Norepinephrine transporter
SLC6A2 | |||
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Identifiers | |||
Gene ontology | |||
Molecular function | |||
Cellular component | |||
Biological process |
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Sources:Amigo / QuickGO |
Ensembl | |||||||||
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UniProt | |||||||||
RefSeq (mRNA) | |||||||||
RefSeq (protein) | |||||||||
Location (UCSC) | Chr 16: 55.66 – 55.71 Mb | Chr 8: 93.69 – 93.73 Mb | |||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
View/Edit Human | View/Edit Mouse |
The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as noradrenaline transporter (NAT), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2) gene.[5]
NET is a
Gene
The norepinephrine transporter gene, SLC6A2 is located on human
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
A
Location | Amino Acid Variant | TMD (if known) | Related Disease |
---|---|---|---|
Exon 2 | Val69Ile | TMD 1 | None |
Exon 3 | Thr99Ile | TMD 2 | None |
Exon 5 | Val245Ile | TMD 4 | None |
Exon 6 | Asn292Thr | n/a | None |
Exon 8 | Val356Leu | n/a | None |
Exon 8 | Ala369Pro | n/a | None |
Exon 8 | Asn375Ser | n/a | None |
Exon 10 | Val449Ile | TMD 9 | None |
Exon 10 | Ala457Pro | TMD 9 | Orthostatic intolerance |
Exon 10 | Lys463Arg | n/a | None |
Exon 11 | Gly478Ser | TMD 10 | None |
Exon 12 | Phe528Cys | n/a | None |
Exon 13 | Tyr548His | n/a | None |
For the table above, refer to this table of standard amino acid abbreviations. This notation for
missense mutations, take Val69Ile for example, indicates that amino acid Val69 was changed to Ile.
Genetic variations
An
rs5569 is a variant of SLC6A2.[13]
Structure
The norepinephrine transporter is composed of 12 transmembrane domains (TMDs). The intracellular portion contains an amino (-NH
2) group and carboxyl (-COOH) group. In addition, there is a large extracellular loop located between TMD 3 and 4.[14][6][15] The protein is composed of 617 amino acids.[14]
Function
NET functions to transport synaptically released norepinephrine back into the presynaptic neuron. As much as 90% of the norepinephrine released will be taken back up in the cell by NET. NET functions by coupling the influx of sodium and chloride (Na+/Cl−) with the transport of norepinephrine. This occurs at a fixed ratio of 1:1:1.[16] Both the NET and the dopamine transporter (DAT) can transport norepinephrine and dopamine. The reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine is essential in regulating the concentration of monoamine neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. The transporter also helps maintain homeostatic balances of the presynaptic neuron.[17]
Norepinephrine (NE) is released from noradrenergic neurons that innervate both the CNS and PNS. NE, also known as noradrenaline (NA), has an important role in controlling mood, arousal, memory, learning, and pain perception. NE is a part of the sympathetic nervous system.[6][18] Dysregulation of the removal of norepinephrine by NET is associated with many neuropsychiatric diseases, discussed below. In addition, many antidepressants and recreational drugs compete for the binding of NET with NE.[14]
Transport mechanisms
The transport of norepinephrine back into presynaptic cell is made possible by the cotransport with Na+ and Cl−. The sequential binding of the ions results in the eventual reuptake of norepinephrine. The ion gradients of Na+ and Cl− make this reuptake energetically favorable. The gradient is generated by the
Location in the nervous system
NETs are restricted to noradrenergic neurons and are not present on neurons that release dopamine or epinephrine.[6][15][17] The transporters can be found along the cell body, axons, and dendrites of the neuron.[6] NETs are located away from the synapse, where norepinephrine is released. They are found closer to the plasma membrane of the cell. This requires norepinephrine to diffuse from the site it is released to the transporter for reuptake.[17] Norepinephrine transporters are confined to the neurons of the sympathetic system, and those innervating the adrenal medulla, lung, and placenta.[17]
Regulation
Regulation of NET function is complex and a focus of current research. NETs are regulated at both the cellular and molecular level post-translation. The most understood mechanisms include phosphorylation by the second messenger protein kinase C (PKC).[15] PKC has been shown to inhibit NET function by sequestration of the transporter from the plasma membrane.[19] The amino acid sequence of NET has shown multiple sites related to protein kinase phosphorylation.[17] Post-translational modifications can have a wide range of effects on the function of the NET, including the rate of fusion of NET-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane, and transporter turnover.[19]
Clinical significance
Orthostatic intolerance
Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is a disorder of the
Therapeutic uses
Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) has potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of
Major depressive disorder
Certain
ADHD
Many drugs exist in the treatment of ADHD.
Psychostimulants
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Further research
The role of the NET in many brain disorders underlies the importance of understanding the (dys)regulation of the transporter. A complete model of the proteins that associate with the transporter will be useful in designing drug therapies for diseases such as
Schizophrenia
The role of NE in
Imaging
Via
See also
- Neurotransmitter transporter
- Sodium:neurotransmitter symporter
- Solute carrier family
- Norepinephrine
- Monoamine transporter
- Orthostatic intolerance
- Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000103546 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000055368 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- S2CID 4333895.
- ^ S2CID 24643588.
- ^ S2CID 30965333.
- PMID 17146058.
- ^ PMID 10684912.
- S2CID 8341997.
- ISBN 978-0-89603-945-2. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- S2CID 10728780.
- ^ dbSNP
- ^ PMID 8950409.
- ^ PMID 21797260.
- ^ PMID 7500004.
- ^ S2CID 21545649.
- ^ PMID 16871320.
- ^ PMID 16762425.
- PMID 11804991.
- PMID 11784783.
- PMID 17881525.
- ^ Clinical Pharmacology of SSRI's: How SSRIs as a Group Differ From TCAs, Preskorn
- ^ "What medications are used to treat ADHD?". National Institutes of Mental Health.
- S2CID 195692609.
- ^ "Atomoxetine -". PubMed Health. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ PMID 12514195.
- ISBN 978-0-7817-0166-2. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ a b c d Drug and Human Performance Fact Sheets. "Methamphetamine (And Amphetamine)". Archived from the original on 31 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- PMID 7751968.
- S2CID 29087593.
- ^ a b Decaire M. "The neurophysiology of schizophrenia: Etiology and Psychopharmacological treatment". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ PMID 2221157.
- ^ PMID 6279049.
- ^ PMID 6323903.
- PMID 26061602.
- PMID 31901784.
- PMID 20136837.
External links
- Norepinephrine+transporter at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)