Nissim Ezekiel

Nissim Ezekiel
British India (now Mumbai, Maharashtra, India)
Died	9 January 2004(2004-01-09) (aged 79) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Occupation	Poet, playwright, art critic, editor
Citizenship	•  British India (1924-1947) •  India (1947-2004)
Period	1952–2004
Genre	Modern Indian English Poetry
Notable work	Night of the Scorpion; Latter Day Psalms
Notable awards	Sahitya Akademi Award (1983) Padma Shri (1988)

Nissim Ezekiel (16 December 1924 – 9 January 2004)

He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1983 for his collection, "Latter-Day Psalms", by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.^[5] Ezekiel has been applauded for his subtle, restrained and well crafted diction, dealing with common and mundane (everyday) themes in a manner that manifests both cognitive profundity, as well as an unsentimental, realistic sensibility, that has been influential on the course of succeeding Indian English poetry. Ezekiel enriched and established Indian English language poetry through his modernist innovations and techniques, which enlarged Indian English literature, moving it beyond purely spiritual and orientalist themes, to include a wider range of concerns and interests, including familial events, individual angst and skeptical societal introspection.^[6]

Early life

Ezekiel was born on 16 December 1924 in

Ezekiel's first book,[9] A Time to change, appeared in 1952. A Time To Change, changed the trajectory of Indian poetry as it was a new form of poetry which was Indian English Poetry. The book serves as a declaration of transformation, encompassing the poet's personal life and surroundings. It brings about a significant shift with deep implications for society, intellectual thought, and moral values. Most importantly, it introduces a transformation in the way poetry is written. Written in 1952, it emphasizes the cultural context of the post colonial period. Ezekiel uses his poetry as a way to make remarks on the period emphasizing his approach of modernity and encompassing his personal life. A Time to Change may be a small volume with just around thirty-five pages, but it holds great significance in terms of its quality and historical importance. The title of the book indicates change embracing all aspects of Ezekiel's writing or poetry and his aesthetics. A Time To Change marks the onset of a unique form of poetry and the start of a noteworthy career. The opening lines of the poem are "We who leave the house in April, Lord,/How shall we return?/Debtors to the whore of Love"^[10] suggests that Ezekiel is expressing deep regret for leaving home during a season associated with renewal. In addition, A Time To Change represents Ezekiel's talent for presenting an incident in dew stanzas and his ability to use gentle irony with sadistic humor.^[11] This departure is symbolic, representing a shift away from a life of natural happiness and spontaneity. A Time to Change depicts a book that fights larger concerns such as power, communication and the limitations of languages in the world. In addition, Ezekiel touches upon sexuality, human nature, and religion. Ezekiel is known in his early work that the titles of the poems describe the content of the poem and are closely related to the meaning.^[12]

Ezekiel has distinctive views of his language when it comes to his poetry. In Ezekiel's earlier works much of the collection was defined by large language with a focus on rhyme, meter, and poetic form. In Ezekiel's poetry the quality of the heart is evident through his undertones, irony, and self mockery.^[13] Within his poetry the lines are a similar length and if the poem has stanza, the stanza will have a similar number of lines. This demonstrates Ezekiel's attention to detail with his writing by using symmetry, further emphasizing Ezekiel's early dependence for structure in poetry. Ezekiel follows what Rene Wellek and Austin Warren use in their Theory of Literature or the "extrinsic" approach which examines literature in the broader context as it understands the relationship to society. It also looks at how literature has an impact by other influences in the world. The "extrinsic" approach follows closely to how Ezekiel writes because he writes about society, personal experiences, and human connections. Ezekiel also uses the "itrinsic" approach which focuses on the elements of the literature in itself such as using metaphors, similes, images, and the techniques that are found in the text. Ezekiel emphasizes the importance of creating literature that connects on a global scale. He references Berdyaev's ideological approaches with creativity and how the poet should not imitate other cultures but should be genuine in their writing. The poet should prioritize their integrity and own experiences in poetry. Ezekiel believes the cultural roles are secondary which leads him to believe that poetry has a universal likening. For instance, Ezekiel emphasizes the significance of humanity in the universe in his poem "Morning Prayer".^[14]

He published another volume of poems, The deadly man in 1960.

Nissim Ezekiel is often considered the father of Modern Indian English poetry by many critics.[23]^[24][25][26]

He was honoured with the

He edited The Indian P.E.N., official organ of P.E.N. All-India Centre, Bombay from The Theosophy Hall, New Marine Lines, and encouraged poets and writers.^[28]

He was the founding editor of Quest in 1954.

Death

After a prolonged battle with Alzheimer's disease, Nissim Ezekiel died in Mumbai, on 9 January 2004 (aged 79).^[29][30][31]

Recent Discussion of Ezekiel's Work

• Balaga Venkata Ramana's Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry- A thematic study (Scholars' Press, India, 2015;
  ISBN 978-3639767902
  )
• Subrat Kumar Samal's Postcoloniality and Indian English Poetry: A Study of the Poems of Nissim Ezekiel, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra and A.K.Ramanujan (Partridge, India, 2015;
  ISBN 978-1482848670
  )
• Shakuntala Bharvani's Makers of Indian Literature: Nissim Ezekiel (Sahitya Akademi, India, 2017; ASIN: B09ZBB2M6S)
• Apara Sharma's Nissim Ezekiel and Jyant Mahapatra : A Comparative Reading in Phenomenology (New Era, India, 2017; 978-8129001559)
• Sandeep K. Thorat's Indian Ethos and Culture in Nissim Ezekiel's Poetry: A Critical Study (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2018;
  ISBN 978-8126927531
  )
• A. Raghu's The Poetry Of Nissim Ezekiel (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2019;
  ISBN 978-8126900862
  )
• Satish Kumar and Anupama Tayal's Indian English Poetry - A critical study of the poets Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Kamala Das, Jayanta Mahapatra, K.N. Daruwalla, Arun Balkrishnan Kolatkar and R. Parthasarthy (Sahitya Saroward, India, 2020; ASIN: B08DHTQ9TL)
• Rinkoo Wadhera's Existentialism, Upanishadic Perception and Via-Negativa in Indian English Poetry: The Oeuvre of Nissim Ezekiel (Authorspress, India, 2020; ASIN: B0893TP3KW)
• K.K. Singh's Different Thematic Perceptions in Poetry of Nissim Ezekiel (Aadi Publications, India, 2021;
  ISBN 978-8195250165
  )
• Shirish Chindhade's Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy (Atlantic Publishers, India, 2022;
  ISBN 978-8171565856
  )

• 1952: Time To Change^[32]
• 1953: Sixty poems^[32]
• 1956: The Discovery of India^[32]
• 1959: The Third^[32]
• 1960: The Unfinished Man^[32]
• 1965: The Exact Name^[32]
• 1974: Snakeskin and Other Poems, translations of the Marathi poet Indira Sant
• 1976: Hymns in Darkness
• 1982: Latter-Day Psalms
• OUP

Plays

• 1969: The Three Plays Kolkata: Writers Workshop, India^[33]
• Do Not Call it Suicide
  Madras: Macmillan India, 1993.^[34]

• Ezekiel, Nissim (1992). Selected prose. Oxford University Press.
  OCLC 624466913
  .
• Naipaul's India and mine- an essay[35]

Editor

• 1965: An Emerson Readers^[32]
• 1969: A Joseph King Reader^[32]
• 1990: Another India, anthology of fiction and poetry^[32]

Poems

• The Couple
• Enterprise^[36]
• A Time to Change
• Philosophy
• Island
• For Elkana
• The Professor
• Soap
• Marriage
• In the country cott
• How the english lessons ended
• The Paradise Flycatcher
• Night of The Scorpion
• Goodbye party for Miss Pushpa T.S.
• Entertainment (was the best of one)
• "Background, Casually"
• Poet, Lover and Birdwatcher^[37]

Appearances in the following poetry Anthologies

• The Golden Treasure of
  Calcutta^[38]
• Ten Twentieth-Century Indian Poets (1976) ed. by R. Parthasarathy and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi^[39]
• The Oxford India Anthology of Twelve Modern Indian Poets (1992) ed. by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra and published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi^[40][41]