Nordic Mobile Telephone
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NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony) is an automatic cellular phone system specified by
The NMT specifications were free and open, allowing many companies to produce NMT hardware and pushing prices down. The success of NMT was important to
History
NMT stands for Nordisk MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen.
The NMT network was opened in Sweden and Norway in 1981, and in Denmark and Finland in 1982. It was a response to the increasing congestion and heavy requirements of the manual mobile phone networks:
The NMT network has mainly been used in the Nordic countries,
In Denmark, Norway and
France also developed an NMT network in 1988 (in parallel with Radiocom 2000) but with slight variations. As a result, it could not roam with other NMT networks around the world.[3]
In Russia Uralwestcom shut down their NMT network on 1 September 2006 and Sibirtelecom on 10 January 2008. Skylink, subsidiary company of Tele2 Russia operates NMT-450 network as of 2016 in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Perm Krai.[4][5] These networks are used in sparsely populated areas with long distance. License for the provision of services was valid until 2021.[6]
Technology
The cell sizes in an NMT network range from 2 km to 30 km. With smaller ranges the network can service more simultaneous callers; for example in a city the range can be kept short for better service. NMT used full duplex transmission, allowing for simultaneous receiving and transmission of voice. Car phone versions of NMT used transmission power of up to 15 watt (NMT-450) and 6 watt (NMT-900), handsets up to 1 watt. NMT had automatic switching (dialing) and handover of the call built into the standard from the beginning, which was not the case with most preceding car phone services, such as the Finnish ARP. Additionally, the NMT standard specified billing as well as national and international roaming.
Signaling
NMT voice channel is transmitted with FM (Frequency Modulation)
Security
In the original NMT specification the voice traffic was not
Data transfer
NMT also supported a simple but robust integrated data transfer mode called DMS (Data and Messaging Service) or NMT-Text, which used the network's signaling channel for data transfer. Using DMS, text messaging was also possible between two NMT handsets before SMS service started in GSM, but this feature was never commercially available except in Russian, Polish and Bulgarian NMT networks. Another data transfer method was called NMT Mobidigi with transfer speeds of 380 bits per second. It required external equipment.
Commercial deployments
Country | Operator(s) | ƒ (MHz) | Launch date | End of service | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saudi Arabia | Sep 1981 | [8] | |||
Sweden | Oct 1981 | 2007 | NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9] | ||
Norway | Nov 1981 | 2004 | NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9] | ||
Denmark | Jan 1982 | NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9] | |||
Finland | Mar 1982 | 2002 | NMT-900 service launched in Dec 1986.[9] | ||
Spain | 452.325-456.800[10] | Jun 1982 | Named TMA-450 (based on NMT-450).[11] | ||
Austria | 451.300-455.740[10] | Nov 1984 | Aug 1997[12] | Named C-Netz. NMT-900 service launched in Jul 1990.[9] | |
Netherlands | KPN | Jan 1985 | 1999[13] | Named ATF-2. NMT-900 (ATF-3) service launched in Jan 1989.[9][13] | |
Luxembourg | Jun 1985 | [9] | |||
Oman | 1985 | [14] | |||
Tunisia | 1985 | [14] | |||
Malaysia | Telekom Malaysia | 452.000-456.475[10] | 1985 | Named ATUR 450.[15][14] | |
Iceland | Jul 1986 | Sep 2010 | [9] | ||
Turkey | 415.500-419.975[10] | 1986 | [14] | ||
Thailand | 1986 | [14] | |||
Indonesia | 479.000-483.480[10] | 1986 | [14] | ||
China | 1986 | [16] | |||
Belgium | Apr 1987 | [9] | |||
Morocco | 1987 | [14] | |||
Switzerland | Sep 1987 | Launched with NMT-900 only.[9] | |||
Cyprus | 1988 | [9] | |||
France | SFR | Apr 1989 | Named NMT-F (French version).[9][14] | ||
Algeria | 1989 | [14] | |||
Cambodia | 1989 | [14] | |||
Faroe Islands | 1989 | [14] | |||
Northern Cyprus | 1989 | [16] | |||
Yugoslavia | 1990 | [16] | |||
Hungary | Westel | 452.230-454.370[10] | Oct 1990[17] | Jun 2003[18] | [19] |
Estonia | 453.000-457.475[10] | 1991 | [20] | ||
Russia | Sep 1991 | 2017 | [21] | ||
Poland | Centertel / Orange | Jun 1992[22] | Jun 2012[23] | [24] | |
Uzbekistan | Uzdunrobita | Oct 1992 | Nov 1995[25] | [26] | |
Lithuania | 1992 | [16] | |||
Ukraine | UMC | Jul 1993 | Oct 2006[27] | [19] | |
Bulgaria | MOBIKOM | 452.500-457.475[10] | 1993 | 2008 | [28] |
Czechia | 451.310-455.730[10] | Sep 1991 | Jul 2006 | [19] Eurotel provider | |
Slovakia | [19] | ||||
Romania | [19] | ||||
Latvia | [19] | ||||
Croatia | 411.675-415.850[10] | ||||
Slovenia | Mobitel | 1991 | 2005 | [29] |
References
- ^ "Nokia 1100 phone offers reliable and affordable mobile communications for new growth markets" (Press release). Nokia Corporation. 27 August 2003. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
- ^ Nordsveen, Arve M (28 November 2005). "Mobiltelefonens historie i Norge" (in Norwegian). Norsk Telemuseum. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007.
- ^ http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/67286/928182127.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Областной-Стационарный (ФЛ)_NMT
- ^ "Областной-Стационарный (ЮЛ)_NMT / Skylink". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ "Роскомнадзор – Реестр лицензий в области связи". Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ISBN 9781420040678.
- ^ "The launch of NMT". www.ericsson.com. 5 September 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-7983-2057-4.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-84-283-2922-4.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ online, heise (5 May 2004). "30 Jahre Mobilfunk in Österreich". heise online (in German). Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ a b "ATF". www.cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k https://media.crai.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/05145230/Insights-The-Economics-of-5G-article-6-Open-or-Closed-System-May2021.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Abdullah, Abdul Majid. "Evolution of the Malaysian cellular sector". The Star. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub2646.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "The first mobile network was launched in Hungary thirty years ago". Tek Deeps. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "Magyar Telekom". Magyar Telekom. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ S2CID 154796034.
- ^ "SOME EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS STEP UP EFFORTS TO OFFER GSM". RCR Wireless News. 30 November 1999. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "История сотовой связи в России: от трёхкилограммовой Nokia до LTE". ИА "РУСНОРД". Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ Eastern Europe Business Bulletin. Eastern Europe Business Information Center, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. 1993.
- ^ "450MHz band has great potential, even for LTE - Telecoms.com". telecoms.com. 3 October 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "[Jak to działało] Sieć NMT – telekomunikacja na początku lat 90". android.com.pl (in Polish). 2 April 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "Cellular companies of Uzbekistan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Cis Cellular Commercial Operation". 21 October 1992.
- ^ "UMC shuts down NMT". telegeography.com. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "BULGARIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS MOVES PAST 1929 WIRED SYSTEM". RCR Wireless News. 30 November 1999. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
- ^ "NMT praznuje 30 let". www.blog.uporabnastran.si (in Slovenian). 10 January 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2023.