Nikolay Przhevalsky

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"Przhevalsky" redirects here. For the inhabited localities in Russia, see Przhevalsky (inhabited locality). For the 1951 Soviet film, see Przhevalsky (film).
Nikolay Przhevalsky
Born
Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky

(1839-04-12)April 12, 1839
Kimborovo, Smolensky Uyezd, Smolensk Governorate, Russian Empire
DiedNovember 1, 1888(1888-11-01) (aged 49)
Karakol, Russian Empire (now Kyrgyzstan)
NationalityRussian[1]
Occupation(s)explorer, geographer
Known forexploration of Central Asia
AwardsVega Medal (1884)
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Nikolay Przhevalsky
Nikolay Przhevalsky in 1860 (age 21)

Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky (or Prjevalsky;[note 1] April 12 [O.S. March 31] 1839 – November 1 [O.S. October 20] 1888) was a Russian geographer[1] of Polish descent (he was born in a Polish noble family), and a renowned explorer of Central and East Asia.

Although he never reached his ultimate goal, the holy city of Lhasa in Tibet, he traveled through regions then unknown to the West, such as northern Tibet (modern Tibet Autonomous Region), Amdo (now Qinghai) and Dzungaria (now northern Xinjiang).[5] He contributed substantially to European knowledge of Central Asian geography.

He also described several species previously unknown to European science: Przewalski's horse, Przewalski's gazelle, and the wild Bactrian camel, all of which are now endangered.

He was a mentor of his follower Pyotr Kozlov.

Biography

Przhevalsky was born in Kimborovo, in the Smolensky Uyezd of the Smolensk Governorate of the Russian Empire in a Polish noble family. He studied there and at the military academy in St. Petersburg. In 1864, he became a geography teacher at the military school in Warsaw.

In 1867, Przhevalsky successfully petitioned the

Amur
on the Russian–Chinese frontier. This was his first important expedition. It lasted two years, after which Przhevalsky published a diary of the expedition under the title, Travels in the Ussuri Region, 1867–69.

His most well-known follower and student was Pyotr Kozlov, who discovered the ruins of the Tangut city Khara-Khoto in the Ejin Banner of Alxa League in western Inner Mongolia near Juyan Lake Basin.

Further expeditions

In the following years he made four journeys to Central Asia:

  • 1870–1873 from
    Order of St. Vladimir
    , 4th Class.

During his expedition, the

Muslim uprising in the kingdom of Yaqub Beg in western China, and his lecture to the Russian Imperial Geographical Society was received with "thunderous applause" from an overflow audience. The Russian newspaper Golos Prikazchika called the journey "one of the most daring of our time".[8]

  • 1876–1877 traveling through East Turkestan through the Tian Shan, he visited what he believed to be Qinghai Lake, which had reportedly not been visited by any European since Marco Polo.[note 2] The expedition consisted of ten men, twenty-four camels, four horses, three tonnes of baggage and a budget of 25,000 rubles, but the expedition was beset by disease and poor quality camels. In September 1877, the caravan was refurbished with better camels and horses, 72,000 rounds of ammunition and large quantities of brandy, tea and Turkish delight and set out for Lhasa, but did not reach its goal.
  • 1879–1880 via
    Hami
    and through the Qaidam Basin to Qinghai Lake. The expedition then crossed the Tian Shan into Tibet, proceeding to within 260 km (160 mi) of Lhasa before being turned back by Tibetan officials.
  • 1883–1885 from Kyakhta across the Gobi to Alashan and the eastern Tian Shan mountains, turning back at the Yangze. The expedition then returned to Qinghai Lake and moved westwards to
    Issyk Kul
    .

The results of these expanded journeys opened a new era for the study of Central Asian geography as well as studies of the

Founder's Medal in 1879 for his work.[10]

Przhevalsky died of

Chu River, which was acknowledged as being infected with the disease.[11][12] The Tsar immediately changed the name of the town to Przhevalsk
. There are monuments to him, and a museum about his life and work, there and another monument in St. Petersburg.

Sketch of Nikolay Przhevalsky in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 30, January, 1887

Less than a year after his premature death, Mikhail Pevtsov succeeded Przhevalsky at the head of his expedition into the depths of Central Asia. Przhevalsky's work was also continued by his young disciple Pyotr Kozlov.

Monument to Nikolay Przhevalsky in the Alexander Garden, Saint Petersburg

There is another place named after Przhevalsky: he had lived in a small village called Sloboda, Smolensk Oblast, Russia from 1881 to 1887 (except the period of his travels) and he apparently loved it. The village was renamed after him in 1964 and is now called Przhevalskoye. There is a memorial complex there that includes the old and new houses of Nikolay Przhevalsky, his bust, pond, garden, birch alleys, and khatka (a lodge, watch-house). This is the only museum of the famous traveler in Russia.

Przhevalsky is commemorated by Maxim. in the naming of Przewalskia , a genus of flowering plants from Asia, belonging to the family Solanaceae.[13]

His name is eponymic with more than 80 plant species as well.[citation needed]

Przhevalsky is honored in the

Teratoscincus przewalskii.[14]

Accusations of imperialism and prejudice

According to David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye's assessment, Przhevalsky's books on Central Asia feature his disdain for the "Oriental"— particularly Chinese civilization. Przhevalsky explicitly portrayed Chinese people as cowardly, dirty and lazy in his metaphor, "the blend of a mean Moscow pilferer and a kike", in all respects inferior to Western culture.[15][verification needed] He purportedly argued that imperial China's hold on its northern territories, in particular Xinjiang and Mongolia, was tenuous and uncertain, and Przhevalsky openly called for Russia's annexation of bits and pieces of China's territory.[16] Przhevalsky said one should explore Asia "with a carbine in one hand, a whip in the other."[17]

Przhevalsky, as well as other contemporary explorers including Sven Hedin, Francis Younghusband, and Aurel Stein, were active players in the British–Russian struggle for influence in Central Asia, the so-called Great Game.[17]

Here you can penetrate anywhere, only not with the Gospels under your arm, but with money in your pocket, a carbine in one hand and a whip in the other. Europeans must use these to come and bear away in the name of civilisation all these dregs of the human race. A thousand of our soldiers would be enough to subdue all Asia from Lake Baykal to the Himalayas....Here the exploits of Cortez can still be repeated.

— Nikolay Przhevalsky on Asia

Przhevalsky's prejudice extended to non-Chinese Asians as well, describing the

Tajik Yaqub Beg in a letter as follows, "Yakub Beg is the same shit as all feckless Asiatics. The Kashgarian empire isn't worth a kopek."[18][19][20] Przhevalsky also claimed Yaqub was "Nothing more than a political impostor," and also disdained the Muslim subjects of Yaqub Beg in Kashgar, claiming that they "constantly cursed their government and expressed their desire to become Russian subjects. [...] The savage Asiatic clearly understands Russian power is the guarantee for prosperity." These statements were made in a report in which Przhevalsky recommended that Russian troops occupy the Kashgarian emirate, but the Russian government took no action, and China recaptured Kashgar. Przhevalsky's dreams of taking land from China did not materialize.[21]

Przhevalsky not only disdained Chinese ethnic groups, he also viewed the eight million non-Chinese peoples of Tibet, Turkestan, and Mongolia as uncivilized, evolutionarily backwards people who needed to be freed from Chinese rule.[22]

Przhevalsky proposed Russia provoke rebellions of the Buddhist and Muslim peoples in these areas of China against the Chinese regime, start a war with China, and, with a small number of Russian troops, wrest control of Turkestan from China.[23]

Personal life

Przhevalsky is known to have had a personal relationship with Tasya Nuromskaya, whom he met in

sunstroke while Przhevalsky was on an expedition.[24]

Another woman in Przhevalsky's life was a mysterious young lady whose portrait, along with a fragment of poetry, was found in Przhevalsky's album. In the poem, she asks him to stay with her and not to go to Tibet, to which he responded in his diary: "I will never betray the ideal, to which is dedicated all of my life. As soon as I write everything necessary, I will return to the desert...where I will be much happier than in the gilded salons that can be acquired by marriage".[24][25]

Myth

There is an

paycheck ledger contained brief notes on money transfer from Przhevalsky to Stalin's mother. However, Przhevalsky's visits to Georgia are not recorded, and G. Egnatashvili, a family friend of the Jughashvilis, did not recollect anything which could possibly substantiate those claims.[28] During the Stalin era any talk concerning his ancestry and childhood was a public taboo, but the ferocity, with which the legend was debunked after the Stalin's death with the entire monographs written in order to disprove the myth (up until the 2010s,) also was considered by some as a further proof of veracity of the Przhevalsky's alleged one-night-stand theory. A humorously developed version of this legend appears in The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Private Ivan Chonkin (Book Three) by Vladimir Voinovich
.

Works

Film

Notes

  1. ^ UK: /ˌpɜːrʒəˈvælski/ PUR-zhə-VAL-skee,[2] US: /-ˈvɑːl-/ -⁠VAHL-;[3][4] Russian: Никола́й Миха́йлович Пржева́льский, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ prʐɨˈvalʲskʲɪj]; Polish: Nikołaj Przewalski, IPA: [ɲiˈkɔwaj pʂɛˈvalskʲi].
  2. Johan Gustaf Renat by almost two centuries.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Nikolay Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ "Przewalski's horse". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
  3. ^ "Przewalski's horse". Lexico UK English Dictionary US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
  4. ^ "Przewalski's horse". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  5. ISBN 962-217-721-2
  6. ISBN 978-0-520-24340-8
    .
  7. ISBN 0-236-40015-0
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  8. ^ Meyer & Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (1999) at p. 229.
  9. ^ August Strindberg, "En svensk karta över Lop-nor och Tarimbäckenet" (in Swedish) Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "List of Past Gold Medal Winners" (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  11. ISBN 0-521-47199-0
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  12. ISBN 0-8101-1795-9
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  13. ^ "Przewalskia Maxim. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
  14. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5
    . ("Przewalski", p. 212).
  15. ^ See, e.g. Nikolay Przhevalsky, "Mongolia, The Tangut Country and the Solitudes of Northern Tibet", two volumes, translated by E. Delmar Morgan with introduction and notes by Colonel Henry Yule (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1876, vol. 2, p. 24.
  16. ^ David Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, "Toward the Rising Sun: Russian Ideologies of Empire and the Path to War with Japan" (DeKalb, Il: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001), p. 34
  17. ^
    ISSN 1061-1924. Archived from the original
    on June 1, 2006.
  18. ISBN 0-8135-3533-6
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  19. ISBN 0-520-24340-4
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  20. ISBN 0-8021-4172-2
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  21. ISBN 0-465-04576-6
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  22. ISBN 0-521-47199-0
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  23. ISBN 0-415-19615-9
    . Retrieved April 27, 2011.
  24. ^ a b Vokrug sveta: The house of the great pathfinder (in Russian)
  25. ^ Yuri Senkevich; Alexander Shumilov (1987). They called the horizon (in Russian). Mysl.
  26. ^ Alexander Portnov Great pseudonym of Joseph Przhevalsky Archived June 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  27. ^ Thoughts after the exhibition or who are you, Joseph Stalin Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^ Edvard Radzinsky. Stalin, 1998, pp. 26-27.
  29. IMDb Edit this at Wikidata

Further reading

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