Node.js
Original author(s) | Ryan Dahl |
---|---|
Developer(s) | OpenJS Foundation |
Initial release | May 27, 2009[1] |
Stable release | 21.7.3[2]
/ April 10, 2024 |
Repository | |
Written in | JavaScript, C++, Python, C |
Operating system | z/OS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, SmartOS, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, IBM AIX[3] |
Type | Runtime environment |
License | MIT License[4][5] |
Website | nodejs |
Node.js is a
Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting. The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm,[6] unifying web-application development around a single programming language, as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming.
Node.js has an
The Node.js
History
Node.js was initially written by Ryan Dahl in 2009,[10] about 13 years after the introduction of the first server-side JavaScript environment, Netscape's LiveWire Pro Web.[11] The initial release supported only Linux and Mac OS X. Its development and maintenance was led by Dahl and later sponsored by Joyent.[12]
Dahl criticized the limited capability of Apache HTTP Server to handle many (10,000+) concurrent connections, as well as the dominant programming paradigm of sequential programming, in which applications could block entire processes or cause the creation of multiple execution stacks for simultaneous connections.[13]
Dahl demonstrated the project at the inaugural European JSConf on November 8, 2009.
In January 2010, a
In June 2011, Microsoft and Joyent implemented a native Windows version of Node.js.[19] The first Node.js build supporting Windows was released in July 2011.
In January 2012, Dahl yielded management of the project to npm creator Isaac Schlueter.[20] In January 2014, Schlueter announced that Timothy J. Fontaine would lead the project.[21]
In December 2014, Fedor Indutny created io.js, a
The Node.js Foundation, formed to reconcile Node.js and io.js under a unified banner, was announced in February 2015.[23] The merger was realized in September 2015 with Node.js v0.12 and io.js v3.3 combining into Node v4.0.[24] This merge brought V8 ES6 features into Node.js and started a long-term support release cycle.[25] By 2016, the io.js website recommended returning to Node.js and announced no further io.js releases, effectively ending the fork and solidifying the merger's success.[26]
In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the OpenJS Foundation.
On September 6, 2023, Node.js 20.6.0 was released. The update brought the addition of built-in support for .env
files, the unflagging of import.meta.resolve
, the introduction of a new node:module
API register for module customization hooks and a new initialize hook. Additionally, the module customization load hook now supports CommonJS, and Node.js C++ add-ons have gained experimental support for cppgc (Oilpan), which is a C++ garbage collection library for V8.[27]
Branding
The Node.js logo features a green hexagon with overlapping bands to represent the cross-platform nature of the runtime.[28] The Rocket Turtle was chosen as the official Node.js mascot in February 2024 following a design contest.[29]
Overview
Node.js allows the creation of web servers and networking tools using JavaScript and a collection of "modules" that handle various core functionalities.[14][17][30][31][32] Modules are provided for file system I/O, networking (DNS, HTTP, TCP, TLS/SSL or UDP), binary data (buffers), cryptography functions, data streams and other core functions.[17][31][33] Node.js's modules use an API designed to reduce the complexity of writing server applications.[17][31]
JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many
Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as web servers.[30] The most significant difference between Node.js and PHP is that most functions in PHP block until completion (commands execute only after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are non-blocking (commands execute concurrently or even in parallel,[36][37][improper synthesis?] and use callbacks to signal completion or failure).[30]
Node.js is officially supported by
servers.Platform architecture
Node.js enables development of fast web servers in JavaScript using event-driven programming.[17] Developers can create scalable servers without using threading by using a simplified model that uses callbacks to signal the completion of a task.[17][page needed] Node.js connects the ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming.[17]
Node.js was built on top of Google's V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the
Industry support
There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of which are hosted on the npm website. Multiple developer conferences and events are held that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf, Node Interactive and Node Summit, as well as a number of regional events.
The open-source community has developed
Modern desktop
Node.js is supported across a number of cloud-hosting platforms such as Jelastic, Google Cloud Platform, AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Azure Web Apps and Joyent.
Releases
Release[53] | Status | Code name | Release date | Maintenance end |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.10.x | End-of-Life | 2013-03-11 | 2016-10-31 | |
0.12.x | End-of-Life | 2015-02-06 | 2016-12-31 | |
4.x | End-of-Life | Argon[54] | 2015-09-08 | 2018-04-30 |
5.x | End-of-Life | 2015-10-29 | 2016-06-30 | |
6.x | End-of-Life | Boron[54] | 2016-04-26 | 2019-04-30 |
7.x | End-of-Life | 2016-10-25 | 2017-06-30 | |
8.x | End-of-Life | Carbon[54] | 2017-05-30 | 2019-12-31 |
9.x | End-of-Life | 2017-10-01 | 2018-06-30 | |
10.x | End-of-Life | Dubnium[54] | 2018-04-24 | 2021-04-30 |
11.x | End-of-Life | 2018-10-23 | 2019-06-01 | |
12.x | End-of-Life | Erbium[54] | 2019-04-23 | 2022-04-30 |
13.x | End-of-Life | 2019-10-22 | 2020-06-01 | |
14.x | End-of-Life | Fermium[54] | 2020-04-21 | 2023-04-30 |
15.x | End-of-Life | 2020-10-20 | 2021-06-01 | |
16.x | End-of-Life | Gallium[54] | 2021-04-20 | 2023-09-11[55] |
17.x | End-of-Life | 2021-10-19 | 2022-06-01 | |
18.x | Maintenance LTS | Hydrogen[54] | 2022-04-19 | 2025-04-30 |
19.x | End-of-Life | 2022-10-18 | 2023-06-01 | |
20.x | Active LTS | Iron[56] | 2023-04-18 | 2026-04-30 |
21.x | Current | [54] | 2023-10-17 | 2024-05-30 |
22.x | Planned | Jod [56][54] | 2024-04-23 | 2027-04-30 |
23.x | Planned | [54] | 2024-10-14 | 2025-05-27 |
Legend: Old version Older version, still maintained Latest version Future release |
New major releases of Node.js are cut from the GitHub main branch every six months. Even-numbered versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version is released, the previous even version undergoes transition to Long Term Support (LTS), which gives that version 18 months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 18 months expire, an LTS release receives an additional 12 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release receives only critical fixes and documentation updates.[54] The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in collaboration with the Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation.
Technical details
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that processes incoming requests in a loop, called the event loop.
Internals
Node.js uses libuv under the hood to handle asynchronous events. Libuv is an abstraction layer for network and file system functionality on both Windows and POSIX-based systems such as Linux, macOS, OSS on NonStop, and Unix. Node.js relies on nghttp2 for HTTP support. As of version 20, Node.js uses the ada library which provides up-to-date WHATWG URL compliance. As of version 19.5, Node.js uses the simdutf library for fast Unicode validation and transcoding. As of version 21.3, Node.js uses the simdjson library for fast JSON parsing.
Threading
Node.js operates on a
A thread pool handles the execution of parallel tasks in Node.js. The main thread function call posts tasks to the shared task queue, which threads in the thread pool pull and execute. Inherently non-blocking system functions such as networking translate to kernel-side non-blocking sockets, while inherently blocking system functions such as file I/O run in a blocking way on their own threads. When a thread in the thread pool completes a task, it informs the main thread of this, which in turn, wakes up and executes the registered callback.
A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js does not allow
V8
V8 is the JavaScript execution engine which was initially built for
Package management
Event loop
Node.js registers with the operating system so the OS notifies it of
WebAssembly
Node.js supports WebAssembly and as of Node 14 has experimental support of WASI, the WebAssembly System Interface.
Native bindings
Node.js provides a way to create "add-ons" via a C-based API called N-API, which can be used to produce loadable (importable) .node
modules from source code written in C/C++.[62] The modules can be directly loaded into memory and executed from within JS environment as simple CommonJS modules. The implementation of the N-API relies on internal C/C++ Node.js and V8 objects requiring users to import (#include) Node.js specific headers into their native source code.[62]
As the Node.js API is subject to breaking changes at a binary level, modules have to be built and shipped against specific Node.js versions to work properly. To address the issue, third parties have introduced open-sourced С/С++ wrappers on top of the API that partially alleviate the problem. They simplify interfaces, but as a side effect they may also introduce complexity which maintainers have to deal with. Even though the core functionality of Node.js resides in a JavaScript built-in library, modules written in C++ can be used to enhance capabilities and to improve performance of applications.
In order to produce such modules one needs to have an appropriate C++ compiler and necessary headers (the latter are typically shipped with Node.js itself), e.g.,
.The N-API is similar to Java Native Interface.
Project governance
In 2015, various branches of the greater Node.js community began working under the vendor-neutral Node.js Foundation. The stated purpose of the organization "is to enable widespread adoption and help accelerate development of Node.js and other related modules through an open governance model that encourages participation, technical contribution, and a framework for long-term stewardship by an ecosystem invested in Node.js' success."[63]
The Node.js Foundation Technical Steering Committee (TSC) is the technical governing body of the Node.js Foundation. The TSC is responsible for the core Node.js repo as well as dependent and adjacent projects. Generally the TSC delegates the administration of these projects to working groups or committees.[64] The LTS group that manages long term supported releases is one such group. Other current groups include Website, Streams, Build, Diagnostics, i18n, Evangelism, Docker, Addon API, Benchmarking, Post-mortem, Intl, Documentation, and Testing.[65]
In August 2017, a third of the TSC members resigned due to a dispute related to the project's code of conduct.[66]
References
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- ^ a b c Laurent Orsini (7 November 2013). "What You Need To Know About Node.js". readwrite.com. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
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- ^ Garbar, Dzmitry. "PHP 7 vs Node.js? They Can Be Partners, Not Competitors For a Developer!". belitsoft.com. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours, Sams Publishing, 05-Sep-2012
- ^ Ubl, Malte (9 September 2009). "JSConf.eu 2009, Berlin, Germany". www.jsconf.eu. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i Professional Node.js: Building JavaScript Based Scalable Software, John Wiley & Sons, 01-Oct-2012
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- ^ "io.js and Node.js merge". medium.com. 19 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
- ^ Io.js, JavaScript I/O, "io.js has merged with the Node.js project again. There won't be any further io.js releases. All of the features in io.js are available in Node.js v4 and above."
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Further reading
- Hughes-Croucher, Tom; Wilson, Mike (April 2012), Up and Running with Node.js, ISBN 978-1-4493-9858-3
- Ornbo, George (September 2012), Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours, ISBN 978-0-672-33595-2
- Teixeira, Pedro (October 2012), Professional Node.js, ISBN 978-1-118-22754-1
- Randal L. Schwartz and Aaron Newcomb (9 January 2013). "Episode 237: Node.js". twit.tv/show/floss-weekly (Podcast). TWiT.tv. Event occurs at 1:08:13. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
- Gackenheimer, Cory (October 2013), Node.js Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach, ISBN 978-1-4302-6058-5
External links