Nitroglycerin
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
Propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate | |
Other names
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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1802063 | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
DrugBank | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.000.219 |
EC Number |
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165859 | |
IUPHAR/BPS |
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KEGG | |
MeSH | Nitroglycerin |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
UN number | 0143, 0144, 1204, 3064, 3319 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C3H5N3O9 | |
Molar mass | 227.085 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | Colorless liquid |
Density | 1.6 g⋅cm−3 (at 15 °C) |
Melting point | 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K) |
Boiling point | 50 °C (122 °F; 323 K) Explodes |
Slightly[1] | |
Solubility | Acetone, ether, benzene, alcohol[1] |
log P | 2.154 |
Structure | |
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Explosive data | |
Shock sensitivity | High |
Friction sensitivity | High |
Detonation velocity | 7,700 m/s |
RE factor
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1.50 |
Thermochemistry | |
Std enthalpy of (ΔfH⦵298)formation |
−370 kJ⋅mol−1 |
Std enthalpy of (ΔcH⦵298)combustion |
−1.529 MJ⋅mol−1 |
Pharmacology | |
C01DA02 (WHO) C05AE01 (WHO) | |
Intravenous, by mouth, under the tongue, topical | |
Pharmacokinetics: | |
<1% | |
Liver | |
3 min | |
Legal status |
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Hazards | |
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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Explosive, toxic |
GHS labelling: | |
Danger | |
H202, H205, H241, H301, H311, H331, H370 | |
P210, P243, P250, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P410 | |
NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |
PEL (Permissible)
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C 0.2 ppm (2 mg/m3) [skin][2] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Nitroglycerin (NG) (alternative spelling of nitroglycerine), also known as trinitroglycerin (TNG), nitro, glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), or 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane, is a dense, colorless, oily,
Nitroglycerin has been used for over 130 years
History
Nitroglycerin was the first practical explosive produced that was stronger than
Nitroglycerin was adopted as a commercially useful explosive by Alfred Nobel, who experimented with safer ways to handle the dangerous compound after his younger brother, Emil Oskar Nobel, and several factory workers were killed in an explosion at the Nobels' armaments factory in 1864 in Heleneborg, Sweden.[8]
One year later, Nobel founded
In April 1866, several crates of nitroglycerin were shipped to
On Christmas Day 1867, an attempt to dispose of nine canisters of Blasting Oil that had been illegally stored at the White Swan Inn in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne resulted in an explosion on the Town Moor that killed eight people. In June 1869, two one-ton wagons loaded with nitroglycerin, then known locally as Powder-Oil, exploded in the road at the North Wales village of Cwm-y-glo. The explosion led to the loss of six lives, many injuries and much damage to the village. Little trace was found of the two horses. The UK Government was so alarmed at the damage caused and what could have happened in a city location (these two tons were part of a larger load coming from Germany via Liverpool) that they soon passed the Nitro-Glycerine Act of 1869.[12] Liquid nitroglycerin was widely banned elsewhere, as well, and these legal restrictions led to Alfred Nobel and his company's developing dynamite in 1867. This was made by mixing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth ("Kieselguhr" in German) found in the Krümmel hills. Similar mixtures, such as "dualine" (1867), "lithofracteur" (1869), and "gelignite" (1875), were formed by mixing nitroglycerin with other inert absorbents, and many combinations were tried by other companies in attempts to get around Nobel's tightly held patents for dynamite.
Dynamite mixtures containing nitrocellulose, which increases the viscosity of the mix, are commonly known as "gelatins".
Following the discovery that amyl nitrite helped alleviate chest pain, the physician William Murrell experimented with the use of nitroglycerin to alleviate angina pectoris and to reduce the blood pressure. He began treating his patients with small diluted doses of nitroglycerin in 1878, and this treatment was soon adopted into widespread use after Murrell published his results in the journal The Lancet in 1879.[13][14] A few months before his death in 1896, Alfred Nobel was prescribed nitroglycerin for this heart condition, writing to a friend: "Isn't it the irony of fate that I have been prescribed nitro-glycerin, to be taken internally! They call it Trinitrin, so as not to scare the chemist and the public."[15] The medical establishment also used the name "glyceryl trinitrate" for the same reason.
Wartime production rates
Large quantities of nitroglycerin were manufactured during
Instability and desensitization
In its undiluted form, nitroglycerin is a
Early in its history, liquid nitroglycerin was found to be "
Chemically "desensitizing" nitroglycerin is possible to a point where it can be considered about as "safe" as modern
Detonation
When nitroglycerin explodes the products after cooling are given by:
- C3H5N3O9 → 3CO2 + 2.5H2O + 1.5N2 + 0.25O2
The heat released can be calculated from the heats of formation. Using −371 kJ/mol for the heat of formation of condensed phase nitroglycerin[22] gives 1414 kJ/mol released if forming water vapor, and 1524 if forming liquid water.
The detonation velocity of nitroglycerin is 7820 meters per second, which is about 113% the speed of TNT. Accordingly, nitroglycerin is considered to be a high-brisance explosive, which is to say, it has excellent shattering ability. The heat liberated during detonation raises the temperature of the gaseous byproducts to about 5,000 °C (9,000 °F).[20] With a standard enthalpy of explosive decomposition of −1414 kJ/mol and a molecular weight of 227.0865 g/mol, nitroglycerin has a specific explosive energy density of 1.488 kilocalories per gram, or 6.23 kJ/g, making nitroglycerin 49% more energetic on a mass basis than the standard definitional value assigned to TNT (precisely 1 kcal/g).
Manufacturing
Nitroglycerin can be produced by acid-catalyzed nitration of glycerol (glycerin).
The industrial manufacturing process often reacts
The
The addition of
Use as an explosive and a propellant
The main use of nitroglycerin, by tonnage, is in explosives such as dynamite and in propellants.
Nitroglycerin is an oily liquid that may explode when subjected to heat, shock, or flame.
Nitroglycerin was also used as an ingredient in military propellants for use in
Nitroglycerin has been used in conjunction with
Nitroglycerin has an advantage over some other high explosives that on detonation it produces practically no visible smoke. Therefore, it is useful as an ingredient in the formulation of various kinds of smokeless powder.[29]
Its sensitivity has limited the usefulness of nitroglycerin as a military explosive, and less sensitive explosives such as
Alfred Nobel then developed
Smokeless powders were originally developed using nitrocellulose as the sole explosive ingredient. Therefore, they were known as single-base propellants. A range of smokeless powders that contains both nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, known as double-base propellants, were also developed. Smokeless powders were originally supplied only for military use, but they were also soon developed for civilian use and were quickly adopted for sports. Some are known as sporting powders. Triple-base propellants contain nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and
Medical use
Nitroglycerin belongs to a group of drugs called nitrates, which includes many other nitrates like isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) and isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur, Ismo, Monoket).[30] These agents all exert their effect by being converted to nitric oxide in the body by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2),[4] and nitric oxide is a potent natural vasodilator.
In
Nitroglycerin is available in tablets, ointment, solution for
Industrial exposure
Infrequent exposure to high doses of nitroglycerin can cause severe headaches known as "NG head" or "bang head". These headaches can be severe enough to incapacitate some people; however, humans develop a tolerance to and dependence on nitroglycerin after long-term exposure. Although rare, withdrawal can be fatal.[35] Withdrawal symptoms include chest pain and other heart problems. These symptoms may be relieved with re-exposure to nitroglycerin or other suitable organic nitrates.[36]
For workers in nitroglycerin (NTG) manufacturing facilities, the effects of withdrawal sometimes include "Sunday heart attacks" in those experiencing regular nitroglycerin exposure in the workplace, leading to the development of tolerance for the venodilating effects. Over the weekend, the workers lose the tolerance, and when they are re-exposed on Monday, the drastic vasodilation produces a fast heart rate, dizziness, and a headache. This is referred to as "Monday disease."[37][38]
People can be exposed to nitroglycerin in the workplace by breathing it in, skin absorption, swallowing it, or eye contact. The
See also
References
- ^ a b "Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Nitroglycerin". Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ^ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0456". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Hazard Rating Information for NFPA Fire Diamonds". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015.
- ^ PMID 16103363.
- ^ "Unknown, behind paywall, archived". Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ Sobrero, Ascagne (1847). "Sur plusieur composés détonants produits avec l'acide nitrique et le sucre, la dextrine, la lactine, la mannite et la glycérine" [On several detonating compounds produced with nitric acid and sugar, dextrin, lactose, mannitol, and glycerin]. Comptes Rendus. 24: 247–248.
- ^ Sobrero, Ascanio (1849). "Sopra alcuni nuovi composti fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell'azione dell'acido nitrico sulle sostante organiche vegetali" [On some new explosive products obtained by the action of nitric acid on some vegetable organic substances]. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. 2nd Series. 10: 195–201. On p. 197, Sobrero names nitroglycerin "pyroglycerine":
- "Quelle gocciole costituiscono il corpo nuovo di cui descriverò ora le proprietà, e che chiamerò Piroglicerina." (Those drops constitute the new substance whose properties I will now describe, and which I will call "pyroglycerine".)
- ^ "Emil Nobel". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ Ramsay, Sir William. "The Manufacture of High Explosives". Scientific American. Springer Nature. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ "Krümmel". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2006..
- PBS.
- ^ North Wales Daily Post newspaper of October 14th 2018.
- PMC 5901592.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-471-89980-8.
- ^ "History of TNG". beyonddiscovery.org. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Is Nitroglycerine In This? Page 5". www.logwell.com. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ Hurter, Charles S. (22 August 1911). "Accidents in the Transportation, Storage, and Use of Explosives" (PDF). Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute. 16: 70.
- ^ Hurter, Charles S. (22 August 1911). "Accidents in the Transportation, Storage, and Use of Explosives" (PDF). Proceedings of the Lake Superior Mining Institute. 16: 71.
- ^ Tallini, Rick F. "Tales of Destruction...Thawing Can Be Hell". Analog. Analog Services, Inc.
- ^ a b "Nitroglycerin". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 12 September 2002. Retrieved 23 March 2005.
- ^ a b Tallini, Rick F. "Tales of Destruction...Is Nitroglycerin In This?". Analog Services, Inc.
- ^ Informatics, NIST Office of Data and. "Nitroglycerin". webbook.nist.gov. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- .
- .
- PMID 812687.
- ISBN 978-0123864543.
- ^ Bellis, Mary. "Alfred Nobel and the History of Dynamite". About.com Money. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- Bibcode:1976sots.rept...98M. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
- ^ "Nitroglycerin".
- ^ a b c Ogbru, Omudhome. "nitroglycerin, Nitro-Bid: Drug Facts, Side Effects and Dosing". MedicineNet.
- PMID 3917597.
- ^ "IntraMed – Bienvenido". www.intramed.net. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
- ^ "Nitroglycerin for angina, February 1997, Vol. 7". Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
- PMID 4998847.
- ISBN 978-0071052399.
- ISBN 978-0-683-08027-8. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- S2CID 12897126.
- ^ Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.) Advisory Center on Toxicology. Toxicological Reports. National Academies. p. 115. NAP:11288. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- ^ "Nitroglycerine". NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. CDC. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
External links
- "Nitroglycerine! Terrible Explosion and Loss of Lives in San Francisco". Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum. Retrieved 23 March 2005. – 1866 Newspaper article
- WebBook page for C3H5N3O9
- CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- The Tallini Tales of Destruction Detailed and horrific stories of the historical use of nitroglycerin-filled torpedoes to restart petroleum wells.
- Dynamite and TNT at The Periodic Table of Videos(University of Nottingham)