Nominated Member of Parliament
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A Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) is a
Background
The introduction of NMPs in September 1990, effected to bring more independent voices into Parliament, was an important modification of the traditional Westminster parliamentary system that Singapore had.
NMPs are appointed for a term of two and a half years on the recommendation of a Special Select Committee chaired by the speaker of Parliament. The Committee may nominate persons who have rendered distinguished public service or who have brought honour to Singapore, and also invites proposals of candidates from community groups in the fields of arts and letters, culture, the sciences, business, industry, the professions, social or community service, and the labour movement. In 2009, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong proposed in Parliament that the Committee should also invite nominations from the civil society such as candidates from the environmental movement, young activists, new citizens, and community and grassroots leaders. In addition, the Committee must have regard to the need for NMPs to reflect as wide a range of independent and nonpartisan views as possible.
In Parliament, NMPs can participate in debates and vote on all issues except amendments to the Constitution, motions relating to public funds, votes of no confidence in the Government, and removing the president from office.
The NMP scheme has been criticised on the grounds that it is undemocratic, and that unelected NMPs have no incentive to express the electorate's views in Parliament. It has also been claimed that the scheme reinforces the governing People's Action Party's technocratic and elitist view of politics. On the other hand, it is said that NMPs have placed pressure on PAP MPs to be more competent in Parliament.
NMPs have made contributions to Singapore's political landscape. In 1996, the Maintenance of Parents Act (Cap. 167B, 1996 Rev. Ed.) became the first
Nominated Member of Parliament scheme
Implementation
A Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP) is a
During a debate in Parliament on 29 and 30 November 1989,[2] the First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong set out the Government's reasons for implementing the scheme. The NMP scheme was a move to provide more opportunities for Singaporeans to participate in politics. It was a "privilege" extended to Singaporeans who could make valuable contributions to public policy but for good reasons did not desire to enter politics and look after constituencies. Women were mentioned as an example of people who might be more willing to become NMPs, as many have to handle their families and careers and therefore do not have much spare time.[3]
The aim of the scheme was to create a more "consensual style of government where alternative views are heard and constructive dissent accommodated".[4] NMPs could play a constructive role in contributing to good governance that the Opposition and MPs of the ruling People's Action Party (PAP) could not provide. While PAP MPs had been encouraged to air opposing views, they were after all Government MPs and were not allowed to vote against the Government unless the Whip was lifted. Moreover, there were very few Opposition MPs. According to Goh, the Opposition had not been constructive as their objective was to discredit the Government so that they could win office. In contrast, NMPs would not belong to any political party, and could therefore represent the views of people who did not identify themselves with the PAP or the Opposition. Thus, NMPs would be able to concentrate on the "substance of the debate rather than form and rhetoric", and provide dissenting and constructive views that would contribute to good government.[5]
Furthermore, with NMPs Parliament would be able to better represent the views of the people. While the ruling party attempted to represent the mainstream political opinion in Singapore and fielded as representative a range of candidates as possible during
Goh also pointed out that at least 20 other countries had nominated Members in their Houses of Representatives,[7] while noting that each variant of the NMP system had to be tailored to the country in which it was implemented.[8]
The
Modifications
From 1 September 1997, the maximum number of NMPs in Parliament was increased from six to nine.[16] Introducing a motion in Parliament for the second reading of the constitutional amendment bill that was eventually passed to effect the change, the Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng said that the NMP scheme was now well accepted by practically all MPs as it had proven its usefulness and worth. The Government intended to expand the scheme "so that more NMPs can be in Parliament to air views which may not be canvassed by the PAP or by the Opposition. ... We are now proposing to increase the number of NMPs so that a wider cross-section of such views can be canvassed and expressed."[17]
In 2002, an NMP's term of office was extended from two to two and a half years.[18] This was done to avoid the need to select NMPs three times if a particular Parliament lasted its full five-year term.[19] In fact, during the Ninth Parliament, the NMPs had only served 17 days from 1 to 17 October 2001 and attended three sittings before Parliament was dissolved for the 2001 general election.[20]
NMPs were made a permanent feature of Parliament with effect from 1 July 2010.[21] Prior to this change, Parliament had to decide within six months after every election whether to appoint NMPs.[22] The rationale for the changes was given by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in Parliament on 27 May 2009. According to him, the main motivation behind having NMPs as a permanent part of the system of government in Singapore was the fact that the scheme had been a great success and had improved the quality of debate in the House: "The scheme has worked well. The NMPs represent non-partisan alternative views in Parliament, and the NMPs have made effective contributions and raised the quality of debate in Parliament. Sometimes, if I may say so, they may have outshone even the Opposition MPs. This NMP scheme should be a permanent part of our political system."[23]
Appointment, term of office, and powers
The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution sets out the process for the appointment of NMPs. A Special Select Committee chaired by the
[T]o formally resign from membership in a political party cannot, in substance, change his political philosophy or his sympathy for the cause of that party. Nor need membership of a political party necessarily affect a person's objectivity.
The usual term of office for an NMP is two and a half years from the date of appointment.
NMPs can vote in Parliament on any bill or motion, except a bill to amend the Constitution; a supply bill, supplementary supply bill or final supply bill; a money bill;[32] a vote of no confidence in the Government; and removing the President from office.[33] However, NMPs can still voice their opinions and join debates on the bills and motions they cannot vote on.
Assessment
During the Parliamentary debates that led to the introduction of the NMP scheme, it was argued by a number of PAP MPs such as Arthur Beng,[34][35] Tan Cheng Bock,[36] Dixie Tan,[37] and Aline Wong[38] that the scheme is undemocratic in nature given the fact that NMPs are nominated rather than elected by the people for the people.[39] However, in accordance with party discipline, they were eventually required to vote in favour of the constitutional amendment. As Beng said: "This is the constraint upon us, and I guess I will have to continue to live a schizophrenic political life – speaking against, yet voting for a Bill."[35]
Secondly, it was argued by Chiam See Tong, the Leader of the Opposition, that since Singapore practices representative democracy, NMPs are useless to the people as, being unelected, they have no incentive to present their views to Parliament.[40] In other words, one should not enjoy the privilege of representing views without bearing the responsibility of serving those whom one represents.[41] The Opposition perceived the scheme as a plan to make it look unnecessary.[42] A similar point has been made by an academic, Chua Beng Huat, who has argued that the NMP scheme co-opts more moderate dissenting voices and is thus an attempt to de-legitimise the need for more aggressive opposition.[43]
From the beginning, the process of appointing NMPs has been weighted towards functional representation of discrete interests. For example, Wong Kan Seng, the Leader of the House, said in Parliament on 5 April 2002:[44]
Over the years, we have ... improved the selection process by having proposal panels to nominate representatives of functional groups as NMPs. So, in 1997, apart from inviting the general public to submit the names of suitable persons, the Special Select Committee on NMPs wrote to organisations representing three major functional groups: (a) business and industry; (b) labour; and (c) the professions – to propose candidates for this Special Select Committee's consideration. At a sitting on 5th June 1997 ... I also said that the Government would consider further improving the NMP selection process, by expanding the number of functional groups invited to submit nominations.
Garry Rodan has expressed the view that, in effect, the NMP scheme reinforces the PAP's technocratic and elitist view of politics.[45]
In support of the scheme, NMP Paulin Tay Straughan said in Parliament on 26 April 2010 that it neither compromises the democratic process nor perpetuates the dominance of the ruling party, because during elections Singaporeans vote for the political parties that best represent their interests and ideals, and the presence of NMPs in the House does not factor into this choice. In her view, NMPs add value to the discourse taking place in Parliament as they are able to "explore and research the issues from all possible socially significant angles" without constraint from "partisan concerns". She felt personally that she was accountable to all Singaporeans, rather than being unaccountable to anybody.[46] In addition, Ho Khai Leong has opined that the presence of NMPs and their participation in Parliamentary debates have placed pressure on PAP MPs to be less complacent and to be more competent in Parliament.[42]
Suggestions for improvement
It has also been recommended that fringe or minority groups should go through formal, mandatory elections to choose the representatives that will provide them with a voice in Parliament. Thereafter, they may be called "elected representatives". The Government may assist by providing guidelines for the conduct of proper elections. Furthermore, the maximum number of NMPs – nine – is said to be far too small to ensure proper representation of minority groups. Hence, it has been recommended that there should not be any limitation on the number of NMPs.[50]
NMPs
The first two NMPs appointed with effect from 22 November 1990 were cardiologist Professor Maurice Choo and company executive Leong Chee Whye.[51]
As of December 2010, one NMP – Professor
Following his term as an NMP,
In 2009, the arts community became the first group among the functional groups that NMPs are meant to represent to undertake an open election process to pick the candidates of their choice. It choose Audrey Wong and Loretta Chen, and submitted their names to the authorities. Audrey Wong was selected to become the first "Arts" NMP, and served from 2009 to 2011.[57] In 2011, the arts community underwent the same process and elected Janice Koh as its candidate. She was appointed an NMP in 2012.[58]
On 25 May 2009 during a debate in Parliament, Siew Kum Hong called for a hybrid Parliament in which a limited number of seats would be allocated by way of proportional representation, while the majority would still be filled the way they are now. He felt this would allow for more diverse views in Parliament, adding that it would be "more consistent with democratic principles than a scheme like the Nominated MP scheme". Siew also noted that while the act of voting was key to democracy and political participation, a large number of Singaporeans do not get to vote at each election because walkovers are prevalent.[59]
NMPs are supposed to be non-partisan but after it had been announced on 7 July 2009 that
On 18 August 2009,
List of NMPs | ||
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7th Parliament (22 November 1990 – 13 August 1991)[51][72]
|
8th Parliament (7 September 1992 – 6 September 1994)[73]
|
8th Parliament (7 September 1994 – 15 December 1996)[74]
|
9th Parliament (1 October 1997 – 30 September 1999)[75]
|
9th Parliament (1 October 1999 – 30 September 2001)[76]
|
9th Parliament (1–17 October 2001)[77]
|
10th Parliament (2 July 2002 – 1 January 2005)[78]
|
10th Parliament (2 January 2005 – 19 April 2006)[79]
|
11th Parliament (18 January 2007 – 17 July 2009)[80]
|
11th Parliament (18 July 2009 – 19 April 2011)[81]
|
12th Parliament (14 February 2012 – 13 August 2014)[82]
|
12th Parliament (26 August 2014 – 25 August 2015)[83]
|
13th Parliament (22 March 2016 – 21 September 2018)[84]
|
13th Parliament (22 September 2018 – 23 June 2020)[85]
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14th Parliament (21 January 2021 – 23 July 2023)[86]
|
14th Parliament (24 July 2023 – present)[87]
| ||
Dates indicate the NMPs' terms of office. The names in bold are surnames, or the personal names of NMPs who do not have surnames. |
Notes
- ^ Wee Kim Wee (President), "President's Address", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (9 January 1989), vol. 52, col. 15.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong (First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, cols. 695–705.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, cols. 696–697.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 695.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 700.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 701.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 702. The list of countries was published at cols. 773–780 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (30 November 1989), vol. 54, col. 845.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill 1989 (No. B41 of 1989).
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint).
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, speech during the First Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (6 October 1989), vol. 54, cols. 637–638.
- ^ Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, cols. 852–854.
- ^ OCLC 35566184.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1990 (No. 11 of 1990).
- ^ Speech during the Third Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 March 1990), vol. 55, col. 1050.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1997 (No. 1 of 1997), in force on 1 September 1997.
- ^ Wong Kan Seng (Minister for Home Affairs), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (31 July 1997), vol. 67, cols. 1497–1499.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2002 (No. 24 of 2002).
- ^ Constitution, Art. 65(4): "Parliament, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for 5 years from the date of its first sitting and shall then stand dissolved.".
- ^ Lee Hsien Loong (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (27 August 2002), vol. 75, col. 796.
- Today, 27 April 2010.
- ^ Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 1(1), repealed by Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2010 (No. 9 of 2010), in force on 1 July 2010.
- ^ a b Lee Hsien Loong, "President's address: Debate on the address", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (27 May 2009), vol. 86, col. 493ff.
- ^ Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 1(3).
- ^ Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 3(1).
- ^ a b c Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 3(2).
- ^ Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 2(1).
- ^ Michael Palmer (15 February 2012), "NMPs appointed on their merits, no matter who nominated them [letter]", Today, p. 21, archived from the original on 18 February 2012.
- ^ Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 1(4).
- ^ Constitution, Art. 46(2B).
- ^ Constitution, Arts. 46(1) and (2).
- ^ The term money bill is defined in the Constitution, Art. 68.
- ^ Constitution, Art. 39(2).
- ^ Arthur Beng Kian Lam (Fengshan), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, cols. 761–762.
- ^ a b "Allow PAP MPs to vote according to their conscience on this radical move", The Straits Times, p. 16, 30 November 1989.
- ^ Tan Cheng Bock (Ayer Rajah), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, col. 727; "Parliament is no place for Govt to take advice from non-elected representatives", The Straits Times, p. 16, 30 November 1989.
- ^ Dixie Tan (Ulu Pandan), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, cols. 765–766; "What group will NMPs represent?", The Straits Times, p. 16, 30 November 1989.
- ^ Aline K. Wong (Tampines GRC), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, cols. 741; "Notion deviates from basic principle of democracy", The Straits Times, p. 16, 30 November 1989.
- .
- ^ Chiam See Tong (Potong Pasir), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, col. 735.
- SSRN 965257.
- ^ ISBN 978-981-210-218-8.
- ISBN 978-0-415-12054-8.
- ^ Wong Kan Seng (Leader of the House), "Nominated Members of Parliament", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (5 April 2002), vol. 74, cols. 571–572.
- ISBN 978-0-415-14864-1, cited in Tey, "Singapore's Electoral System", p. 622.
- ^ Paulin Tay Straughan (NMP), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (26 April 2010), vol. 87, col. 53ff.
- ^ Sylvia Lim (NCMP), "President's address: Debate on the address", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (28 May 2009), vol. 86, cols. 683–684.
- ^ See also Wong Wee Nam (4 December 2008), The Need for a Multi-party System, Sgpolitics.net, archived from the original on 2 December 2010, retrieved 2 December 2010; Wong Wee Nam (29 May 2009), The Real Political Change that Singapore Needs, Sgpolitics.net, archived from the original on 2 December 2010, retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Gangasudhan; Ravi Philemon (9 November 2009), Talking Point(s) with NMP Viswa Sadasivan, The Online Citizen, archived from the original on 1 March 2011, retrieved 2 December 2010.
- ^ Kelvin Teo (11 December 2009), Reforming the NMP Scheme, The Online Citizen, archived from the original on 11 March 2011, retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Nominated MPs to be sworn-in today at Parliament sitting", The Straits Times, p. 3, 20 December 1990.
- ^ Maintenance of Parents Act (Cap. 167B, 1996 Rev. Ed.).
- ^ "Govt gives backing to Parents Bill", The Straits Times, p. 1, 27 July 1994; "Parents maintenance bill passed", The Straits Times, p. 1, 3 November 1995,
Legislative history was made yesterday when the House approved the Maintenance of Parents Bill, the first piece of law to be made at the initiative of a backbencher since independence. The Bill initiated by Nominated MP Walter Woon was passed without debate at its third reading ...
. - ^ "NMPs making a difference". TODAYonline. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ Kumaralingam Amirthalingam (July 2003), A Feminist Critique of Domestic Violence Laws in Singapore and Malaysia [Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 6] (PDF), Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore, p. 17, archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2008.
- SSRN 953599.
- ^ Mayo Martin (16 June 2011), "Arts NMP! Audrey Wong's foot! A post-mortem!", Today, archived from the original on 30 April 2014; Adeline Chia (30 June 2011), "I'm no rabble-rouser" (PDF), The Straits Times (reproduced on the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy website), archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2014.
- ^ Mayo Martin (28 April 2014), "Arts community search for next Arts NMP", Today, archived from the original on 30 April 2014.
- ^ Siew Kum Hong (NMP), "President's address: debate on the address", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (25 May 2009), vol. 86, col. 97ff.; Zakir Hussain (26 May 2009), "NMP Siew Kum Hong calls for a 'hybrid system' for Parliament", The Straits Times, p. 8.
- ^ Esther Ng (8 July 2009), "A question of party: One of the nine new names is a Young PAP member", Today, p. 6.
- ^ Calvin Cheng (9 July 2009), "I've quit Young PAP [letter]", Today, p. 22. See also Esther Ng (9 July 2009), "NMP-designate quits Young PAP", Today, p. 8.
- ^ P.N. Balji (11 July 2009), "My, my ... Mr Cheng: What does joining Young PAP out of curiosity say about the NMP aspirant?", Today, p. 14. See also Loh Chee Kong (18 July 2009), "I'm staying in the kitchen: Under-fire NMP Calvin Cheng says he can take the heat", Today, p. 16.
- ^ Elaina Olivia Chong (21 July 2009), "Don't write us off: NMP's comments were 'unfair' to Young PAP [letter]", Today, p. 20 and Elaina Olivia Chong (21 July 2009), "Nominated MP wrong to knock Young PAP [letter]", The Straits Times, p. 20; Calvin Cheng (24 July 2009), "NMP sorry for remarks on Young PAP [letter]", The Straits Times, p. 20. See also Debbie Yong (2 August 2009), "New NMP comments on flak he has drawn", The Straits Times, p. 13.
- ^ Though the Special Select Committee nominating NMPs for appointment is required to "have regard to the need for nominated Members to reflect as wide a range of independent and non-partisan views as possible": Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 3(2).
- ^ Clarissa Oon (28 July 2009), "Lift veil over NMP selection", The Straits Times.
- ^ Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 March 2010), "'Lonesome, single' NMP makes biggest impression", The Straits Times.
- ^ "Educate the Internet generation: Nominated MP Calvin Cheng says regulating the Net is pointless", The Straits Times, 11 March 2011.
- Singapore National Pledge, which does not appear in the photograph, is "[... so as to achieve ha]ppiness, prosperity and progress for our nation".
- ^ Viswa Sadasivan (NMP), "Nation building tenets", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (18 August 2009), vol. 86, col. 1007ff..
- ^ Lee Kuan Yew (Minister Mentor), "Nation building tenets", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (19 August 2009), vol. 86, col. 1145ff..
- ^ Clarissa Oon (20 August 2009), "MM rebuts NMP's notion of race equality: Constitution requires Government to give Malays special position, he says in House debate", The Straits Times (reproduced on the website of the Prime Minister's Office), archived from the original on 18 August 2010.
- ^ Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (20 December 1990), vol. 56, col. 669; Members of Parliament (7th Parliament), Parliament of Singapore, 22 March 2006, archived from the original on 13 July 2007.
- ^ Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (14 September 1992), vol. 60, col. 175; "NMPs take oath of allegiance and then jump straight into the fray of things", The Straits Times, p. 24, 15 September 1992.
- ^ Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (31 October 1994), vol. 63, col. 598; Wang Hui Ling (2 September 1994), "Four new faces among six NMPs in new term", The Straits Times, p. 1; Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (1 October 1996), vol. 66, col. 562; "Current NMPs to start new terms on Sept 7", The Straits Times, p. 3, 30 August 1996.
- ^ Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (7 October 1997), vol. 67, col. 1674.
- ^ Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (11 October 1999), vol. 71, col. 62.
- ^ Tan Soo Khoon (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (5 October 2001), vol. 73, cols. 2122–2123.
- ^ Abdullah Tarmugi (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (8 July 2002), vol. 75, cols. 8–9; Abdullah Tarmugi (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (15 June 2004), vol. 78, col. 8.
- ^ Abdullah Tarmugi (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (17 January 2005), vol. 79, col. 85.
- ^ Abdullah Tarmugi (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (22 January 2007), vol. 82, col. 922.
- ^ Abdullah Tarmugi (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (20 July 2009), vol. 86, col. 798; Clarissa Oon; Jeremy Au Yong (7 July 2009), "Panel submits names of nine new NMPs", The Straits Times, pp. A1, A4; Loh Chee Kong; Ong Dai Lin (7 July 2009), "A brand new slate: A unionist, a vocal sociologist, a former swim queen among the names unveiled", Today, pp. 1, 4, archived from the original on 15 July 2009.
- ^ Michael Palmer (Speaker), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Mr Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (14 February 2012), vol. 88, cols. 5–6; "NMPs take oath in maiden Parliament appearance", The Straits Times, p. B5, 15 February 2012.
- ^ Press Statement: Nominated Members of Parliament, Parliament of Singapore, 11 August 2014, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2014; Charissa Yong (12 August 2014), "Disabled lawyer among 9 new NMPs", The Straits Times, p. A1; Alfred Chua (12 August 2014), "All-new slate of NMPs named", Today, pp. 1–2, archived from the original on 13 August 2014.
- Speaker of Parliament), "Nominated Members of Parliament (Announcement by Speaker)", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (24 March 2016), vol. 94, no column numbers assigned yet.
- ^ "9 new Nominated MPs chosen to join Parliament", Straits Times, 17 September 2018, retrieved 18 September 2018
- ^ "Nine new Nominated Members of Parliament to be appointed", CNA, 14 January 2021, retrieved 14 January 2021
- ^ "Eight new NMPs to be appointed, Raj Joshua Thomas to serve second term", CNA, 17 July 2023, retrieved 20 March 2024
References
- Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint).
- Goh, Chok Tong (First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, cols. 695–705.
Further reading
Articles and websites
- Lua, Ee Laine; Sim, Disa Jek Sok; Koh, Christopher Theng Jer (1996), "Principles and Practices of Voting: The Singapore Electoral System", Singapore Law Review, 17: 244–321 at 267–270.
- Rodan, Garry (2009), "New Modes of Political Participation and Singapore's Nominated Members of Parliament" (PDF), Government and Opposition, 44 (4): 438, .
- Tan, Eugene; Chan, Gary (13 April 2009), "The Legislature", The Singapore Legal System, SingaporeLaw.sg, Singapore Academy of Law, archived from the original on 17 October 2010, retrieved 1 December 2010.
- Winslow, Valentine S. (1984), "Creating a Utopian Parliament: The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1984; the Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1984", Malaya Law Review, 28: 268–274.
Books
- Chan, Helena H[ui-]M[eng] (1995), "Parliament and Law Making", The Legal System of Singapore, Singapore: ISBN 978-0-409-99789-7.
- Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill (Bill No. 41/89) [Parl. 4 of 1990], Singapore: OCLC 35566184.
- Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (2011), "Making Law: Parliament", An Introduction to Singapore's Constitution (rev. ed.), Singapore: Talisman Publishing, pp. 33–60 at 55–56, ISBN 978-981-08-6456-9.
- Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee]; ISBN 978-981-236-795-2.
- Thio, Li-ann (2012), "The Legislature and the Electoral System", A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law, Singapore: ISBN 978-981-07-1515-1.
External links