Nino Bixio
Nino Bixio | |
|---|---|
 Bixio, c. 1860 | |
| Senator of the Kingdom of Italy | |
| In office 6 February 1870 – 16 December 1873 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Gerolamo Bixio 2 October 1821 General |
| Unit | Red Shirts |
| Battles/wars | Italian Wars of Independence (1848–1866) |
Gerolamo "Nino" Bixio (Italian:
Life and career
He was born Gerolamo Bixio in Genoa. While still a boy, Bixio was compelled by his parents to embrace a career in the navy of the
He fought through the campaign of 1848, became captain under Giuseppe Garibaldi at Rome in 1849, taking prisoners an entire French battalion, and gaining the gold medal for military valour. In 1859 he commanded a Hunters of the Alps battalion, fought in the Battle of Varese, and gained the Military Cross of Savoy.[2]
One of the organizers of Garibaldi's 1860 Expedition of the Thousand against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, he turned the day in favor of the Thousand at the Battle of Calatafimi.[2]
Meanwhile, the Sicilian peasants had hoped for – and did not get from Garibaldi – reforms from the restrictive conditions imposed by noble landowners. This hope had been reinforced by Garibaldi's decree of 2 June 1860 that land would be redistributed. At the little village of Bronte, Sicily in Catania province, a revolt took place, claimed by Garibaldi to have been led by local criminals and bandits, which caused the massacre of 16 people including peasants, officers, nobles (including two children) and a priest; during the revolt, the town theater and municipal archives were set on fire. On 4 August 1860, Garibaldi decided to send Bixio to suppress the revolt and punishing the responsible. Once he arrived with two battalions of Red Shirts, Bixio besieged and successfully secured the village. Unfortunately, most of those who had caused the revolt had already run away. Bixio organised a military court which found 150 locals guilty, and sentenced 5 of them to death.[2] This episode reflected Bixio's bias about Sicily, bringing him to write to his wife: "In these regions it is not enough to kill the enemy, it is necessary to torment them, to burn them alive in a slow flame... they are regions that need to be destroyed or at least depopulated, their people sent to Africa to become civilized."[3]
By August 21, Bixio and the Garibaldines entered in
Elected deputy in 1861, he endeavored to reconcile
On 16 December 1873, he died of cholera at Aceh Bay in Sumatra en route for Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), where he was slated to take command of a commercial expedition.[2] The exact location of his grave remained unclear. Locals reported that he had been buried on the beach and his grave could not be seen at high tide. In 1876, a small military expedition of the Dutch East Indian forces set out to pinpoint the precise spot, but met with disaster as several soldiers were brutally slain in the attempt.[4]
References
- ^ "Bixio". Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronuncia. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Granzotto, Paolo (27 August 2005). "Pontelandolfo, i briganti e l'unità d'Italia". IlGiornale.it. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
In queste regioni non basta uccidere il nemico, bisogna straziarlo, bruciarlo vivo a fuoco lento... son regioni che bisognerebbe distruggere o almeno spopolare e mandare i caffoni in Africa a farsi civili.
- ^ Java-bode 1876.
Bibliography
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bixio, Nino". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Staglieno, Marcello (1973). Nino Bixio. Milan: Rizzoli.
- "UIT ATJEH". Java-bode (Java Courier) (in Dutch). 27 April 1876.
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