No. 56 Squadron RAF
No. 56 Squadron RAF | |
---|---|
Latin for 'What if heaven falls?')[2] | |
Aircraft | Beechcraft Shadow R.1 Boeing RC-135W Airseeker R.1 General Atomics Protector RG1 |
Battle honours |
|
Insignia | |
Squadron badge | A phoenix rising from fire, chosen to underline the squadron's ability to reappear intact regardless of the odds. Approved by King Edward VIII in July 1936.[1] |
Squadron roundel | |
Squadron codes | LR (Apr 1939 – Sep 1939) US (Sep 1939 – Apr 1946; 1947 – Dec 1950) ON (Apr 1946 – 1947) (Codes taken over from No. 124 Sqn) A–Z (Mar 1976 – July 1992) (Phantoms) AA–AZ (July 1992 – Apr 2008) (Tornados) |
Number 56 Squadron, also known as No. 56 Test and Evaluation Squadron (TES),[3] nicknamed the Firebirds for their ability to always reappear intact regardless of the odds, is one of the oldest and most successful squadrons of the Royal Air Force, with battle honours from many of the significant air campaigns of both the First and Second World Wars.
During the First World War, the squadron had many aces amongst its ranks such as
.Since 22 April 2008, the squadron has been based at RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire, and serves as the Air Command and Control Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operational Evaluation Unit (AIR C2ISR OEU) for the RAF.[4]
History
First World War
No. 56 Squadron was formed on 8 June 1916 at
On 31 March, No. 56 Squadron received orders to relocate to the RFC HQ at
No. 56 Squadron was sent north to
The squadron participated in the Battle of Passchendaele, marking numerous victories throughout it. Captain James McCudden, eventual highest scoring pilot of the squadron, joined on 13 August. Rhys-Davids made his final sortie on 27 October 1917, taking off for a routine patrol he chased after a group of Albatros fighters after which he was never seen again. The Luftstreitkräfte credited Karl Gallwitz with the kill, word only reached the RFC on 29 December that Rhys-Davids had been killed. On 18 November, No. 56 Squadron was relocated to Laviéville in support of the Battle of Cambrai.[7] In December 1917, McCudden scored 14 victories – including 4 on 23 December, a first for the RFC.[8]
In January 1918, the squadron moved to Baizieux. McCudden was sent back to England on 5 March, where he was promoted to Major and received the Victoria Cross, he died on 9 July in an accident while on his way to take command of No. 60 Squadron. On 21 March, the Germans began their Spring Offensive, this forced No. 56 Squadron to pull back to Valheureux, where from they conducted air-to-air patrols for the next four months.[7] The squadron supported the buildup to and provided support during the Battle of Amiens (beginning 8 August), which would later be known as the start of the Hundred Days Offensive. On 1 August, No. 56 Squadron, in tandem with No. 3 Squadron, attacked a German aerodrome in which 6 hangars and 16 enemy aircraft were destroyed.[7]
By the end of the war, No. 56 Squadron had scored 427 victories,[9] at a cost of 40 pilots killed, 20 wounded and 31 taken prisoner.[10] A good impression of the demobilisation of the squadron is given in the final pages of Wind in the Wires by Duncan Grinnell-Milne, the squadron's last CO.[11]
The squadron tune during the later stages of the war was The Darktown Strutters' Ball.[12]
Interwar years
On 22 November 1918, No. 56 Squadron moved to Béthencourt, France. It stayed here until it moved back to Britain on 15 February 1919, arriving at RAF Narborough along with No. 60 Squadron and No. 64 Squadron.[7]
Only days after being disbanded,
The squadron finally settled at
No. 56 Squadron converted to their last biplane, the Gloster Gladiator Mk.I, in July 1937.[16] The Gladiators were flown up until May 1938 when the squadron acquired Hawker Hurricane Mk.Is. The squadron would operate the Hurricane in the opening stages of WW2.[5]
Second World War
No. 56 Squadron's introduction to the Second World War came on 6 September 1939. The Firebirds, then based at RAF North Weald, were the victims of a friendly fire incident by No. 74 Squadron known as the Battle of Barking Creek.[17] Two pilots of the squadron were shot down and one, P/O Montague Hulton-Harrop, was killed, becoming the RAF's first casualty in the defence of the UK.[note 1]
The squadron entered the Second World War equipped with the
The squadron relocated away from RAF Boscombe Down on 29 November to RAF Middle Wallop where they stayed until 17 December when the Firebirds returned to RAF North Weald in Essex.[19] It was while based here that No. 56 Squadron upgraded to the Hurricane Mk.IIb in February 1941.[20] In April 1941, No. 56 Squadron gained its 'Punjab' nickname after the Indian province of Punjab raised money to have their name attached to a fighter, thus becoming an Indian 'gift' squadron.[21] The Firebirds then relocated for a brief stay at RAF Martlesham Heath, Suffolk on 23 July before settling at RAF Duxford on 26 July.[19]
In September 1941, No. 56 Squadron became the first unit to receive the
On 28 April 1944, No. 56 Squadron moved to RAF Newchurch, Kent where the squadron converted to the Hawker Tempest Mk.V in June.[19][20] Squadron Leader Frederick Higginson left the squadron at this time, being posted to No. 83 Group. Due to his knowledge of the pilot escape routes in France; his total victory count, all with No. 56 Squadron, was 15.[23]
As a unit of
Early Cold War (1946–1960)
On 31 March 1946, the No. 56 (Punjab) Squadron nameplate was transferred over to
In February 1954, No. 56 (F) Squadron became the first, and only, squadron to receive the Supermarine Swift F.1, and the subsequent Swift F.2s they received in August.[7] The squadron evaluated both Swift variants up until March 1955 when the F.1 and F.2s were withdrawn from service due to their poor performance.[20] Continuing to operate the Meteor F.8 after the Swift, No. 56 (F) Squadron finally converted to a new aircraft in May 1955 when they received the Hawker Hunter F.5.[5] On 10 July 1958, the squadron moved to RAF Wattisham, where they would spend some 35 years defending UK airspace, intercepting Tupolev Tu-95 "Bear" aircraft.[28] No. 56 (F) Squadron upgraded to Hunter F.6s in November 1958.[20]
The Lightning Years (1960–1976)
In December 1960, the squadron began to convert to the English Electric Lightning F.1A, with their last Hunters disbanding in January 1961.[20][29] In 1963, No. 56 (F) Squadron formed a display team called "The Firebirds", flying nine red and silver Lightnings.[29] On 6 June 1963, the display team suffered an accident at RAF Wattisham during preparations for the 25th Paris Air Show.[30] The incident occurred when a pair of Lightnings (XM179 and XM181) collided during a bomb-burst manoeuvre – XM179, piloted by Flt. Lt. Michael Cooke, crashed, while XM181 landed safely.[31] Cooke ejected and was left with severe spinal injuries, being confined to a wheelchair.[32] The Firebirds display team was disbanded in 1964, becoming the last RAF aerobatic team to fly fighter jets.[30] In October 1965, No. 56 (F) Squadron deployed to RAF Luqa, Malta, to participate in an Armament Practice Camp (APC).[33] The following October, the Firebirds deployed once more to Luqa, this time to participate in an air defence exercise alongside Avro Vulcans, English Electric Canberra PR.9s and No. 29 (F) Squadron Gloster Javelin FAW.9s.[34] No. 56 (F) Squadron left RAF Wattisham on 11 May 1967, deploying to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus.[7][29]
Between 11 and 20 July 1968, the Firebirds deployed from Akrotiri to Luqa for Exercise Island Litex.
The Phantom Years (1976–1992)
On 22 March 1976, No. 56 (Designate) Squadron formed at
The Firebirds were not alone for long however with No. 74 (F) Squadron reforming at RAF Wattisham on 19 October 1984. The Tigers were equipped with unique
From Tornados to the Air Warfare Centre
On 1 August 1992, the No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron nameplate was transferred to
The No. 56 (R) Squadron nameplate and standard was transferred to the
As of 2020, the squadron provides operational test and evaluation, and specialist advice, for RAF airborne ground surveillance, airborne electronic sensors, airborne command and control, aerospace battle management and intelligence exploitation.[54][55] In March 2021, the Sentinel R.1 was withdrawn from use, having made its last flight on 25 February 2021.[56] The Sentry AEW.1 was retired from RAF service on 28 September 2021.[57]
After the first General Atomics Protector RG1 was delivered to RAF Waddington in September 2023,[58] No. 56 Test and Evaluation Squadron was tasked with introducing the type into service.[59]
Aircraft operated
Aircraft operated include:[20][36][49][55][60][61][62][63][57][59]
- Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2c(Aug 1916–Apr 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2e (1916–Apr 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12 (1916–Apr 1917)
- Curtiss Scout (1916–Apr 1917)
- Bristol Scout (1916–Apr 1917)
- Sopwith 1½ Strutter (1916–Apr 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 (Mar 1917–Aug 1917)
- Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a(June 1917–Feb 1919)
- Sopwith Snipe (Feb 1920–Nov 1924)
- Gloster Grebe Mk.II (Sep 1924–Sep 1927)
- Armstrong Whitworth Siskin Mk.IIIa (Sep 1927–Oct 1932)
- Bristol Bulldog Mk.IIa (Oct 1932–May 1936)
- Gloster Gauntlet Mk.II (May 1936–July 1937)
- Gloster Gladiator Mk.I (July 1937–May 1938)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (Apr 1938–Feb 1941)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIa (Feb 1941–Mar 1942)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.IIb (Feb 1941–Mar 1942)
- Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ia (Sep 1941–Dec 1942)
- Hawker Typhoon Mk.Ib (Mar 1942–May 1944)
- Hawker Hurricane Mk.I (May 1942–June 1944)
- de Havilland Tiger Moth Mk.II (Oct 1942–Sep 1944)
- Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX (Apr 1944–July 1944)
- Hawker Tempest Mk.V (June 1944–Mar 1946)
- Gloster Meteor F.3 (Apr 1946–Aug 1948)
- North American Harvard (Apr 1947–Dec 1947)
- Airspeed Oxford (Dec 1947–June 1949)
- Gloster Meteor F.4 (July 1948–Dec 1950)
- Gloster Meteor T.7 (Aug 1949–July 1955)
- Gloster Meteor F.8 (Dec 1950–June 1960)
- de Havilland Vampire T.11 (Feb 1954–July 1959)
- Supermarine Swift F.1 (Feb 1954–Mar 1955)
- Supermarine Swift F.2 (Aug 1954–Mar 1955)
- Hawker Hunter F.5 (May 1955–Dec 1958)
- Gloster Meteor F.7 (July 1957–Apr 1960)
- Hawker Hunter F.6 (Nov 1958–Apr 1961)
- Hawker Hunter T.7/T.7A (Feb 1959–Jun 1966)
- English Electric Lightning F.1A (Dec 1960–Jun 1965)
- English Electric Lightning T.4 (Jan 1963–Apr 1966)
- English Electric Lightning F.3 (Mar 1965–Sep 1971)
- English Electric Lightning T.5 (Dec 1965–June 1976)
- English Electric Lightning F.1A (May 1966–Oct 1966)
- English Electric Canberra B.2 (Jul 1968–Jan 1975)
- English Electric Canberra T.4 (Jul 1968–Jan 1975)
- English Electric Lightning F.3 (Jan 1975–June 1976)
- English Electric Lightning F.6 (Sep 1971–June 1976)
- McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 (Mar 1976–July 1992)
- Panavia Tornado F.3 (July 1992–Apr 2008)
- Boeing E-3D Sentry AEW.1 (Apr 2008–Sep 2021)
- Raytheon Sentinel R.1 (Apr 2008–Feb 2021)
- Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R.1 (Apr 2008–June 2011)
- Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR.2 (Apr 2008–June 2011)
- BAE Systems Nimrod MRA.4(Apr 2008–Oct 2010)
- Hawker Beechcraft Shadow R.1 (2009–present)
- Boeing RC-135W Airseeker R.1 (Jan 2011–present)
- General Atomics Protector RG1 (Sep 2023–present)
Commanding officers
- Maj. Richard Blomfield (February - October 1917)
- Maj. Rainsford Balcombe-Brown (October 1917 - May 1918)[64]
- Maj. Euan Gilchrist (May - December 1918)
- Capt. Duncan Grinnell-Milne (1918 - 1919)[64]
See also
References
- Notes
- Citations
- ^ ISBN 1-85260-013-6.
- ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
- ^ "56 Test and Evaluation Squadron". raf.mod.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "56 Squadron". raf.mod.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "No 56 - 60 Squadron Histories". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "Royal Flying Corps at Shenley". Shenley in WWI. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "56 Squadron History". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ Revell 1987, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b "No.56 Squadron". Royal Air Force Museum. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ Shores Franks and Guest 1990, p. 36
- ^ Grinnell-Milne, Duncan (1966). Wind in the Wires. London: Mayflower. pp. 169–176.
- ^ Grinnell-Milne, Duncan (1966). Wind in the Wires. London: Mayflower. pp. 142–3.
- ^ a b c "Squadrons of the Battle of Britain. Aircraft, badges and history - 54 to 72 Squadrons (Archived)". raf.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Squadron Aircraft - Markings". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ "56 Sqn". RAF Heraldry Trust. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ Gustavsson, Håkan. "Gloster Gladiator in 56 RAF Squadron service". Biplane Fighter Aces from the Second World War. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
- ^ Ramsay, 1987. Pages 26–33.
- ^ a b c "Firebird Rising". Sharpshooter - Military Aviation Journal. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g "No. 56 (Punjab) Squadron RAF". Royal Air Force Commands. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f "No 56 Squadron Aircraft & Markings 1938 - Current". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Singh, Polly. "The Indian Gift Squadrons". bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
- ^ Thomas and Shores, 1988[page needed]
- ^ Shores, Christoper F.; Williams, Clive (1994). Aces High. London: Grub Street. p. 327.
- ^ Thomas and Shores, 1988
- ^ "RAF Stations - B". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "RAF Stations - A". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "RAF Stations - W". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "The Hunter". Wattisham Station Heritage. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "The Lightning". Wattisham Station Heritage. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Firebirds". Aerobatic Display Teams. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "1963 losses". ukserials.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Accident English Electric Lightning F1A XM179, 06 June 1963". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Armaments Practice Camps – Lightnings". Aviation in Malta. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ "Testing of Air Defences – October 1966". Aviation in Malta. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ a b Cossey, Bob. "The History of 74 (Fighter) Squadron". 74 Squadron Association. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Squadron Aircraft - Supersonic Jets". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b "The Phantom". Wattisham Station Heritage. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Armament Practice Camps – McD F-4 Phantom FG.1/FGR.2". Aviation in Malta. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
- ^ Eade, David. "The Wattisham Chronicles – Part five: Phantastic Phantom's arrival". Wattisham Aviation Society. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ "XV424 - RAF Museum, Hendon, Greater London". Thunder & Lightnings. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "McDONNELL DOUGLAS PHANTOM FGR2 XV424" (PDF). RAF Museum. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "RAF Stations - S". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "The Modern Era: Phantoms & Hawks". 74 Squadron Association. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Archer, Bob (1992). "Sunset for the Phantom". RAF Yearbook. IAT Publishing: 14.
- ^ Tom King, Secretary of State for Defence (25 July 1990). "Defence (Options for Change)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 468–486.
- ^ "Wattisham Today". Wattisham Station Heritage. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "56 (Reserve) Squadron". RAF Leuchars. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ISBN 978-1781553077.
- ^ a b c d "RAF Leuchars Bids Farewell To 56 (R) Sqn". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "RAF squadron make final flypast". BBC News. 18 April 2008. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "RAF Drops 'Reserve' Suffix from its Squadrons". Warnsey's World of Military Aviation. 17 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ "The 56 Squadron formerly based at North Weald will be made Freemen". East London & West Essex Guardian. London. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ "NO. 56 SQUADRON EXERCISE THEIR 'FREEDOM OF THE DISTRICT' IN NORTH WEALD". Royal Air Force. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ "The Firebirds Today". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b "56(R) Squadron". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ "RAF Sentinel R1 aircraft conducts last operational flight". Royal Air Force. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ a b Jennings, Gareth (29 September 2021). "UK retires Sentry AEW1". janes.com. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ "First Protector aircraft has arrived at RAF Waddington". raf.mod.uk. Royal Air Force. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ a b "New global surveillance aircraft begins UK trials". gov.uk. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "Squadron Aircraft - Biplanes". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Squadron Aircraft - WWII". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "Squadron Aircraft - Early Jets". 56 Squadron – Home of the Firebirds. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ISBN 9781910809204.
- ^ a b Robertson, F.A. de V. (24 December 1936). "No. 56 (Fighter) Squadron: A Record of Great Fighting Men". Flight. XXX (1461): 678. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
- Bibliography
- Beamont, Roland. My Part of the Sky. London, UK: Patrick Stephens, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-079-9.
- Beamont, Roland. Tempest over Europe. London, UK: Airlife, 1994. ISBN 1-85310-452-3.
- Grinnell-Milne, Duncan. Wind in the Wires. London, UK: Hurst & Blackett, 1933. (revised later editions also exist)
- Ramsay, Winston G (editor).The Blitz Then and Now; Volume 1. London, UK: Battle of Britain Prints International Limited, 1987. ISBN 0-900913-45-2
- Rawlings, John D. R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. Somerton, UK: Crécy Books, 1993. ISBN 0-947554-24-6.
- Revell, Alex (1987). James McCudden VC. Albatros Productions, Hertfordshire. ISBN 0 948414 02 2
- Shores, Christopher F.; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-19-4.
- Thomas, Chris. Typhoon and Tempest Aces of World War 2. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-85532-779-1.
- Thomas, Chris and Shores, Christopher. The Typhoon and Tempest Story. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1988. ISBN 0-85368-878-8.