Nisoish languages

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Nisoish
Southeastern Loloish
Ethnicity
Phula people
Geographic
distribution		Southern China, Vietnam
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
Glottologsout3212

The Nisoish or Yi languages, which contains both the Northern Loloish (Northern Ngwi) and Southeastern Loloish (Southeastern Ngwi) branches, are a branch of the Loloish languages proposed by Lama (2012). Northern Loloish and Southeastern Loloish were established by Bradley (1997), while the Nisoish group combining Bradley's two branches was proposed by Ziwo Lama (2012). Lama (2012) refers to Northern Loloish as Nisoid or Nisu–Lope, and Southeastern Loloish as Axi–Puoid.

Classification history

In the past, Southeastern Loloish languages had variously been classified as

Central Loloish, but were later recognized as forming a separate branch of Loloish by Bradley (2002).[1] Jamin Pelkey (2011:368-371) also noted that Southeastern Loloish and Northern Loloish branches are likely to be sister branches with each other. Shortly later, Ziwo Lama's (2012) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages gave further support to Pelkey's hypothesis. Northern Loloish and Southeastern Loloish languages were also found to constitute a single branch in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages, who considers Nasu, Nosu, Nisu, and Samei as belonging to the same branch.[2]

Languages

Lama (2012)'s Nisoish branch is contains two subgroups, namely Axi–Puoid (also known as Southeastern Loloish) and Nisoid (also known as Northern Loloish). Lama (2012) gives the following internal phylogeny for the Nisoish branch.

 Nisoish 
 Axi–Puoid 
Puoid

Zuoke, Pholo (≈ Phowa
)

 Axioid 

Azha

Sani (–Samei), Azhe–Axi

 Nisoid (Nisu–Lope) 

Lope (Awu)

Nuosu (incl. Qumusu, Niesu)

Nasu (incl. Nesu, Gepo)

Nisu (Nishu)

Four of the six Yi languages (fangyan 方言) officially recognized by the Chinese government belong to Lama's Nisoish clade.

  • Northern Yi (Nuosu 诺苏)
  • Eastern Yi (Nasu 纳苏)
  • Southern Yi (Nisu 尼苏)
  • Southeastern Yi (Sani 撒尼)

However, the remaining two of the six officially recognized Yi languages belong to Lama's Lisoish clade.

  • Western Yi (Lalo 腊罗)
  • Central Yi (Lolopo 倮倮泼)

Phonological innovations

Lama (2012) lists the following changes from Proto-Loloish as phonological innovations among various branches and languages of Nisoish.

  • *NC- > NCʰ (Nasu and Gepu)
  • *s- > ɕ- (Zuoke and Polo)
  • *xl- > ɬ-, h- (Sani, Axi, Azhe, Azha)
  • *plh- > tʰ- (Nisoid)
  • *ŋg- > (n)dz-, dz- (Nisoid)

Demographics and varieties

Wang (2003)

Yiyu Fangyan Bijiao Yanjiu (彝语方言比较研究) by Wang Chengyou (王成有) (2003)[3] gives phonological inventories for Yi (Nisoish) languages spoken in the following locations.

  1. Miyajing, Sanhe, Nanhua County 南华县三河底米丫井村[4]
  2. Zhuangke, Zhuangke, Yao'an County 姚安县庄科乡庄科村[5]
  3. Langzhe, Yunshan, Yongsheng County 永胜县云山乡朗者村[6]
  4. Lang'e, Lang'e, Yongsheng County 永胜县莨莪乡茛莪村[7]
  5. Zhijuxiao, Zhonghe, Yongren County 永仁县中和乡直苴小村[8]
  6. Hongmai, Lijiang 丽江红麦; Tanglang language 堂郎语[9]
  7. Huazhuqing, Xin'an,
    Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县新安乡滑竹箐[10]
  8. Hemezha, Digengzuo, Buqi, Tanhua, Dayao County 大姚县昙华乡补期地耕作黑么鲊村
  9. Aiguo, Yangjiang, Weishan County 巍山县漾江农场爱国村[11]
  10. Sanjia, Chongfeng, Weishan County 巍山县冲锋乡三家村
  11. Lewuju, Wule,
    Nanjian County 南涧县五乐乡五具村[12]
  12. Yanzijiao, Guanting, Jingxing,
    Mojiang County 思茅地区墨江县景星乡官厅岩子脚村[13]
  13. Xiaoguangshan, Baoxiu, Shiping County 红河州石屏县宝秀乡小光山村[14]
  14. Zuoluo, Honghe County 红河州红河县座落村[15]
  15. Zhuyuan, Zhuyuan, Laochang District,
    Xinping County 新平县老厂区竹园乡竹园村[16]
  16. Suomili, Laowudou,
    Xinping County
    新平县老五斗乡梭咪里村
  17. Washaozong, Tadian,
    Eshan County 峨山县塔甸乡瓦哨宗村[17]
  18. Suxiong, Ganluo County 凉山州甘洛县苏雄乡
  19. Laodashu, 2nd Township,
    Huili County
    凉山州会理县第二乡老大树
  20. Lizi, Hongma, Xide County 凉山州喜德县红玛乡李子村
  21. Damaichong (upper village), Hejia, Liangshan, Yuanmou County 元谋县凉山乡何家村大麦冲上队[18]
  22. Daxingzhai,
    Wenshan County
    文山县大兴寨; Zuoke language 坐柯
  23. Huangzhai (small village), Gaodeng,
    Wenshan County 文山县高登乡村公所荒寨小队;[19]
    Azhapu language 阿扎仆
  24. Longshu, Qiubei County 丘北县龙树村; Axi Touruo language 阿细拖若
  25. Anwang, Guangnan County 广南县安王村;[20] Flowery Lolo 花倮
  26. Long'an, Funing County 富宁县龙安;[21] White Lolo 白倮
  27. Musang, Funing County 富宁县木桑村;[22] Black Lolo 黑倮
  28. Sayingpan, Luquan, Kunming City 昆明市禄劝撒营盘[23]
  29. Banaji, Wuding County 武定县罢纳吉村
  30. Chijiabi, Biji, Xishan, Kunming City 昆明市西山区碧鸡乡赤甲碧村[24]
  31. 2nd Village, Wafei, 5th District,
    Zhenxiong County 镇雄县五区娃飞乡二村[25]
  32. Laolin, Yanshan District, Zhaotong County 昭通县盐山区老林乡
  33. Jingdi, Sayu, Zhaotong County 昭通县洒渔乡井底村[26]
  34. Longjie, 9th Township,
    Weining County
    威宁县九乡龙街
  35. Dafang County 大方县
  36. Pan County
    盘县
  37. De'e,
    Longlin County
    隆林县德峨
  38. Mile County 弥勒县西三镇花口村公所小龙铺村[27]
  39. Mile County 弥勒县五山中寨村[28]
  40. Mile County 弥勒县五山乡牛坡村公所松树林村[29]
  41. Sani 撒尼: Fengwu, Wujiepu, Luxi County 泸西县午街铺镇凤午村[30]
  42. Pula 濮拉: Wudupi, Chongmen, Mazheshao,
    Kaiyuan County 开远县马者哨乡冲门村委会乌都皮村[31]
  43. Nisu 尼苏: Baishengzhai (upper village), Baishengzhai, Yuanyang County 元阳县百胜寨乡百胜寨上村[32]
  44. Naisu 乃苏: Weisuo, Wushan,
    Mile County 弥勒县五山乡围锁村[33]

YYFC (1983)

YYFC (1983)[34] gives vocabulary lists for Yi (Nisoish) languages spoken in the following locations.

YYFC (1983) was subsequently republished as Zhang (2017).[50]

References

  1. ^ Bradley, David (2002). "The Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman". In Beckwith, Christopher; Blezer, Henk (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages. Leiden: Brill. pp. 73–112.
  2. ^ Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic Inference of the Tibeto-Burman Languages or on the Usefulness of Lexicostatistics (And "Megalo"-Comparison) for the Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. thesis). Stanford University.
  3. ISBN 7-5409-2765-8
    .
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  14. ^ "Shípíng Xiàn Bǎoxiù Zhèn Xiǎoguānshān Cūnwěihuì" 石屏县宝秀镇小官山村委会 [Xiaoguanshan Village Committee, Baoxiu Town, Shiping County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
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  18. ^ "Yuánmóu Xiàn Liángshān Xiāng Nàdí Cūnwěihuì Dàmàichōng Shàng Cūn" 元谋县凉山乡那迪村委会大麦冲上村 [Damaichong Upper Village, Nadi Village Committee, Liangshan Township, Yuanmou County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  19. ^ "Wénshān Shì Dōngshān Yízú Xiāng Huāngzhài Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Huāngzhài" 文山市东山彝族乡荒寨村民委员会荒寨 [Huangzhai Village Committee, Dongshan Yi Ethnic Township, Wenshan City]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  20. ^ "Guǎngnán Xiàn Nánpíng Zhèn Ānwáng Cūnwěihuì" 广南县南屏镇安王村委会 [Anwang Village Committee, Nanping Town, Guangnan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  21. ^ "Fùníng Xiàn Mùyāng Zhèn Mùyāng Cūnwěihuì Lóngāndòng Cūn Xiǎozǔ" 富宁县木央镇木央村委会龙安洞村小组 [Longandong Village Group, Muyang Village Committee, Muyang Town, Funing County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
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  25. ^ "Zhènxióng Xiàn Línkǒu Yízú Miáozú Xiāng Wáfēi Cūnwěihuì" 镇雄县林口彝族苗族乡娃飞村委会 [Wafei Village Committee, Linkou Yi and Miao Ethnic Township, Zhenxiong County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
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  27. ^ "Mílè Xiàn Xīsān Zhèn Huākǒu Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Dàlóngpù Cūn" 弥勒县西三镇花口村民委员会大龙铺村 [Dalongpu Village, Huakou Village Committee, Xisan Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  28. ^ "Mílè Xiàn Wǔshān Xiāng Sìjiā Cūnwěihuì Zhōngzhài Cūn" 弥勒县五山乡四家村委会中寨村 [Zhongzhai Village, Sijia Village Committee, Wushan Township, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
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  40. ^ "Mílè Xiàn Xīyī Zhèn Yóuzhà Cūnwěihuì" 弥勒县西一镇油榨村委会 [Youzha Village Committee, Xiyi Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  41. ^ "Mílè Xiàn Xīyī Zhèn Qǐfēi Cūnwěihuì Dàpíngdì Cūn" 弥勒县西一镇起飞村委会大平地村 [Dapingdi Village, Qifei Village Committee, Xiyi Town, Mile County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
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  43. ^ "Yànshān Xiàn Gànhé Yízú Xiāng Kǎjí Cūnmínwěi Dǎtiělǎozhài" 砚山县干河彝族乡卡吉村民委打铁老寨 [Datielaozhai, Kaji Village Committee, Ganhe Yi Ethnic Township, Yanshan County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  44. ^ "Fùníng Xiàn Mùyāng Zhèn Dàpíng Cūnwěihuì Mùsāng Cūn Xiǎozǔ" 富宁县木央镇大坪村委会木桑村小组 [Musang Village Group, Daping Village Committee, Muyang Town, Funing County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  45. ^ "Xīnpíng Xiàn Lǎochǎng Xiāng Zhúyuán Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì" 新平县老厂乡竹园村民委员会 [Zhuyuan Village Committee, Laochang Township, Xinping County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  46. ^ "Yǒngrén Xiàn Zhōnghé Zhèn Tādejū Cūnwěihuì Xiǎozhíjū Cūn" 永仁县中和镇他的苴村委会小直苴村 [Xiaozhiju Village, Taju Village Committee, Zhonghe Town, Yongren County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  47. ^ "Yǒngshèng Xiàn Liùdé Lìsùzú Yízú Xiāng Liùdé Cūnwěihuì" 永胜县六德傈僳族彝族乡六德村委会 [Liude Village Committee, Lisu and Yi Ethnic Township, Liude County, Yongsheng County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  48. ^ "Yǒngshèng Xiàn Chénghǎi Zhèn Làngé Cūnwěihuì" 永胜县程海镇莨峨村委会 [Lang'e Village Committee, Chenghai Town, Yongsheng County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  49. ^ "Yuánmóu Xiàn Liángshān Xiāng Nàdí Cūnwěihuì Dàmàichōng Shàng Cūn" 元谋县凉山乡那迪村委会大麦冲上村 [Damaichong Upper Village, Nadi Village Committee, Liangshan Township, Yuanmou County]. ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  50. ISBN 978-7-5367-7323-3
    .

Further reading

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