Nocardia
Nocardia | |
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Close-up image of a Nocardia species culture on sheep blood agar | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Bacteria |
Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
Class: | Actinomycetia |
Order: | Mycobacteriales |
Family: | Nocardiaceae |
Genus: | Nocardia Trevisan 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) |
Type species | |
Nocardia asteroides (Eppinger 1891) Blanchard 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
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Species | |
See text. | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Nocardia is a
Culture and staining
Nocardia colonies have a variable appearance, but most species appear to have aerial
They are catalase positive and can grow easily on the most commonly used media with colonies becoming evident in 3–5 days. However, prolonged incubation periods (2–3 weeks) are sometimes needed.
Virulence
The various species of Nocardia are
]An important virulence factor in many pathogenic strains of Nocardia is
Clinical disease and microbiological diagnosis
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2009) |
The most commonly encountered species are Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, Nocardia farcinica, and Nocardia nova. Nocardia asteroides is most frequently found species causing noncutaneous invasive disease. Most cases occur as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients. N. brasiliensis is the most common species causing cutaneous nocardiosis. N. caviae is another species of medical interest. The genus is acid-fast to some degree, it stains only weakly Gram positive.
The most common form of human nocardial disease is a slowly progressive
Nocardia species are deeply involved in the process of encephalitis as one of its main pathogenic effects. In about 25–33% of people Nocardia infection takes the form of encephalitis and/or brain abscess formation. Nocardia may also cause a variety of cutaneous infections such as actinomycetoma (especially N. brasiliensis), lymphocutaneous disease, cellulitis, and subcutaneous abscesses.[6]
Nocardia isolation from biological specimens can be performed using an agar medium enriched with yeast extract and
Treatment
In most patients with Nocardia infection, the combination of antibiotics is needed.[7]
Antibiotic therapy is continued for six months (in immunocompetent people) to a year (in immunosuppression), and may need to be continued indefinitely.[8] Proper wound care is also critical.
Genetics
Although Nocardia has interesting and important features such as production of antibiotics and aromatic compound-degrading or -converting enzymes, the genetic study of this organism has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. However, practical Nocardia–E. coli shuttle vectors have been developed recently.[13]
The genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus have been found to be closely related, supported by two
Species
Nocardia comprises the following species:[1]
- N. abscessus Yassin et al. 2000
- N. acididurans Sirireung et al. 2021
- N. aciditolerans Golinska et al. 2013
- N. acidivorans Kämpfer et al. 2007
- N. africana Hamid et al. 2001
- N. alba Li et al. 2004
- N. albiluteola Shan et al. 2022
- "N. alni" Nouioui et al. 2022
- N. altamirensis Jurado et al. 2008
- N. amamiensis Yamamura et al. 2007
- N. amikacinitolerans Ezeoke et al. 2013
- N. anaemiae Kageyama et al. 2005
- N. aobensis Kageyama et al. 2005
- N. araoensis Kageyama et al. 2004
- "N. argentinensis" Cone et al. 1989
- N. arizonensis Lasker et al. 2017
- N. artemisiae Zhao et al. 2011
- N. arthritidis Kageyama et al. 2005
- N. asiatica Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. asteroides (Eppinger 1891) Blanchard 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. aurantia Benndorf et al. 2020
- N. aurantiaca Kanchanasin et al. 2020
- N. aurea Fang et al. 2019
- N. barduliensis Nouioui et al. 2021
- N. beijingensis Wang et al. 2001
- N. bhagyanarayanae corrig. Vaddavalli et al. 2014
- N. blacklockiae Conville et al. 2009
- "N. boironii" Gilquin et al. 2016
- N. bovistercoris Zhang et al. 2021
- N. brasiliensis (Lindenberg 1909) Pinoy 1913 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. brevicatena (Lechevalier et al. 1961) Goodfellow and Pirouz 1982
- N. caishijiensis Zhang et al. 2003
- N. calcarea Metcalfe and Brown 1957 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. callitridis Kaewkla and Franco 2010
- N. camponoti Liu et al. 2016
- N. carnea (Rossi Doria 1891) Castellani and Chalmers 1913 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. casuarinae Ghodhbane-Gtari et al. 2015
- N. cavernae Li et al. 2017
- N. cerradoensis Albuquerque de Barros et al. 2003
- N. coeliaca (Gray and Thornton 1928) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. coffeae Nammali et al. 2022
- N. colli Zhou et al. 2020
- N. concava Kageyama et al. 2005
- N. coubleae Rodríguez-Nava et al. 2007
- N. crassostreae Friedman et al. 1998
- N. cyriacigeorgica corrig. Yassin et al. 2001
- N. donostiensis Ercibengoa et al. 2020
- N. elegans Yassin and Brenner 2005
- N. endophytica Xing et al. 2011
- N. exalbida Iida et al. 2006
- N. farcinica Trevisan 1889 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. flavorosea Chun et al. 1998
- N. fluminea Maldonado et al. 2001
- N. gamkensis Le Roes and Meyers 2007
- N. gipuzkoensis Nouioui et al. 2021
- N. globerula (Gray 1928) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. goodfellowii Sazak et al. 2012
- N. grenadensis Kämpfer et al. 2012
- N. halotolerans Nikou et al. 2015
- N. harenae Seo and Lee 2006
- N. heshunensis Huang et al. 2017
- N. higoensis Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. huaxiensis Zhuang et al. 2021
- N. ignorata Yassin et al. 2001
- N. inohanensis Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. iowensis Lamm et al. 2009
- N. jejuensis Lee 2006
- N. jiangsuensis Bai et al. 2016
- N. jiangxiensis Cui et al. 2005
- N. jinanensis Sun et al. 2009
- N. kroppenstedtii Jones et al. 2014
- N. kruczakiae Conville et al. 2005
- N. lasii Liu et al. 2017
- "N. levis" Kavitha et al. 2009
- N. lijiangensis Xu et al. 2006
- "N. lurida" Theriault et al. 1986
- N. macrotermitis Benndorf et al. 2020
- N. mangyaensis Yang et al. 2019
- N. mexicana Rodríguez-Nava et al. 2006
- N. mikamii Jannat-Khah et al. 2010
- N. miyunensis Cui et al. 2005
- N. neocaledoniensis Saintpierre-Bonaccio et al. 2004
- N. niigatensis Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. ninae Laurent et al. 2007
- N. niwae Moser et al. 2011
- "N. noduli" Nouioui et al. 2022
- N. nova Tsukamura 1983
- N. otitidiscaviarum corrig. Snijders 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)
- "N. panacis" Hu et al. 2020
- "N. paratuberculosis" Tsukamura 1982
- N. paucivorans Yassin et al. 2000
- "N. phenotolerans" Yassin et al. 1988
- N. pigrifrangens Wang et al. 2004
- N. pneumoniae Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. polyresistens Xu et al. 2005
- N. pseudobrasiliensis Ruimy et al. 1996
- N. pseudovaccinii Kim et al. 2002
- N. puris Yassin et al. 2003
- N. rayongensis Tanasupawat et al. 2016
- N. rhamnosiphila Everest et al. 2012
- N. rhizosphaerae Wang et al. 2015
- N. rhizosphaerihabitans Ding et al. 2018
- N. salmonicida (ex Rucker 1949) Isik et al. 1999
- N. seriolae Kudo et al. 1988
- N. shimofusensis Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. shinanonensis Matsumoto et al. 2016
- N. sienata corrig. Kageyama et al. 2004
- "N. simplex" Jirasripongpun 2002
- N. speluncae Seo et al. 2007
- N. stercoris Zhao et al. 2020
- "N. suismassiliense" Fellag et al. 2018
- N. sungurluensis Camas et al. 2014
- N. takedensis Yamamura et al. 2005
- N. tenerifensis Kämpfer et al. 2004
- N. tengchongensis Li et al. 2017
- N. terpenica Hoshino et al. 2007
- "N. terrae" Kanchanasin et al. 2021
- N. testacea corrig. Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. thailandica Kageyama et al. 2005
- N. thraciensis Sazak et al. 2012
- N. transvalensis Pijper and Pullinger 1927 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. uniformis (ex Marton and Szabó 1959) Isik et al. 1999
- N. vaccinii Demaree and Smith 1952 (Approved Lists 1980)
- N. vermiculata Kageyama et al. 2005
- N. veterana Gürtler et al. 2001
- N. vinacea Kinoshita et al. 2002
- N. vulneris Lasker et al. 2015
- N. wallacei Conville et al. 2009
- N. xestospongiae Thawai et al. 2017
- N. xishanensis Zhang et al. 2004
- N. yamanashiensis Kageyama et al. 2004
- N. yunnanensis Zhang et al. 2019
- N. zapadnayensis Ozdemir-Kocak et al. 2016
- N. zhihengii Huang et al. 2019
Nomenclature
The genus was named for Edmond Nocard (1850-1903), a French 19th-century veterinarian and biologist.[15]
The genus was circumscribed by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan di Saint-Léon in Ann. Inst. Pasteur vol.2 (Issue 6) on page 295 in 1888.[2]
References
- ^ a b Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Nocardia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ a b "Nocardia Trevisan, 1889". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ "Nocardia species". GlobalRPH. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
- ISSN 1350-0872.
- PMID 35693062.
- PMID 32415818.
- ^ a b c Bartlett JG (October 5, 2007). "Nocardia". Point-of-Care Information Technology ABX Guide. Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on December 1, 2009. Retrieved on January 3, 2009. Freely available with registration.
- PMID 9413427.
- PMID 17443467.
- Berrie C (April 3, 2007). "Researchers Identify Risk Factors for Nocardia infection After Solid-Organ Transplant". Doctor's Guide (Press release).
- PMID 18435787.
- S2CID 33975237.
- PMID 17314425. Archived from the originalon 2007-08-17.
- PMID 22390973.
- ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
Further reading
- Ishikawa J, Yamashita A, Mikami Y, Hoshino Y, Kurita H, Hotta K, et al. (October 2004). "The complete genomic sequence of Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (41): 14925–14930. PMID 15466710.
- Arceneaux J (4 April 2010). "Corynebacterium and Related Genera.". Lecture to 2nd Year Medical Students. University of Mississippi Medical Center.
- Greenwood D, Slack RC, Peutherer JF. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections (16th ed.). ISBN 0-443-07077-6.
- Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ (April 2006). "Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 19 (2): 259–82. PMID 16614249.
- Mahon CR, Lehman DC. Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier.