware of Austria-Hungary's interference,[36] Pašić confessed that the Radical Party had been disloyal to the dynasty, which probably saved many people from prison.[37] As part of the deal reached with the interior minister Đorđe Genčić, the government officially left its own role out of the statement, so that it appeared that Pašić behaved cowardly and succumbed to the pressure. Pašić was sentenced to five years but released immediately. This caused future conflict within the Radical Party as younger members considered Pašić a coward and traitor, and split from the party. For the remainder of Alexander's rule, Pašić retired from politics. Although the young monarch disliked Pašić, he was often summoned for consultations but would refrain from giving advice and insist that he was no longer involved with politics.
Golden age of democracy 1903–1914
Royal assassination
Nikola Pašić was not among the conspirators who plotted to assassinate King Alexander. The assassination occurred on the night of 10–11 June [O.S. 28–29 May] 1903, and both the King and Queen Draga Mašin were killed, as well as Prime Minister Dimitrije Cincar-Marković and Defence Minister Milovan S. Pavlović. The Radical Party did not form the first cabinet after the coup d'état, but after winning the elections on 4 October 1903, they remained in almost uninterrupted power for the next 15 years.
In the beginning, the Radicals opposed the appointment of a new king,
Nikola Pašić became foreign minister on 8 February 1904 in Sava Grujić's cabinet and headed a government under his own presidency 10 December 1904 to 28 May 1905, continuing as foreign minister as well. During the following decade, under the leadership of Pašić and the Radical Party, Serbia grew so prosperous that many historians call this period the modern golden age of Serbia. The country evolved into a European democracy and with financial and economic growth, political influence also grew which caused constant problems with Serbia's largest neighbour, Austria-Hungary, which even developed plans to turn Serbia into one of its provinces (already in 1879 German chancellor Otto von Bismarck said that Serbia was the stumbling-block in Austria's development). [citation needed]
Austro-Hungarian customs war
As Austro-Hungarian latent provocations of Serbia concerning Serbs living in
Austria-Hungary closed the borders which did cause a severe blow to the Serbian economy initially, but later it will bounce back even more developed than it was, thanks to the Pašić swift change towards the Western European countries. He forced conspirators of the 1903 coup into retirement which was a condition for reestablishing diplomatic connections with the United Kingdom, he bought cannons from France, etc. In the midst of the customs war, Austria-Hungary officially
Balkan Wars
Pašić formed two more cabinets (24 October 1909 to 4 July 1911 and from 12 September 1912). He was one of the major players in the formation of the Balkan League which later resulted in the First Balkan War (1912–13) and the Second Balkan War (1913) which almost doubled the size of Serbia with the territories of what was at the time considered Old Serbia (Kosovo, Metohija and Vardar Macedonia), retaken from the Ottomans after five centuries.[citation needed] He clashed with some military structures about the handling of the newly acquired territories. Pašić believed the area should be included into the Serbian political and administrative system through the democratic elections, while the Royal Serbian Army sought to keep the areas under the military control. After one year of tensions Pašić dismissed the military administrator of Old Serbia and scheduled new elections for 1914 but the outbreak of World War I prevented it.[citation needed]
Outbreak of the Great War
After the
Austria-Hungary presented him the
World War I and Yugoslavia
Glory, defeat and the South Slav state
Serbian defeat was considered to be imminent, at least by external onlookers, compared to the strength of the Austria-Hungary. Serbia had obviously prepared well, however, and after a series of battles in 1914–1915 (Battle of Cer, Battle of Kolubara), the loss and recapture of Belgrade, and a Serbian counter-offensive with occupation of some Austrian territories (in Syrmia and eastern Bosnia), the Austro-Hungarian Army backed off. On 5 July 1914, things changed as old King Peter I relinquished his duties to the heir apparent Alexander, making him his regent.[citation needed]
On 17 September 1914, Pašić and
Unlike Peter, Alexander was not a democratic spirit, rather a dictatorial one and personally disliked Pašić and talk of democracy. Open strife began very soon, when Serbia was proposed the
Creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
The
Despite being removed from the government, as the most experienced of politicians, Nikola Pašić was the main negotiator for the new state at the
Elections held on 28 November 1920 showed that the Radical Party was the second strongest in the country, having just one seat less than the Democratic Party (91 to 92, respectively, out of 419 seats). However, Pašić managed to form a coalition and became prime minister again on 1 January 1921.[citation needed]
Pašić became a very large landowner in the country due to expropriation of Albanian land in Kosovo and other areas.[42]
Vidovdan Constitution
As soon as talks about the constitution of the new state began, two diametrically opposite sides, Serbian and Croatian, were established. Both Pašić and Prince-regent Alexander wanted a unitary state but for different reasons. Pašić considered that the Serbs could be outvoted in such a state and that an unconsolidated and heterogeneous entity would fall apart if it was a federal one, while the prince-regent simply didn't like to share power with others, which was shown 8 years later when he conducted a coup d'état.[citation needed]
Pašić remained prime minister until 8 April 1926, with a short break 27 July 1924 to 6 November 1924, when the government was headed by Ljuba Davidović. After relinquishing temporarily the post to his party colleague
Private life
Nikola Pašić married Đurđina Duković, daughter of a wealthy Serbian grains trader from
Legacy
A central square in Belgrade is named after him,
Media portrayals
- In 1995 television The End of Obrenović Dynasty, Nikola Pašić was portrayed by actor Petar Kralj.[49]
- The Last Audience, a television miniseries based on the biography of Nikola Pašić and directed by George Kadijevich, was produced in 2008 by the Serbian broadcasting service RTS.[50]
References
- ^ "Nikola Pašić najduže premijer" [Nikola Pašić is the longest-serving prime minister]. Blic (in Serbian). 27 August 2005. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Maričić, Slobodan (12 April 2022). "Koja je tajna duge vladavine Nikole Pašića" [What is the secret to the long rule of Nikola Pašić]. BBC News (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Vulićević, Marina (27 March 2023). "Pašićeve promašaje trpimo i danas" [We still suffer from Pašić's failures today]. Politika (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Müller, Jan-Werner; Pešić, Vesna; Stojanović, Dubravka (14 November 2017). "Šta ja nama populizam" [What is populism to us]. Peščanik (in Serbian). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ a b c Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik. Matica srpska. 1974. p. 359.
Милетић је претпостављао да је Никола Пашић пореклом из Тетевена, одакле му је дошао отац или дед. Ја сам га упозорио да словеначки етнолог Нико Жупанич констатује да је Н. Пашић пореклом из трговачке породице која се под крај XVI века доселила од Тетова и основала село Звездан код Зајечара (Станојевићева Енциклопедија III, 309) а и сам Пашић у више ма- хова казивао је да су му се стари доселили из околине тетовскога манастира Леш[о]ка. Ово је између осталога казао мом оцу Петру, с којим је зајед- но суђен због ивањданскога атентата, а говорио је тако у Бури Илкићу, школ- ском другу свога сина и домаћем пријатељу породице, који је још жив, као и другима кад би се распитивали
- ^ Jovan Dučić (1969). Sabrana djela. Vol. 6. p. 197.
Пашић је пореклом из Извора у близини За- јечара. Тамо се налази неко људско насеље где су сви људи мање него осредњи, плавих јасних очију, који мало говоре, а воле брзе коње. Пашић је сам за своју породицу говорио да је из Тето- ва у Маћедонији, макар што се онамо затро сва- ки спомен на његове претке; а Бугари су то об- ртали говорећи да је Пашић из Тетувена у Бу- гарској
- ^ Чилингиров, Стилиян. Какво е дал българинът на другите народи. 1938, 1939, 1941, 1991, 2006. с. 90-91.
- ^ Dimitrijević 2004, p. 61.
- ^ Представители от тетевенското село Голям извор гостуваха на с. Велики извор, община Зайчар, Сърбия. 27 Сеп 2018 г. Официален сайт на Община Тетевен.
- ^ Sforca 1990, p. 16, " Пашић је имао још једну срећу: припадао је шопској...".
- The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu. 24–25 (1–2): 1–22.
- ^ Maričić, Slobodan (12 April 2022). "Политика, историја и избори у Србији: Која је тајна дуге владавине Николе Пашића". BBC News Serbian (in Serbian).
- ^ Radenković, Mile. Цинцари, балкански Хазари. p. 19. (in Serbian)
- ^ Dragnich 1974, p. 11.
- ^ a b Stokes 1990, p. 56.
- ^ a b Stokes 1990, p. 58.
- ^ Stokes 1990, p. 62.
- ^ Stokes 1990, p. 57.
- ^ Stokes 1990, p. 330.
- ^ Stokes 1990, p. 43.
- ^ Ćorović, Vladimir (1997). Istorija srpskog naroda, Book 1.
- ^ East European Accessions List. United States Library of Congress. 1956. p. 62.
- ^ Djokic 2010, p. 128.
- ^ "DA LI JE NIKOLA PAŠIĆ ZASLUŽIO OVAKAV KRAJ? Srbi su ga OBOŽAVALI, a porodica mu je UNIŠTILA KARIJERU". Telegraf.rs. 10 December 2015.
- ^ Dragnich 1974, p. 26.
- ISBN 978-0-76180-399-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-40087-585-6.
- ^ Sforca 1990, p. 36, "Пашић је говорио доста течно бугарски, али је у говор мешао велики број српских речи и израза. Оне младе пријатеље Каравелове који су били пореклом из области Старе Планине Пашић је често питао о карактеристика- ма тога краја Бугарске. Објашњавао им је да су се његови преци иселили одатле у Србију пре неколико генерација. Бугарска сведочанства потпуно се разилазе у једном важном питању: да ли се Пашић бавио активном политиком за време свога изгнанства у Софији.".
- ^ Sforca 1990, p. 36.
- ^ Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers, p.17
- ISBN 978-8-67179-094-9.
- ^ a b Dragnich (1998) pp 36-37.
- ^ Djokic 2010, p. 24.
- ISBN 978-0-91471-037-0.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-412-9.
- ISBN 978-0-06219-922-5.
- ISBN 978-0-42977-259-7.
- ISBN 86-447-0006-5. Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Essad Pasha signed a secret alliance treaty with Pasic on September 17.
- ISBN 86-447-0006-5. Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
The 15 points envisaged the setting up of joint political and military institutions,... focused on a military alliance, the construction of an Adriatic railroad to Durazzo and guarantees that Serbia would support Essad Pasha's election as the Albanian ruler. ...The demarcation between the two countries was to be drawn by a special Serbo-Albanian commission
- ^ Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani, balkania.tripod.com; accessed 24 September 2016.
- ^ Čermelj, L. (1955). Kako je prišlo do prijateljskega pakta med Italijo in kraljevino SHS (How the Friendship Treaty between Italy and the Kingdom of SHS Came About in 1924), Zgodovinski časopis, 1-4, p. 195, Ljubljana.
- ISBN 9780822981572.
- TIME Magazine, 31 March 1923.
- TIME Magazine, 23 February 1925.
- TIME Magazine, 6 April 1925.
- ^ Beogradska groblja profile
- ^ Politika (11 January 2015). "Umro Nikola Pašić, unuk-imenjak srpskog državnika" (in Serbian). Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. pp. 148, 153.
- ^ The End of Obrenović Dynasty on IMDB
- ^ "The Last Audience". rts.rs. 19 July 2008.
Further reading
- DiNardo, Richard L. (2015). Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 9781440800924.
- Djokic, Dejan (2010). Pasic & Trumbic: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Haus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-90782-221-6.
- Dragnich, Alex N. (1974). Serbia, Nikola Pašić and Yugoslavia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-81350-773-6.
- Dragnich, Alex N. "Nikola Pasic" in Peter Radan, ed., The Serbs and Their Leaders in the Twentieth Century (1997): 30–57.
- Stokes, Gale (1990). Politics as Development: The Emergence of Political Parties in Nineteenth-century Serbia. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-82231-016-7.
Other languages
- Krestić, Vasilije (1 January 1997). Никола Пашић: живот и дело. Завод за уджбенике и наставна средства. ISBN 978-86-17-05390-9.
- Karlo Sforca; Slavenko Terzić; Miloš L. Zečević (1990). Nikola Pašić i ujedinjenje Jugoslovena. Delta Design. ISBN 9788690109517.
- Момчило Вуковић-Бирчанин (1978). Никола Пашић: 1845–1926. M. Vuković-Birčanin.
- Ђорђе Ђ. Станковић (1985). Никола Пашић и југословенско питање. Београдски издавачко-графички завод.
- Milan Gavrilović (1962). Nikola Pašić. Avala.
- Carlo Sforza (1938). Pachitch et l'union des Yougoslaves. Gallimard.
- Alex N. Dragnich (1974). Serbia, Nikola Pašić, and Yugoslavia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0773-6.
- Milovan Vitezović (2002). Nikola Pašić u anegdotama. Službeni glasnik. ISBN 978-86-7549-271-9.
- Dušan T. Bataković (2006). Nikola Pašić, les radicaux et la "main noire": les défis à la démocratie parlementaire serbe 1903–1917. Institute for Balkan Studies.
- Vasa Kazimirović (1990). Nikola Pašić i njegovo doba: 1845–1926. Nova Evropa. ISBN 9788676530885.
- Dimitrijević, Miodrag (2004). Nikola Pašić u hodu istorije. Kreativna radionica. ISBN 978-86-83773-20-6.
- Stanojević, Stanoje (1928). "Narodna enciklopedija srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenačka". pp. 352–355.
Pašić Nikola
External links
- "Pašić u anegdotama". Srpsko nasleđe – Istorijske sveske br. 3. NIP GLAS. March 1998.
- Newspaper clippings about Nikola Pašić in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW