Nusaybin
This article's lead section may be too long. (December 2023) |
Nusaybin | |
---|---|
District and municipality | |
Coordinates: 37°04′30″N 41°12′55″E / 37.07500°N 41.21528°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Mardin |
Government | |
• Kaymakam | Ercan Kayabaşı |
Area | 1,079 km2 (417 sq mi) |
Population (2022)[1] | 115,586 |
• Density | 110/km2 (280/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Postal code | 47300 |
Area code | 0482 |
Website | www www |
Nusaybin (pronounced [nuˈsajbin]) is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 1,079 km2,[3] and its population is 115,586 (2022).[1] The city is populated by Kurds of different tribal affiliation.[4]
Nusaybin is separated from the larger Kurdish-majority city of Qamishli by the Syria–Turkey border.[5][6]
The city is at the foot of the
Nisibis was besieged three times by the
After the defeat of the Romans in
Under Sasanian rule and after, Nisibis was a major centre of the
History
Antiquity
First mentioned in 901 BCE, Naṣibīna was an
It was under Babylonian control until 536 BCE, when it fell to the Achaemenid Persians, and remained so until taken by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE.
Hellenistic period
The Seleucids re-founded the city as Antiochia Mygdonia (
In 67 BCE, during Rome's first war with
Like many other cities in the
Late Antiquity
With the fresh energy of the new
During the Roman–Persian Wars (337–363 CE) Nisibis was unsuccessfully besieged by the
Upon the death of Constantine the Great in 337 CE, the Sassanid Shah Shapur II marched against Roman held Nisibis with a vast army composed of cavalry, infantry and elephants. His combat engineers raised siege works, including towers, so his archers could rain down arrows at the defenders. They also undermined the walls, dammed the Mygdonius River and constructed dikes to direct the river against the walls. On the seventieth day of the siege, the water was released and the torrent struck the walls; entire sections of the city walls collapsed. The water passed through the city and knocked down a section of the opposite wall as well. The Persians were unable to assault the city because the approaches to the breaches were impassable due to floodwater, mud and debris. The soldiers and citizens inside the city worked all night and by dawn the breaches were closed with makeshift barriers. Shapur's assault troops attacked the breaches, but their assault was repulsed. A few days later the Persian lifted the siege.[16]
Nisibis was besieged a second time in 346 CE. The details of the second siege have not survived. Shapur besieged the city for seventy-eight days and then lifted the siege.[17]
In 350 CE, while the Roman Emperor Constantius II was engaged in a civil war against the usurper Magnentius in the West, the Persians invaded and laid siege to Nisibis for the third time. The siege lasted between 100 and 160 days. The Persian engineers tried several innovative siege technics; using the River Mygdonius to bring down a section of the walls, and creating a lake around the city and using boats with siege engines to bring down another section. Unlike the first siege, as the walls fell, Persian assault troops immediately entered the breaches supported by war elephants. Despite all this they failed to break through the breaches and the attack stalled. The Romans, experts at close-quarter combat, and supported by arrows and bolts from the walls and towers checked the assault and a sortie from one of the gates forced the Persians to withdraw. Shortly after the Persian Army, suffering heavy casualties from combat and disease, lifted the siege and withdrew.[18]
The Roman historian of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus, gained his first practical experience of warfare as a young man at Nisibis under the magister equitum, Ursicinus. From 360 to 363, Nisibis was the camp of Legio I Parthica. Because of its strategic importance on the Persian border, Nisibis was heavily fortified. Ammianus lovingly calls Nisibis the "impregnable city" (urbs inexpugnabilis) and "bulwark of the provinces" (murus provinciarum).
In 363 Nisibis was ceded to the
According to
The
As a fortified frontier city, Nisibis played a major role in the
Islamic period
The city was taken without resistance by the forces of the
In 1120, it was captured by the
Modern history
On the eve of
As agreed upon by the governments of France and the new Republic of
Nusaybin was a place on the transit routes of
There had been a large Jewish community in Nisbis since antiquity, many of whom moved to Qamishli in the early 20th century for economic reasons. A synagogue in Jerusalem practises the Nisibis and Qamishli rites today.21st century
Nusaybin made headlines in 2006 when villagers near Kuru uncovered a mass grave, suspected of belonging to
The
Tensions and violence
In November 2013, Nusaybin's mayor, Ayşe Gökkan, commenced a hunger strike to protest against the construction of a wall between Nusaybin and the neighboring Kurdish-majority city of Qamishli in Syria. Construction of the wall stopped as a result of this and other protests.[39]
On 13 November 2015, the town was placed under a
Economy
As a result of Turkish government policy to close all border crossings with the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, the city's border with Syria (i.e. the large Syrian city of Qamishli) has been closed, with claims that the cessation in smuggling has led to a 90% rise in unemployment in the city.[49]
Transportation
Nusaybin is served by the
Geography
Nusaybin is on the north side of the Syria-Turkey border, which divides it from the city of Qamishli. The
Composition
There are 84
- 8. Mart
- Abdulkadirpaşa
- Acıkköy (Bamidê)
- Açıkyol (Aferî)
- Akağıl (Derzandik)
- Akarsu (Stîlîtê)
- Akçatarla (Dal)
- Bahçebaşı (Bawernê)
- Bakacık (Kinikê)
- Balaban (Birêgiriya)
- Barış
- Beylik (Bakisyan)
- Büyükkardeş (Cinata Miho)
- Çağlar (Şanîşê)
- Çalıköy (Çalê)
- Çatalözü (Gundikê Xêlid)
- Çiğdem (Giremara)
- Çilesiz (Mezra Mihoka)
- Çölova (Menderê)
- Dağiçi (Harabemişke)
- Dallıağaç (Herbê)
- Değirmencik (Qolika)
- Demirtepe (Girhesin)
- Devrim
- Dibek (Badip)
- Dicle
- Dirim (Şabanê)
- Doğanlı (Talat)
- Doğuş (Qûzo)
- Durakbaşı (Qesra)
- Duruca (Kertwin)
- Düzce (Sirinçk)
- Eskihisar (Marinê)
- Eskimağara (Zivingê)
- Eskiyol (Cuva)
- Fırat
- Girmeli (Girmira)
- Gırnavas
- Görentepe (Bizgur)
- Günebakan (Zorava)
- Güneli (Geliyê Sora)
- Günyurdu (Marbobo), (Merbabê)
- Gürün (Gurinê)
- Güvenli (Xirbeka)
- Hasantepe (Tilhasan)
- Heybeyi (Dêrcemê)
- İkiztepe (Têzxerab)
- Ilkadım (Habisê)
- İpekyolu
- Kalecik (Kelehê, Keleha Bûnûsra)
- Kaleli (Efşê)
- Kantar (Qenter)
- Karacaköy (Xerabê Reşik)
- Kayadibi (Mendikan)
- Kışla
- Kocadağ (Gelîye Pîra)
- Küçükkardeş (Cinata His)
- Kuruköy (Xerabê Bava)
- Kuyular (Cibilgrav)
- Mor-Yakup
- Nergizli (Nergizlokê)
- Odabaşı (Igunduke d-'ito), Gundik Şukrî)
- Pazarköy (Bazar)
- Selahattin Eyyübi
- Sınırtepe (Aznavur)
- Söğütlü (Girêbiya)
- Taşköy (ʼArboʼ)
- Tekağaç (Mişavil)
- Tepealtı (Tel Yaqub)
- Tepeören (Xirbêzil)
- Tepeüstü (Tilminar)
- Turgutköy (Kemina)
- Üçköy (Arkaḥ)
- Üçyol (Sederi)
- Yandere (Hatxê)
- Yavruköy (Kurke)
- Yazyurdu (Qesra Belek)
- Yenişehir
- Yenituran
- Yerköy (Binerdka)
- Yeşilkent
- Yolbilen (Erbet)
- Yolindi (Cibiltînê)
- Zeynelabidin
Climate
Nusaybin has a semi-arid climate with extremely hot summers and cool winters. Rainfall is generally sparse.
Climate data for Nusaybin | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11 (52) |
13 (55) |
17 (63) |
22 (72) |
30 (86) |
37 (99) |
41 (106) |
40 (104) |
35 (95) |
28 (82) |
20 (68) |
13 (55) |
26 (78) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 6 (43) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
16 (61) |
22 (72) |
28 (82) |
32 (90) |
31 (88) |
27 (81) |
21 (70) |
13 (55) |
8 (46) |
19 (65) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3 (37) |
4 (39) |
7 (45) |
11 (52) |
16 (61) |
21 (70) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
20 (68) |
16 (61) |
9 (48) |
5 (41) |
13 (56) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51 (2.0) |
30 (1.2) |
35 (1.4) |
26 (1.0) |
16 (0.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
12 (0.5) |
19 (0.7) |
34 (1.3) |
223 (8.7) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 41 |
Source: Weather2[52] |
Demographics
Nusaybin is predominantly ethnically
In early 20th century, Nusaybin was composed mostly of Arabs who came from Mardin, roughly 500 Jews, and some Assyrians, totaling to 2000 people. Likewise, Mark Sykes recorded Nusaybin as a town inhabited by Chaldeans, Arabs, and Jews.[56] The town was largely Arabic-speaking such that Kurdish families settling in the town eventually learned Arabic. The ethnic and linguistic demographics changed after mid-century. Jews migrated to Israel, and Assyrian population substantially decreased. After dense Kurdish migration in late 20th century, Nusaybin became a largely Kurdish-speaking and Kurdish town.[57]
Turkish | Arabic | Kurdish |
Circassian | Armenian | Unknown or other languages |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,024 | 1,109 | 9,604 | – | – | 536 |
Muslim | Christian | Jewish | Unknown or other religion |
---|---|---|---|
11,212 | 385 | 392 | 282 |
A very small Assyrian population remains in the city; what remained of the Assyrian population emigrated during the height of the
Christianity
Nisibis (
When the
Latin titular see
Established in the 18th century as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Romans). It has been vacant for several decades, having previously had the following incumbents, all of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank:
- Giambattista Braschi (1724.12.20 – 1736.11.24)
- José Calzado López (Bolaños de Calatrava, 17/04/1680 – Madrid, 7/04/1761) Discalced Franciscans (O.F.M. Disc.) (1738.11.24 – 1761.04.07)
- Cesare Brancadoro (1789.10.20 – 1800.08.11) (later Cardinal)*
- Lorenzo Caleppi (1801.02.23 – 1816.03.08) (later Cardinal)*
- Vincenzo Macchi (1818.10.02 – 1826.10.02)(later Cardinal)*
- Carlo Luigi Morichini (1845.04.21 – 1852.03.15) (later Cardinal)*
- Vincenzo Tizzani, C.R.L. (1855.03.26 – 1886.01.15) (later Patriarch)*
- Johann Gabriel Léon Louis Meurin, Jesuits (S.J.) (1887.09.15 – 1887.09.27)
- Giuseppe Giusti (1891.12.14 – 1897.03.31)
- Federico Pizza (1897.04.19 – 1909.03.28)
- Francis McCormack (1909.06.21 – 1909.11.14)
- Joseph Petrelli (1915.03.30 – 1962.04.29)
- José de la Cruz Turcios y Barahona, Salesians(S.D.B.) (1962.05.18 – 1968.07.18)
Armenian Catholic titular see
Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Armenians) in circa 1910. It was suppressed in 1933, having had a single incumbent, of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank :
- Gregorio Govrik, Mechitarists(C.A.M.) (1910.05.07 – 1931.01.26)
Chaldean Catholic titular see: Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Chaldeans) in the late 19th century, suppressed in 1927, restored in 1970. It has had the following incumbents, all of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank :
- Giuseppe Elis Khayatt (1895.04.22 – 1900.07.13)
- Hormisdas Etienne Djibri (1902.11.30 – 1917.08.31)
- Thomas Michel Bidawid (1970.08.24 – 1971.03.29)
- Gabriel Koda (1977.12.14 – 1992.03)
- Jacques Ishaq (2005.12.21 – ...), Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Babylon
Maronite titular see
Established as Titular Archiepiscopal see of Nisibis (informally Nisibis of the Maronites) in 1960. It is vacant, having had a single incumbent of the (intermediary) archiepiscopal rank:
- Pietro Sfair (1960.03.11 – 1974.05.18)
Notable people
- Ephraim the Syrian(4th century), Christian Saint was native of Nisibis (modern Nusaybin)
- Kurdishwriter, journalist and intellectual
- Gülser Yıldırım (1963*), Politician
- Mithat Sancar (1963*), professor of public and constitutional law, columnist and translator
- Sara Kaya (1970*), Politician
- Ferhad Ayaz (1994*), Footballer
See also
- Febronia of Nisibis
- Mor Yakup Church
- Nisibis (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)
- Thamanin
- Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex
Notes
References
- ^ TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ISBN 9789944360944.
- ^ "Will Kurds find a ray of hope in 2020?". Al-Monitor. 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
- ^ "Qamishli Kurds commemorate 2004 uprising". Syria Direct. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 2020-11-28
- ^ Mechanisms of Communication in the Assyrian Empire. "People, gods, & places." History Department, University College London, 2009. Accessed 18 Dec 2010.
- ^ Lendering, Jona. "Nisibis Archived 2016-04-30 at the Wayback Machine." Accessed 18 Dec 2010.
- ^ Lendering, Jona. Assyrian Eponym List Archived 2016-12-27 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 18 Dec 2010.
- ^ Talmud, Sanhedrin 32b
- Dio Cassius, XXXVI, 6–7; Eutropius, Breviarium, 6.9.1.
- ^ Dio Cassius, LXVIII, 23
- ^ Dio Cassius, LXXV, 23
- ^ Cowan, Ross (2009). "The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217". Ancient Warfare. 3 (5): 29–35. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ Harrel, John S. The Nisibis War, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Harrel, John S. The Nisibis War, p. 82; Dodgeon and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Harrel, John S. The Nisibis War, pp 82–83; Dodgeon and Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, pp. 193–206.
- ^ "SOZOMENOS, ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, § 5.3".
- ^ Iranica: IRAQ i. IN THE LATE SASANID AND EARLY ISLAMIC ERAS
- ISBN 1-59781-039-8.
- Encyclopaedia Iranica
- ^ ISBN 978-975-389-455-5.
- ^ Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: a Complete History. London: Tauris. p. 378.
- ISBN 978-3-0340-0789-4.
- ^ Üngör, Uğur (2005). A Reign of Terror (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 75.
- ISBN 2204072435.
- ^ "The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". extermination-ottoman-armenians-young-turk-regime-1915-1916.html. 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- .
- – via Persee.
- ISBN 9780231107976.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Oruc, Berguzar (2006-10-19). "Ermeni köyu'nde toplu mezar". Dicle Haber (in Turkish). Özgür Gündem. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ^ Gunaysu, Ayse (2006-11-07). "Toplu mezar Ermeni ve Süryanilere ait". Özgür Gündem (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-09-23.
- Turkish Daily News. Archivedfrom the original on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ^ "Blogian (www.blogian.net) » Genocide Mass Grave Manipulated in Turkey". Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ "Toplu mezarla yüzleşme vakti". Özgür Gündem (in Turkish). 2006-12-13. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ^ Oruc, Berguzar (2006-10-22). "Toplu mezar gizleniyor". Dicle Haber. Özgür Gündem. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
- ^ "Solidarity with Nusaybin Mayor Ayse Gokkan". www.jadaliyya.com. Retrieved 2015-10-16.
- ^ 2 HDP deputies go on hunger strike to end days-long Nusaybin curfew Archived 2015-11-20 at the Wayback Machine dated November 19, 2015, at todayszaman.com, accessed 21 November 2015.
- ^ "Kurds capture 50% of Turkish city on the border with Syria". Al-Masdar News. 2016-03-23. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Nusaybin, the Turkish city where war is now a way of life". The Independent. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ "Images reveal devastating impact of Turkish military's offensive in Turkey's predominantly Kurdish city of Nusaybin - Nordic Monitor". nordicmonitor.com. 3 January 2020.
- ^ "Nusaybin'den son görüntüler" (in Turkish). NTV. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ a b "Vali devre dışı, Nusaybin'i asker yönetecek: 30 bin sivil..." Cumhuriyet. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ "Nusaybin'de PKK'ya ağır darbe!". Milliyet. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ "Nusaybin'de sokağa çıkma yasağı kaldırıldı". Cumhuriyet. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ "Managing Turkey's PKK Conflict: The Case of Nusaybin". Crisis Group. May 2, 2017.
- ^ "Turkey, Syria and the Kurds: South by south-east". The Economist. 20 October 2012.
- ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ^ Erkınay Tamtamış, H.K. (2022). "Nusaybin Mahalle Adlarına Anlambilimsel Bir Bakış". Mukaddime (in Turkish). 13 (1): 180.
- ^ "June Climate History for Nusaybin | Local | Turkey".
- ^ Zalewski, Piotr (5 April 2012). "How Bashar Assad Has Come Between the Kurds of Turkey and Syria". Time. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ Yıldırım, Ayşe (2013), Devlet, Sınır, Aşiret: Nusaybin Örneği (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in Turkish), Hacettepe University, retrieved 6 May 2016
- ISSN 1304-0278. Archived from the originalon 2016-06-04. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
- ^ Sykes, Mark (1904). Dar-ul-Islam: A Record of a Journey Through Ten of the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey. Bickers & Son. p. 264.
- ISBN 9789944360944.
- ^ a b https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/mardin-population-census-republic-of-turkey-by-first-results.pdf
- ^ "Son Süryaniler de göç yolunda". Evrensel. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ^ "Nusaybin'in son Süryani ailesi: Terk etmeyeceğiz". Evrensel. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 941]
Sources and external links
- Lieu, Samuel (2006). "NISIBIS". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Nisibis, Catholic Encyclopedia
- GCatholic, Armenian Catholic titular see
- GCatholic, Chaldean Catholic titular see
- GCatholic, Latin Catholic titular see
- GCatholic, Maronite titular see
- Turkish News - Latest News from Turkey, Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review
- The Battle of Nisibis, AD 217