Nisroch
Nisroch (
The name is most likely a scribal error for "Nimrod".[2][3][4][5] This hypothetical error would result from the Hebrew letter מ (mem) being replaced with ס (samekh) and the letter ד (dalet) being replaced with ך (kaf).[2][4] (נסרך for נמרד) Due to the obvious visual similarities of the letters involved and the fact that no Assyrian deity by the name of "Nisroch" has ever been attested, most scholars consider this error to be the most likely explanation for the name.[2][4][5][6]
The name is unknown in Mesopotamian sources, but it has been tentatively identified as the god of agriculture.
Talmudic legend
In the Talmud, "Nisroch" is actually said to be derived from the Hebrew word "neser." Neser was the name given to a plank of wood discovered by Sennacherib on his return to Assyria from his campaign in Judah. The sages write that this plank was originally part of Noah's Ark, and that Sennacherib worshiped it as an idol. It would therefore be concluded that it was this idol that Sennacherib was worshiping when he was murdered by his two sons.[8]
Nisroch as a demon
In the sixteenth century, Nisroch became seen as a demon.[9][10][11] The Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer listed Nisroch in his Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (1577) as the "chief cook" of Hell.[10] Nisroch appears in Book VI of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost (first published in 1667) as one of Satan's demons.[11][9] Nisroch, who is described as frowning and wearing beaten armor,[11] calls into question Satan's argument that the fight between the angels and demons is equal, objecting that they, as demons, can feel pain, which will break their morale.[11] According to Milton scholar Roy Flannagan, Milton may have chosen to portray Nisroch as timid because he had consulted the Hebrew dictionary of C. Stephanus, which defined the name "Nisroch" as "Flight" or "Delicate Temptation".[11]
In the 1840s, the British archaeologist
See also
References
- ^ a b c Wildberger 2002, p. 405.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Robson 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g Black & Green 1992, p. 143.
- ^ a b c d van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999, p. 628.
- ^ a b c Wiseman 1979, p. 337.
- ^ a b Gallagher 1999, p. 252.
- ^ George Roux - Ancient Iraq
- ISBN 978-1946351463.
- ^ a b Bunson 1996, p. 199.
- ^ a b Ripley & Dana 1883, pp. 794–795.
- ^ a b c d e Milton & Flannagan 1998, p. 521.
Bibliography
- Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0714117056
- Bunson, Matthew (1996), Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host, New York City, New York: Three Rivers Press, ISBN 0-517-88537-9
- Gallagher, William R. (1999), "Sennacherib's Campaign to Judah: New Studies", Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East, Leiden, The Netherlands, Köln, Germany, and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, ISSN 0169-9024
- Milton, John; Flannagan, Roy (1998), The Riverside Milton, Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-80999-0
- Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A. (1883), "Demonology", The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary for General Knowledge, New York City, New York: D. Appleton and Company
- Robson, Eleanor (2015), "Ninurta, god of victory", Nimrud: Materialities of Assyrian Knowledge Production, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy
- van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8028-2491-9
- Wildberger, Hans (2002), Isaiah 28-39: A Continental Commentary, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, ISBN 0-8006-9510-0
- Wiseman, D. J. (1979) [1915], "Assyria", in Bromiley, Geoffrey W.; Harrison, Everett F.; Harrison, Roland K.; LaSor, William Sanford; Smith, Edgar W. Jr. (eds.), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, vol. 1: A-D, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, ISBN 0-8028-3781-6