Nonconcatenative morphology

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Diagram of one version of the derivation of the Arabic word muslim in autosegmental phonology, with root consonants associating (shown by dotted grey lines).

Nonconcatenative morphology, also called discontinuous morphology and introflection, is a form of word formation and inflection in which the root is modified and which does not involve stringing morphemes together sequentially.[1]

Types

Apophony (including Ablaut and Umlaut)

Main article:
Ablaut and Umlaut (linguistics)

In English, for example, while plurals are usually formed by adding the suffix -s, certain words use nonconcatenative processes for their plural forms:

  • foot /fʊt/ → feet /fiːt/;

Many

irregular verbs
form their past tenses, past participles, or both in this manner:

  • freeze /ˈfriːz/ → froze /ˈfroʊz/, frozen /ˈfroʊzən/.

This specific form of nonconcatenative morphology is known as base modification or

ablaut, a form in which part of the root undergoes a phonological change without necessarily adding new phonological
material. In traditional Indo-Europeanist usage, these changes are termed ablaut only when they result from vowel gradations in Proto-Indo-European. An example is the English stem s⌂ng, resulting in the four distinct words: sing-sang-song-sung.[2]: 72  An example from German is the stem spr⌂ch "speak", which results in various distinct forms such as spricht-sprechen-sprach-gesprochen-Spruch.[2]: 72 

Changes such as foot/feet, on the other hand, which are due to the influence of a since-lost front vowel, are called umlaut or more specifically I-mutation.

Other forms of base modification include lengthening of a vowel, as in Hindi:

  • /mər-/ "die" ↔ /maːr-/ "kill"

or change in tone or stress:

  • Chalcatongo Mixtec /káʔba/ "filth" ↔ /káʔbá/ "dirty"
  • English record /ˈrɛkərd/ (noun) ↔ /rɨˈkɔrd/ "to make a record"

Consonantal apophony, such as the initial-consonant mutations in Celtic languages, also exists.

Transfixation

Main article: Transfix

Another form of nonconcatenative morphology is known as

Nilo-Saharan languages (such as Lugbara) and is rare or unknown elsewhere.[4]

Reduplication

Main article: Reduplication

Yet another common type of nonconcatenative morphology is

Sakha, this process is used to form intensified adjectives
:

/k̠ɨhɨl/ "red" ↔ /k̠ɨp-k̠ɨhɨl/ "flaming red"

Truncation

A final type of nonconcatenative morphology is variously referred to as truncation, deletion, or subtraction; the morpheme is sometimes called a disfix. This process removes phonological material from the root. In French, this process can be found in a small subset of plurals (although their spellings follow regular plural-marking rules):

/ɔs/ "bone" ↔ /o/ "bones"

/œf/ "egg" ↔ /ø/ "eggs"

Semitic languages

Nonconcatenative morphology is extremely well developed in the

Arabic, which also uses it to form approximately 41%[5] of plurals in what is often called the broken plural
.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-340-76026-5
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 9780199812790
    .
  3. ^ McCarthy, John J. (1981). "A Prosodic Theory of Nonconcatenative Morphology". Linguistic Inquiry. 12: 373–418.
  4. ^ "WALS Online – Chapter Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives". wals.info.
  5. S2CID 145307357
    .

External links
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