Ning'an

Coordinates: 44°20′28″N 129°28′59″E / 44.341°N 129.483°E / 44.341; 129.483
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Ning'an
寧安市
Postal code
157400
Area code0453
ClimateDwb
Websitewww.ningan.gov.cn

Ning'an (

Sungari River near Sanxing
.

Administratively, Ning'an is now a county-level city, and a constituent part of the prefecture-level city of Mudanjiang.

The land area of the entire county-level city of Ning'an is 7,870 km2 (3,040 sq mi); the reported population count, as of 2004, stood at 440,000. The government of the "county-level city" is located in the town of the same name (宁安镇; Níng'ān zhèn).[1]

Notable geographic features of the

Lake Jingpo
and a crater underground forest (火山口地下森林). Lake Jingpo is a natural reservoir on the Mudanjiang River upstream (about 40 km or 25 mi southwest, straight-line distance) from Ning'an central urban area, result of the volcanic eruptions about 10,000 years ago.

History

Balhae

towns of Dongjingcheng [zh] (东京城镇; Dōngjīngchéng zhèn) and Bohai [zh] (渤海镇; Bóhǎi zhèn; 44°06′32″N 129°12′54″E / 44.109°N 129.215°E / 44.109; 129.215
), about 25 km (16 mi) upstream (southwest) from the Ning'an main urban area.

Northeastern part of the map of China and Chinese Tartary (1735; based on the expedition of 1709), with Ningguta shown within Jilin Province

Qing dynasty

During the early

Möngke Temür
(猛哥帖木儿).

The Hurka River valley, where Ningguta was located, was the traditional homeland of the Jianzhou Jurchens (who later started calling themselves Manchus), Ningguta and Sanxing being the two oldest centers of the incipient Manchu state.[4] After the Manchus conquered all of China in 1644, the Ningguta area continued to be considered by the Qing dynasty ruling family as the place of its origin.[5]

Already in 1652 the Qing government sent 2000 horsemen, armed with bows,

Sarhuda to set a garrison at Ningguta, which was the first Qing garrison beyond the Willow Palisade.[6]
In June 1653
Sarhuda's position became styled "military deputy-lieutenant governor" (昂邦章京, or amban-jianggin in Manchu)[7][8] and a deputy lieutenant general (副都統; fù dūtǒng) were appointed to command the Ningguta garrison.[9]

The suitability of Ningguta as an administrative center was in part due to its location on the Hurka River (or, for the original site, on the Hurka's tributary Hailang), which provided a convenient transportation route connecting Ningguta with the lower Sungari and the lower

Amur River. Early on, a great dockyard operated in Ningguta, building boats for the Mudanjiang/Sungari/Amur river system, although it was later relocated to Jilin City.[10]

In 1658

After the death of Sarhuda in 1659, his son Bahai (巴海) was appointed to occupy Sarhuda's position.[8]

In 1662, the title of the military deputy-lieutenant governor (amban-jianggin) position was changed to the Ningguta Military Governor (鎮守寧古塔等處將軍; zhènshǒu nínggǔtǎ děngchǔ jiāngjūn), Bahai being the first occupant of this post,[8] while the office of the deputy lieutenant general was relocated to Jilin City.[9]

The early location of the Ningguta fortress was not at today's Ning'an, but some 50 km (31 mi) to the northwest, on the Hailang River (a tributary of

town of Changting (长汀镇; 44°29′N 128°55′E / 44.48°N 128.92°E / 44.48; 128.92). That site is not within the modern County-level city of Ning'an, but in the neighboring County-level city of Hailin.[7]

In 1891, just a few years before the beginning of the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway and the rise of Mudanjiang, Ningguta still remained one of the most important cities of Manchuria. In Jilin Province as it existed at the time, it was second only to Jilin City

Growth of the more conveniently located Jilin City resulted in the decrease of the relative importance of Ningguta. Still, Ningguta was the main seat of government of the eastern half of the beyond-the-palisade Manchuria until 1676,[6] when the Military Governor (jiangjun) moved from Ningguta to Jilin City (then called Jilin Ula Cheng, i.e. Jilin River City), and the Deputy Lieutenant-General (副都統; fù dūtǒng) was transferred in the opposite direction (from Jilin City to Ningguta).[8][9]

Although now lower-ranked than Jilin City, Ningguta retained its importance into the 18th and 19th century as one of the few cities existing beyond the

Nanais.[5][12]

According to the evidence of the

oats were grown there.[5]

In May 1910, the area was re-organized as Ning'an Fu [zh].[15]

Republic of China

Following the fall of the Qing dynasty, Ning'an underwent a series of administrative changes. In March 1913, Ning'an Fu was re-organized as Ning'an County (simplified Chinese: 宁安县; traditional Chinese: 寧安縣; pinyin: Níng'ān Xiàn).[15] In June 1914, Ning'an County was placed under the jurisdiction of Yanji Circuit [zh] in Jilin province [zh].[15]

In February 1929, circuits were abolished, and Ning'an was administered directly by the province.[15] At this time, Ning'an had a population of more than 170,000 people.[15]

Japanese occupation

Upon the formation of the puppet state of Manchukuo, Ning'an remained within Jilin province until December 1934, when it became part of the newly formed Binjiang province.[15] In July 1937, it was placed under Mudanjiang province [zh].[15]

After occupation

In April 1946, the area was placed under the jurisdiction of Suining province [zh], but this was changed to the newly formed Mudanjiang province [zh].[15] In July 1948, the area was once again adjusted, this time falling under the jurisdiction of Songjiang province.[15] In August 1954, Songjiang province was abolished, and merged into Heilongjiang province.[15] In March 1956, Ning'an, still a county, was placed under the then-prefecture of Mudanjiang.[15] From 1956 to 1962, Ning'an's borders were changed multiple times, until finally reaching their current iteration.[15]

In 1993, Ning'an was upgraded from a county to a county-level city.[15]

Geography

The Mudan River

Ning'an is located in the southeast of Heilongjiang province, on the shores of Jingpo Lake and Mudan River.[15] The terrain is largely hilly, and the Changbai Mountains run through the city.[15]

Ning'an is bordered by

provincial capital of Harbin.[15]

Flora and fauna

112 species of plants used for

Chinese herbal medicines can be found in Ning'an.[15]

Ning'an is home to a number of protected animal species, such as the

Climate

The city experiences an average annual temperature of 4.5 °C (40.1 °F), with the hottest recorded temperature in the city being 36.5 °C (97.7 °F), and the coldest record temperature being −40.1 °C (−40.2 °F).[15] Annual precipitation in Ning'an typically ranges from 500 millimetres (20 in) to 600 millimetres (24 in).[15] Ning'an typically experiences 130 to 135 frost-free days per year.[15]

Climate data for Ning'an (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.6
(40.3)
11.7
(53.1)
19.2
(66.6)
30.4
(86.7)
32.7
(90.9)
37.0
(98.6)
37.5
(99.5)
36.2
(97.2)
29.9
(85.8)
26.5
(79.7)
19.8
(67.6)
9.6
(49.3)
37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3)
−4.6
(23.7)
3.5
(38.3)
13.8
(56.8)
20.9
(69.6)
25.6
(78.1)
27.8
(82.0)
26.6
(79.9)
21.6
(70.9)
13.3
(55.9)
1.4
(34.5)
−8.0
(17.6)
11.0
(51.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −17.7
(0.1)
−12.2
(10.0)
−2.8
(27.0)
7.1
(44.8)
14.3
(57.7)
19.4
(66.9)
22.2
(72.0)
21.0
(69.8)
14.8
(58.6)
6.4
(43.5)
−4.3
(24.3)
−14.3
(6.3)
4.5
(40.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −23.6
(−10.5)
−19
(−2)
−8.9
(16.0)
0.6
(33.1)
8.0
(46.4)
13.9
(57.0)
17.6
(63.7)
16.6
(61.9)
9.1
(48.4)
0.6
(33.1)
−9.3
(15.3)
−19.5
(−3.1)
−1.2
(29.9)
Record low °C (°F) −41.2
(−42.2)
−39.7
(−39.5)
−26.4
(−15.5)
−11.0
(12.2)
−2.9
(26.8)
5.6
(42.1)
10.4
(50.7)
7.7
(45.9)
−3.8
(25.2)
−15.2
(4.6)
−26.6
(−15.9)
−36.1
(−33.0)
−41.2
(−42.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 5.2
(0.20)
4.2
(0.17)
12.0
(0.47)
26.6
(1.05)
61.5
(2.42)
72.4
(2.85)
118.8
(4.68)
118.1
(4.65)
58.8
(2.31)
32.5
(1.28)
17.2
(0.68)
5.8
(0.23)
533.1
(20.99)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3.8 3.3 6.0 8.2 13.7 14.4 14.1 14.0 10.1 8.0 6.1 5.0 106.7
Average snowy days 7.3 5.9 8.3 3.9 0.1 0 0 0 0 2.3 6.8 8.7 43.3
Average
relative humidity
(%)
70 64 58 53 59 69 77 80 75 66 66 70 67
Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.4 193.5 227.0 222.7 240.4 247.9 241.9 229.3 233.2 204.2 165.5 159.5 2,541.5
Percent possible sunshine 61 65 61 55 53 54 52 53 63 61 58 58 58
Source: China Meteorological Administration[16][17]

Administrative divisions

Ning'an administers one

township-level divisions.[18]

The city's sole subdistrict is Chengqu Subdistrict [zh].[18]

The city's eight towns are Ning'an [zh], Dongjingcheng [zh], Bohai [zh], Shiyan [zh], Shalan [zh], Hailang [zh], Langang [zh], and Jingpo [zh].[18]

The city's two townships are Mahe Township [zh] and Sanling Township [zh].[18]

The city's two ethnic townships are Jiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township [zh] and Wolong Korean Ethnic Township [zh].[18]

The city also administers Dongjingcheng Forestry Bureau [zh] and Ning'an Farm [zh] as township-level divisions.[18]

Demographics

Ning'an Ethnic Composition (2019)[15]
Ethnic group Population (approximate) Percentage
Han Chinese 356,400 81.0%
Manchu 38,720 8.8%
Korean 34,320 7.8%
Others 10,560 2.4%
Total 440,000 100.0%

Economy

Ning'an produces a large amount of edible mushrooms, totaling 10,000 tons per year.[15]

Transportation

The G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway runs through the city, as does the Mudanjiang–Tumen railway [zh].[15]

The city is located 19 kilometres (12 mi) away from the Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport.[15]

See also

  • List of Provinces of Balhae

References

  1. ^ Mudanjiang City info (in Chinese)
  2. ^ Shangjing Longquanfu, the Capital of the Bohai (Parhae) State
  3. ^ Manchu Veritable Record Vol.3
  4. .
  5. ^ a b c d Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste (1735). Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. p. 6.
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-8047-5167-6.. When quoting Du Halde
    , Reardon-Anderson implies that the Jesuit went to the region personally in the 1730s. That wasn't actually the case, as du Halde was merely the editor of a report by the Jesuits who had travelled down the Amur in 1709, one of many reports from which his multi-volume work was compiled.
  7. ^ a b 默读宁古塔 [Silently reading Ningguta] (in Simplified Chinese). Hailin People's Government. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
  8. ^ a b c d 吉林省历史沟沉 [An exploration of the history of Jilin Province]. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. [permanent dead link]. There is also same article converted to HTML by Google[dead link]
  9. ^ .
  10. ^ Lattimore (1931), p. 108
  11. ^ Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Šarhûda" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. p. 632.
  12. ^ The Historical Atlas of China (ed. Tan), the Qing dynasty map showing the administrative boundaries as of 1820
  13. ^ du Halde (1735), p. 8
  14. ^ Reardon-Anderson (2005), p. 26
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa 宁安市情简介(2019) [Ning'an Introduction (2019)]. www.ningan.gov.cn (in Chinese). Ning'an Municipal People's Government. 2020-02-21. Archived from the original on 2021-06-19. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
  16. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  17. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d e f 2020年统计用区划代码(宁安市) [2020 Statistical Division Codes (Ning'an)]. www.stats.gov.cn (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-19.

External links