Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk, Virginia | ||
---|---|---|
Downtown Norfolk | ||
Public transportation Hampton Roads Transit | | |
Website | www |
Norfolk (
Norfolk was incorporated in 1705. Bordered to the west by the
The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point, where many railroad lines started. It is linked to its neighbors by an extensive network of
History
Before 1607
In the late sixteenth century, the area on which Norfolk now sits was inhabited by the Chesepian people. William Strachey recorded that their settlements were destroyed by the Powhatan shortly before the establishment of Jamestown in 1607.[citation needed]
Colonial Era
Norfolk's lands were some of the first to draw settlers from the
In 1634 King Charles I reorganized the colony into a system of shires, and Elizabeth Cittie became Elizabeth City Shire. After persuading 105 people to settle in the colony, Adam Thoroughgood (who had immigrated to Virginia in 1622 from King's Lynn, Norfolk, England) was granted a large land holding, through the head rights system, along the Lynnhaven River in 1636.[citation needed]
When the
Norfolk developed in the late-seventeenth century as a "Half Moone" fort was constructed and 50 acres (200,000 m2) were acquired from local natives of the
Norfolk was incorporated in 1705. In 1730, a tobacco inspection site was located here. According to the Tobacco Inspection Act, the inspection was "At Norfolk Town, upon the fort land, in the County of Norfolk; and Kemp's Landing, in Princess Anne, under one inspection." In 1736 George II granted it a royal charter as a borough.[9] It was an important port for exporting goods to the British Isles and beyond.[citation needed]
Mercantile ties with the British Empire bolstered Norfolk's base of Loyalist support during the early part of the American Revolution but were insufficient to allow the Royal Governor of Virginia John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore to make Norfolk his new capital after fleeing Williamsburg in 1775. On New Year's Day, 1776, Lord Dunmore's fleet of three ships shelled the city of Norfolk for more than eight hours. The gunfire, combined with fires started by the British and spread by the Patriots, destroyed more than 800 buildings, constituting nearly two-thirds of the city. Patriot forces destroyed the remaining buildings for strategic reasons the following month. Ultimately, Colonel Woodford drove Dunmore into exile, ending more than 168 years of British rule in Virginia.[10][11] Only the walls of Saint Paul's Episcopal Church survived the bombardment and subsequent fires. A cannonball from the bombardment (fired by the Liverpool) remains within the wall of Saint Paul's.[12]
Nineteenth century
Following recovery from the Revolutionary War's burning, Norfolk and its citizens struggled to rebuild. In 1804, another serious fire along the city's waterfront destroyed some 300 buildings and the city suffered a serious economic setback. In the War of 1812 between America and Great Britain, Norfolk saw action between American militia led by Richard Lawson and the British navy. On July 13, 1813. A British landing party of 8 marines and 16 sailors landed at the beaches of Norfolk to construct a well and gather water. Richard Lawson concealed his company of militia behind a benign looking sandhill. Richard Lawson and his militia sprang their ambush by opening fire from their concealment behind the Sandhills. The British landing party who suffered 3 marines killed surrendered. Richard Lawson who suffered none killed had his militia destroy the British boat, take all provisions, and take the brass cannon. The American militia under Lawson returned to town with their prisoners.[13] During the 1820s, agrarian communities across the American South suffered a prolonged recession, which caused many families to migrate to other areas. Many moved west into the Piedmont, or further into Kentucky and Tennessee. This migration also followed the exhaustion of soil due to tobacco cultivation in the Tidewater, where it had been the primary commodity crop for generations.[citation needed]
Virginia made some attempts to phase out slavery and manumissions increased in the two decades following the war. Thomas Jefferson Randolph gained passage of an 1832 resolution for gradual abolition in the state. However, by that time the increased demand from the settlement of the lower South states had created a large internal market for slavery. The invention of the cotton gin in the late-eighteenth century had made profitable the cultivation of short-staple cotton in the uplands, which was widely practiced.[citation needed]
The
On June 7, 1855, the 183-foot vessel Benjamin Franklin put into Hampton Roads for repairs. The ship had just sailed from the West Indies, where there had been an outbreak of yellow fever. The port health officer ordered the ship quarantined. After eleven days, a second inspection found no issues, so it was allowed to dock. A few days later, the first cases of yellow fever were discovered in Norfolk, and a machinist died from the disease on July 8. By August, several people were dying per day, and a third of the city's population had fled in the hopes of escaping the epidemic. No one understood how the disease was transmitted. With both Norfolk and Portsmouth being infected, New York banned all traffic from those sites. Neighboring cities also banned residents from Norfolk. The epidemic spread through the city via mosquitoes and poor sanitation, affecting every family and causing widespread panic. The number of infected reached 5,000 in September, and by the second week, 1,500 had died in Norfolk and Portsmouth.[15] As the weather cooled, the outbreak began to wane, leaving a final tally of about 3,200 dead.[16] It took the city some time to recover.
On April 4, 1861, Norfolk city delegate to the Virginia Secession Convention, George Blow, voted against secession. Following the Battle of Fort Sumter, another vote occurred on April 17, where Blow voted for secession, the vote passed and Virginia seceded from the Union. In the spring of 1862, the Battle of Hampton Roads took place off the northwest shore of the city's Sewell's Point Peninsula, marking the first fight between two ironclads, the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia. The battle ended in a stalemate but changed the course of naval warfare; from then on, warships were fortified with metal.[17]
In May 1862, Norfolk Mayor William Lamb surrendered the city to Union General John E. Wool and his forces. They held the city under martial law for the duration of the Civil War. Thousands of slaves from the region escaped to Union lines to gain freedom; they quickly set up schools in Norfolk to start learning how to read and write, years before the end of the war.[18]
20th century to present
1907 brought both the
In the first half of the twentieth century, the city of Norfolk expanded its borders through annexation. In 1906, the city annexed the
The establishment of the
In 1954 the
In 1958,
With new
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has been based in Norfolk since 1996.[31][32]
Norfolk's city leaders began a long push to
Geography
The city is located at the southeastern corner of
In addition to extensive riverfront property, Norfolk has miles of bayfront resort property and beaches in the
Sea level rise and subsidence
Being low-lying and largely surrounded by water, Norfolk is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels caused by climate change.[36] In addition, the land on which it is built is slowly subsiding. Some areas already flood regularly at high tide, and the city commissioned a study in 2012 to investigate how to address the issue in the future: it reported the cost of dealing with a sea-level rise of one foot would be around $1,000,000,000. Since then, scientists at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science in 2013 have estimated that if current trends hold, the sea in Norfolk will rise by 5 and 1/2 feet or more by the end of this century.[37][38]
Cityscape
When Norfolk was first settled, homes were made of wood and frame construction, similar to most medieval English-style homes. These homes had wide chimneys and thatch roofs. Some decades after the town was first laid out in 1682, the Georgian architectural style, which was popular in the South at the time, was used. Brick was considered more substantial construction; patterns were made by brick laid and Flemish bond. This style evolved to include projecting center pavilions, Palladian windows, balustraded roof decks, and two-story porticoes. By 1740, homes, warehouses, stores, workshops, and taverns began to dot Norfolk's streets.[citation needed]
Norfolk was burned down during the
In the early nineteenth century, Neoclassical architectural elements began to appear in the federal style row homes, such as ionic columns in the porticoes and classic motifs over doorways and windows. Many Federal-style row houses were modernized by placing a Greek-style porch at the front. Greek and Roman elements were integrated into public buildings such as the old City Hall, the old Norfolk Academy, and the Customs House.[citation needed]
Greek-style homes gave way to
As the Great Depression wore on, Art Deco emerged as a popular building style, as evidenced by the Post Office building downtown. Art Deco consisted of streamlined concrete faced appearance with smooth stone or metal, with terracotta, and trimming consisting of glass and colored tiles.[citation needed]
Neighborhoods
Norfolk has a variety of historic neighborhoods, notably Freemason and West Freemason. Some neighborhoods, such as
Climate
Narrative below is based on climate data from the 1991–2020 period. Norfolk has a
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °F (°C) | 84 (29) |
82 (28) |
92 (33) |
97 (36) |
100 (38) |
102 (39) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
100 (38) |
95 (35) |
86 (30) |
82 (28) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 72.4 (22.4) |
74.3 (23.5) |
80.7 (27.1) |
86.9 (30.5) |
91.5 (33.1) |
95.7 (35.4) |
98.4 (36.9) |
95.3 (35.2) |
92.0 (33.3) |
86.0 (30.0) |
78.9 (26.1) |
73.4 (23.0) |
99.3 (37.4) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 50.7 (10.4) |
53.4 (11.9) |
60.1 (15.6) |
70.0 (21.1) |
77.4 (25.2) |
85.2 (29.6) |
89.4 (31.9) |
86.9 (30.5) |
81.4 (27.4) |
72.3 (22.4) |
62.1 (16.7) |
54.7 (12.6) |
70.3 (21.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.2 (5.7) |
44.2 (6.8) |
50.7 (10.4) |
60.1 (15.6) |
68.3 (20.2) |
76.7 (24.8) |
81.1 (27.3) |
79.2 (26.2) |
74.0 (23.3) |
63.7 (17.6) |
53.3 (11.8) |
46.1 (7.8) |
61.6 (16.4) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 33.6 (0.9) |
35.1 (1.7) |
41.3 (5.2) |
50.1 (10.1) |
59.1 (15.1) |
68.1 (20.1) |
72.8 (22.7) |
71.6 (22.0) |
66.6 (19.2) |
55.1 (12.8) |
44.4 (6.9) |
37.6 (3.1) |
52.9 (11.6) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 18.7 (−7.4) |
21.6 (−5.8) |
27.4 (−2.6) |
37.0 (2.8) |
46.9 (8.3) |
56.0 (13.3) |
64.7 (18.2) |
63.7 (17.6) |
55.5 (13.1) |
40.4 (4.7) |
29.8 (−1.2) |
23.9 (−4.5) |
16.8 (−8.4) |
Record low °F (°C) | −3 (−19) |
2 (−17) |
14 (−10) |
23 (−5) |
36 (2) |
45 (7) |
54 (12) |
49 (9) |
40 (4) |
27 (−3) |
17 (−8) |
5 (−15) |
−3 (−19) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.41 (87) |
2.90 (74) |
3.69 (94) |
3.37 (86) |
3.78 (96) |
4.43 (113) |
6.08 (154) |
5.88 (149) |
5.40 (137) |
3.86 (98) |
3.10 (79) |
3.28 (83) |
49.18 (1,249) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 3.2 (8.1) |
1.5 (3.8) |
0.4 (1.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.1 (2.8) |
6.2 (16) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.7 | 9.2 | 10.9 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 9.4 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 118.4 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 4.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
66.3 | 65.6 | 64.6 | 62.8 | 68.8 | 70.6 | 73.3 | 75.2 | 74.4 | 72.1 | 68.5 | 67.0 | 69.1 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 27.9 (−2.3) |
28.9 (−1.7) |
35.8 (2.1) |
43.2 (6.2) |
54.5 (12.5) |
63.1 (17.3) |
68.2 (20.1) |
68.0 (20.0) |
62.4 (16.9) |
51.3 (10.7) |
41.7 (5.4) |
32.7 (0.4) |
48.1 (9.0) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 171.5 | 175.2 | 229.3 | 252.8 | 271.7 | 280.1 | 278.3 | 260.4 | 231.4 | 208.3 | 175.7 | 160.4 | 2,695.1 |
Percent possible sunshine | 56 | 58 | 62 | 64 | 62 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 60 | 57 | 53 | 61 |
Average ultraviolet index | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[45] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1790 | 2,959 | — | |
1800 | 6,926 | 134.1% | |
1810 | 9,193 | 32.7% | |
1820 | 8,478 | −7.8% | |
1830 | 9,814 | 15.8% | |
1840 | 10,929 | 11.4% | |
1850 | 14,326 | 31.1% | |
1860 | 14,620 | 2.1% | |
1870 | 19,229 | 31.5% | |
1880 | 21,966 | 14.2% | |
1890 | 34,871 | 58.7% | |
1900 | 46,624 | 33.7% | |
1910 | 67,452 | 44.7% | |
1920 | 115,777 | 71.6% | |
1930 | 129,710 | 12.0% | |
1940 | 144,335 | 11.3% | |
1950 | 213,513 | 47.9% | |
1960 | 305,872 | 43.3% | |
1970 | 307,951 | 0.7% | |
1980 | 266,979 | −13.3% | |
1990 | 261,229 | −2.2% | |
2000 | 234,403 | −10.3% | |
2010 | 242,803 | 3.6% | |
2020 | 238,005 | −2.0% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[46] 1790–1960[47] 1900–1990[48] 1990–2000[49] [1] 2020[4] |
2020 census
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2023) |
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010[50] | Pop 2020[51] | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
107,463 | 97,205 | 44.26% | 40.84% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
102,452 | 93,553 | 42.20% | 39.31% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
935 | 832 | 0.39% | 0.35% |
Asian alone (NH) | 7,861 | 8,828 | 3.24% | 3.71% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 359 | 475 | 0.15% | 0.20% |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 471 | 1,331 | 0.19% | 0.56% |
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 7,118 | 12,651 | 2.93% | 5.32% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 16,144 | 23,130 | 6.65% | 9.72% |
Total | 242,803 | 238,005 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
2010 Census
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Newer information is available from the 2020 census report.(October 2021) |
As of the
There were 86,210 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.06.[55]
The age distribution was 24.0% under the age of 18, 18.2% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 104.8 males. This large gender imbalance is due to the military presence in the city, most notably Naval Station Norfolk.[citation needed]
The median income for a household in the city was $31,815, and the median income for a family was $36,891. Males had a median income of $25,848 versus $21,907 for females. The
For the year of 2007, Norfolk had a total crime index of 514.7 per 100,000 residents. This was above the national average of 320.9 that year. For 2007, the city experienced 48 homicides, for a murder rate of 21.1 per 100,000 residents. Total crime had decreased when compared to the year 2000, which the city had a total crime index of 546.3. The highest murder rate Norfolk has experienced for the 21st century was in 2005 when its rate was 24.5 per 100,000 residents. For the year 2007 per 100,000, Norfolk experienced 21.1 murders, 42.6 rapes, 399.3 robberies, 381.3 assaults, 743.3 burglaries, and 450.6 automobile thefts.[56] According to the Congressional Quarterly Press '2008 City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan America, Norfolk, Virginia, ranked as the 87th most dangerous city larger than 75,000 inhabitants.[57]
Ethnic groups
In 2010, 4,727 people of Filipino ancestry lived in Norfolk.[58]
Chinese immigration occurred after 1885, and in 1995 300 families were members of the Chinese Community Association.[59]
Economy
Since Norfolk serves as the commercial and cultural center for the unusual geographical region of Hampton Roads (and in its political structure of independent cities), it can be difficult to separate the economic characteristics of Norfolk from that of the region as a whole.[citation needed]
The waterways which almost completely surround the Hampton Roads region play an important part in the local economy. As a strategic location at the mouth of the
In addition to commercial activities, Hampton Roads is a major military center, particularly for the United States Navy, and Norfolk serves as the home for Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval installation. Located on Sewell's Point Peninsula, in the northwest corner of the city, the station is the headquarters of the United States Fleet Forces Command (formerly known as the Atlantic Fleet), which compromises over 62,000 active-duty personnel, 75 ships, and 132 aircraft. The base also serves as the headquarters to NATO's Allied Command Transformation.[60][61]
The region also plays an important role in defense contracting, with particular emphasis in the shipbuilding and ship repair businesses for the city of Norfolk. Major private shipyards located in Norfolk or the
After the military, the second largest and most important industry for Hampton Roads and Norfolk based on economic impact are the region's cargo ports. Headquartered in Norfolk, the
In addition to NIT, Norfolk is home to Lambert's Point Docks, the largest coal trans-shipment point in the Northern Hemisphere, with an annual throughput of approximately 48,000,000 tons.[citation needed] Bituminous coal is primarily sourced from the Appalachian mountains in western Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. The coal is loaded onto trains and sent to the port where it is unloaded onto large breakbulk cargo ships and destined for New England, Europe, and Asia.[citation needed]
Between 1925 and 2007, Ford Motor Company operated Norfolk Assembly, a manufacturing plant located on the Elizabeth River that had produced the Model-T, sedans and station wagons before building F-150 pick-up trucks.[65] Before it closed, the plant employed more than 2,600 people at the 2,800,000 sq ft (260,000 m2) facility.[65]
Most major shipping lines have a permanent presence in the region with some combination of sales, distribution, and/or logistical offices, many of which are located in Norfolk. In addition, many of the largest international shipping companies have chosen Norfolk as their North American headquarters. These companies are either located at the Norfolk World Trade Center building or have constructed buildings in the Lake Wright Executive Center
Though
Hampton Roads is home to four Fortune 500 companies. Representing the food industry, transportation, retail and shipbuilding, these four companies are located in
- 2013 Fortune 500 Corporations[77]
-
- 213 Smithfield Foods
- 247 Norfolk Southern
- 346 Dollar Tree
- 380 Huntington Ingalls Industries
26% of the 130,000 people working in Norfolk live in the city, while 74% commute in. 37% of those come from Virginia Beach and 20% come from Chesapeake. An additional 51,575 people commute outside for work, with 35% going to Virginia Beach and 20% going to Chesapeake.[78]
Top employers
According to a report published by the Virginia Employment Commission,[78] below are the top employers in Norfolk:
# | Employer |
---|---|
1 | U.S. Department of Defense
|
2 | Sentara Healthcare
|
3 | Norfolk City Public Schools |
4 | City of Norfolk |
5 | Old Dominion University |
6 | Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters
|
7 | Eastern Virginia Medical School |
8 | Portfolio Recovery Associates |
9 | Anthem, Inc. |
10 | U.S. Navy Exchange |
Arts and culture
Norfolk is the cultural heart of the Hampton Roads region. In addition to its museums, Norfolk is the principal home for several major performing arts organizations. The city hosts numerous annual festivals and parades, many in Town Point Park or elsewhere in downtown.
Museums and Galleries
The nationally acclaimed
The Chrysler Museum of Art also administers the 1792 Moses Myers House Museum in the Freemason District, next to MacArthur Mall. This museum interprets Norfolk's history and the lives and legacy of Norfolk's first Jewish family. Seventy percent of the objects in the home are original to the Myers in the early nineteenth century.[83] The museum offers weekend tours and special monthly programming. In October 2022, the council of City of Norfolk, which owns the property, voted to proceed with the possibility of selling it, conjecturing the entirety of the property—the main house, the attached dwelling of the Myers’ enslaved servants, and the historic garden—could be sold as part of a package to developers, perhaps to operate as a bed and breakfast.[84] Multiple entities, including the Norfolk Historical Society, have expressed distress and outrage.
The
Downtown Norfolk has several other museums of national significance.[citation needed]
Nauticus, the National Maritime Center, opened on the downtown waterfront in 1994. It features hands-on exhibits, interactive theaters, aquaria, digital high-definition films and an extensive variety of educational programs. Since 2000, Nauticus has been home to the battleship USS Wisconsin, the last battleship to be built in the United States. It served briefly in World War II and later in the Korean and Gulf Wars.[88] Wisconsin Square is nearby.
The
Speciality museums include the
Public Art
The city is known for its "Mermaids on Parade," a public art program launched in 2002 to place mermaid statues all over the city. Tourists can take a walking tour of downtown and locate 17 mermaids while others can be found further afield.[90]
The NEON district has dozens of murals, many of which are supported through the City of Norfolk's Public Arts Commission.[91]
Performing Arts
Norfolk has a variety of performing groups with regular seasons and which also make appearances in the city's annual festivals. The Virginia Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1920, has been leader in the regional arts scene. Directed by JoAnn Falletta from 1991 until 2020, the orchestra's music director is now Erik Jacobsen.[92] Most Norfolk performances take place at Chrysler Hall in the Scope complex downtown. The orchestra provides musicians for many other performing arts organizations in the area.[93]
The Virginia Stage Company, founded in 1968, is one of the country's leading regional theaters and produces a full season of plays in the Wells Theatre downtown. The company shares facilities with the Governor's School for the Arts.[94]'
The
Large-scale concerts are held at either the
Festivals
A range of arts and cultural festivals take place annually in Norfolk. The
Harborfest, the region's largest annual festival, celebrated its thirtieth anniversary in 2006. It is held during the first weekend of June in Town Point Park and celebrates the region's proximity and attachment to the water. The Parade of Sails (numerous tall sailing ships from around the world form in line and sail past downtown before docking at the marina), music concerts, regional food, and a large fireworks display highlight this three-day festival.
Role in revitalization
The revitalization of downtown Norfolk has helped to improve the Hampton Roads cultural scene. Many of Norfolk's attractions are now connected by the 10.5-mile (16.9 km) long Elizabeth River Trail, a pedestrian and bike trail that winds along the city's waterfront. The trail's first segment of opened in 2003 on land donated by Norfolk Southern.
Parks and recreation
Norfolk has a variety of parks and open spaces in its city parks system.
The Norfolk Botanical Garden, opened in 1939, is a 155-acre (0.6 km2) botanical garden and arboretum located near the Norfolk International Airport. It is open year-round.[108]
The
Sports
Norfolk serves as home to the two highest level professional franchises in the state of Virginia — the Norfolk Tides play baseball in the International League, and the Norfolk Admirals play ice hockey in the ECHL.[110]
Norfolk has two universities with Division I sports teams — the Old Dominion Monarchs and the Norfolk State University Spartans — which provide many sports including football, basketball, and baseball.[111][112][113]
From 1970 to 1976, Norfolk served as the home court (along with Hampton, Richmond, and Roanoke) for the Virginia Squires regional professional basketball franchise of the now defunct American Basketball Association (ABA). From 1970 to 1971, the Squires played their Norfolk home games at the Old Dominion University Fieldhouse. In November 1971, the Squires played their Norfolk home games at the new Norfolk Scope arena, until the team and the ABA league folded in May 1976.[114]
In 1971, Norfolk built an entertainment and sports complex, featuring
Norfolk is also home to the Norfolk Blues Rugby Football Club. Their home playing fields are Lafayette Park in Norfolk and the Virginia Beach Sportsplex in Virginia Beach.[citation needed]
Virginia Beach City FC is an American professional soccer club based in Norfolk playing in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) in the Mid-Atlantic Conference of the Northeast Region. Home matches are played at Powhatan Field.[citation needed]
Government
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 23,443 | 26.08% | 64,440 | 71.69% | 1,998 | 2.22% |
2016 | 21,552 | 25.85% | 57,023 | 68.39% | 4,810 | 5.77% |
2012 | 23,147 | 26.59% | 62,687 | 72.02% | 1,209 | 1.39% |
2008 | 24,814 | 28.06% | 62,819 | 71.03% | 813 | 0.92% |
2004 | 26,401 | 37.41% | 43,518 | 61.67% | 651 | 0.92% |
2000 | 21,920 | 35.39% | 38,221 | 61.70% | 1,805 | 2.91% |
1996 | 18,693 | 31.09% | 37,655 | 62.63% | 3,776 | 6.28% |
1992 | 22,362 | 32.40% | 37,602 | 54.47% | 9,063 | 13.13% |
1988 | 30,538 | 44.33% | 37,778 | 54.84% | 575 | 0.83% |
1984 | 36,360 | 48.15% | 38,913 | 51.53% | 243 | 0.32% |
1980 | 27,506 | 40.93% | 35,118 | 52.26% | 4,576 | 6.81% |
1976 | 28,099 | 39.91% | 39,295 | 55.82% | 3,008 | 4.27% |
1972 | 38,385 | 57.97% | 25,737 | 38.87% | 2,095 | 3.16% |
1968 | 22,302 | 33.88% | 28,477 | 43.26% | 15,050 | 22.86% |
1964 | 18,429 | 35.75% | 32,388 | 62.83% | 729 | 1.41% |
1960 | 17,174 | 43.51% | 22,037 | 55.83% | 262 | 0.66% |
1956 | 18,650 | 54.02% | 14,571 | 42.20% | 1,304 | 3.78% |
1952 | 14,166 | 54.33% | 11,862 | 45.49% | 46 | 0.18% |
1948 | 7,556 | 40.93% | 9,370 | 50.76% | 1,534 | 8.31% |
1944 | 4,958 | 29.17% | 12,010 | 70.66% | 28 | 0.16% |
1940 | 3,485 | 24.36% | 10,783 | 75.38% | 36 | 0.25% |
1936 | 3,229 | 23.32% | 10,561 | 76.26% | 59 | 0.43% |
1932 | 4,403 | 32.69% | 8,814 | 65.45% | 250 | 1.86% |
1928 | 8,392 | 58.77% | 5,888 | 41.23% | 0 | 0.00% |
1924 | 2,447 | 30.88% | 5,061 | 63.87% | 416 | 5.25% |
1920 | 2,386 | 28.35% | 5,953 | 70.73% | 78 | 0.93% |
1916 | 963 | 22.44% | 3,234 | 75.35% | 95 | 2.21% |
1912 | 195 | 4.61% | 3,539 | 83.70% | 494 | 11.68% |
1908 | 991 | 30.10% | 2,271 | 68.99% | 30 | 0.91% |
1904 | 977 | 27.17% | 2,559 | 71.16% | 60 | 1.67% |
1900 | 3,024 | 43.39% | 3,883 | 55.72% | 62 | 0.89% |
1896 | 3,475 | 51.80% | 3,068 | 45.73% | 166 | 2.47% |
1892 | 2,452 | 47.74% | 2,587 | 50.37% | 97 | 1.89% |
1888 | 3,741 | 65.25% | 1,969 | 34.35% | 23 | 0.40% |
1884 | 2,913 | 54.91% | 2,392 | 45.09% | 0 | 0.00% |
1880 | 2,047 | 50.43% | 2,012 | 49.57% | 0 | 0.00% |
Norfolk is an independent city with services that both counties and cities in Virginia provide, such as a sheriff, social services, and a court system. Norfolk operates under a council-manager form of government.
Norfolk city government consists of a
- Samuel Boush, 1736 (died in office)[124]
- George Newton, 1736 etc.
- John Hutchings, 1737 etc.[125]
- John Taylor, 1739 etc.
- Samuel Smith
- Josiah Smith, 1741 etc.
- John Phripp, 1744 etc.
- Edward Pugh
- Thomas Newton
- John Tucker, 1748 etc.
- Robert Tucker, 1749 etc.
- Durham Hall
- Wilson Newton, 1751 etc.
- Christopher Perkins, 1752 etc.
- George Abyvon, 1754 etc.
- Richard Kelsick
- John Phripp
- Paul Loyall, 1762 etc.
- Archibald Campbell
- Lewis Hansford
- Maximilian Calvert, 1765 etc.
- James Taylor, 1766 etc.
- Cornelius Calvert, 1768 etc.
- Charles Thomas, 1770 etc.
- Thomas Newton, Jr., 1780 etc.
- George Kelly, 1783 and 1788
- Robert Taylor, 1784
- Cary H. Hansford
- Benjamin Pollard, 1787
- Robert Taylor, 1789 and 1793
- John Boush
- Cary H. Hansford
- Thomas Newton, Jr., 1792 etc.
- John Ramsay
- Seth Foster
- Samuel Moseley
- George Loyall
- Baylor Hill
- John K. Read
- Seth Foster
- John Cowper
- William Vaughan
- Thomas H. Parker
- Miles King, Sr., 1804 etc.
- Luke Wheeler, 1805
- Thomas H. Parker, 1806
- Richard E. Lee, 1807
- John E. Holt, 1808–1832, various nonsequential years[126]
- William Boswell Lamb, 1810, 1812, 1814, 1816, and 1823[127]
- John Tabb, 1818 etc.
- Wright Southgate, 1819 etc.
- George W. Camp
- William A. Armistead
- Isaac Talbot
- Daniel C. Barraud
- George T. Kennon
- Thomas Williamson
- Giles B. Cook
- Miles King, Jr., 1832
- W.D. Delaney, 1843
- Simon S. Stubbs, 1851 etc.
- Hunter Woodis, 1853, 1855 (died in office)
- Ezra T. Summers
- Finlay F. Ferguson
- William Wilson Lamb, 1858–1863[128]
- William H. Brooks, 1863
- James L. Belote, 1864
- Thomas C. Tabb
- John R. Ludlow, 1866 etc.
- Francis DeCordy[129]
- John B. Whitehead, 1870 etc.
- John S. Tucker, 1876–1880
- William Lamb, 1880–1886
- Barton Myers, 1886–1888[130]
- Richard G. Banks, 1888–1890[130]
- E.M. Henry
- Frank Morris
- S. Marx
- A.B. Cooke
- Charles W. Pettit[131]
- Wyndham R. Mayo, 1896–1898 and 1912–1918
- C. Brooks Johnston, 1898–1901[128]
- Nathaniel Beaman, 1901[128]
- James Gregory Riddick, 1901–1912[132]
- Albert L. Roper, 1918–1924
- S. Heth Tyler, 1924–1932
- E. Jeff Robertson, 1932
- Phillip H. Mason, 1932–1933
- S.L. Slover, 1933
- W. R. L. Taylor, 1934–1938
- John A. Gurkin, 1938–1940
- Joseph D. Wood, 1940–1944
- James W. Reed, 1944–1946
- R.D. Cooke, 1946–1949
- Pretlow Darden, 1949–1950
- W. Fred Duckworth, 1950–1962[133]
- Roy Martin, 1962–1974
- Irvine B. Hill, 1974–1976
- Vincent J. Thomas, 1976–1984
- Joseph A. Leafe, 1984–1992
- Mason Andrews, 1992–1994[134]
- Paul D. Fraim, 1994–2016[135]
- Kenneth Cooper Alexander, 2016–
The city government has an infrastructure to create close working relationships with its citizens. Norfolk's city government provides services for neighborhoods, including service centers and civic leagues that interact directly with members of City Council. Such services include preserving area histories, home rehabilitation centers, outreach programs, and a university that trains citizens in neighborhood clean-up, event planning, neighborhood leadership, and financial planning.[136] Norfolk's police department also provides support for neighborhood watch programs including a citizens' training academy, security design, a police athletic program for youth, and business watch programs.[137]
Norfolk also has a federal courthouse for the
Since redistricting Norfolk is located in
Education
Norfolk is home to three public universities and one private. It also hosts a
Norfolk Public Library
Norfolk Public Library, Virginia's first public library, consists of one main library, two anchor libraries, nine branch libraries and a bookmobile. The library also has a local history and genealogy room and contains government documents dating back to the 19th century. The libraries offer services such as computer classes, book reviews, tax forms, and online book clubs.[147]
The Slover Library, centrally located in the heart of downtown Norfolk, holds over 133,000 books and resources available for borrowing, hosts numerous classes and community events, houses the history Sargeant Memorial Collection, and offers patrons the use of cutting-edge technologies and studio spaces. Technology areas include a Sound Studio, Design Studio, Production Studio, YOUmedia lab, Maker Studio (Selden Market), and Computer Room and Training Lab.[148]
Media
Norfolk's daily newspaper is The Virginian-Pilot. Its alternative papers include the (now defunct) Port Folio Weekly, the New Journal and Guide, and the online AltDaily.com. Inside Business serves the regional business community with local business news.[149]
Norfolk Post was published 13 January 1921 to 1 February 1924.[150]
Local universities publish their own newspapers:
Coastal Virginia Magazine is a bi-monthly regional magazine for Norfolk and the Hampton Roads area.[151]
Hampton Roads Times is an online magazine for Norfolk and the Hampton Roads area.[citation needed]
Norfolk is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM dials, with towers located around the
Norfolk is served by several television stations. The Hampton Roads designated market area (DMA) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes (0.64% of the total U.S.).[153] Major network television affiliates include:
Channel | Callsign
|
Network(s) | Website |
---|---|---|---|
3 | WTKR
|
(CBS) | http://www.wtkr.com/ |
10 | WAVY | (NBC) | http://www.wavy.com |
13 | WVEC
|
(ABC) | http://www.wvec.com/ |
15 | WHRO | ( PBS )
|
http://www.whro.org/ |
27 | WGNT | ( CW )
|
https://www.wtkr.com/wgnt |
33 | WTVZ | (MyNetworkTV) | http://www.mytvz.com |
43 | WVBT | (Fox) | http://www.fox43tv.com |
49 | WPXV-TV | ( ION Television )
|
https://web.archive.org/web/20080215223141/http://www.ionline.tv// |
Norfolk residents also can receive independent stations, such as
Several major
Infrastructure
Transportation
The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point, where many railroad lines started. Norfolk was the terminus of the
Norfolk is linked with its neighbors through an extensive network of arterial and
Norfolk is primarily served by the Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF), now the region's major commercial airport. The airport is located near the Chesapeake Bay, along with the city limits straddling neighboring Virginia Beach.[156] Seven airlines provide nonstop services to twenty five destinations. ORF had 3,703,664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities.[157] Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport also provides commercial air service for the Hampton Roads area.[158] NNWIA is also the only airport in the region with direct international flights, as of February 2013. The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is located 5 mi (8.0 km) outside the city limits.[citation needed]
Norfolk is served by
Greyhound Lines provides service from a central bus terminal in downtown Norfolk.[160]
In April 2007, construction of the new $36 million Half Moone Cruise Terminal was completed downtown adjacent to the Nauticus Museum, providing a
The Intracoastal Waterway passes through Norfolk. Norfolk also has extensive frontage and port facilities on the navigable portions of the Western and Southern Branches of the Elizabeth River.
Utilities
Water and sewer services are provided by the city's Department of Utilities. Norfolk receives its electricity from
Norfolk's water quality has been recognized one of the cleanest water systems in the United States and ranked as the fourth best in the United States by
The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants.[165]
Healthcare
Because of the prominence of the
Norfolk is home to
The international headquarters of Operation Smile, a nonprofit organization that specializes in repairing facial deformities in underprivileged children from around the globe, is located in the city.[172]
Physicians for Peace,[173] a non-profit that focuses on providing training and education to medical professionals in the developing world, is based in Norfolk.
Notable people
- Dennis Anderson, professional monster truck driver, creator, team owner and former driver of "Grave Digger" on the USHRA Monster Jam circuit
- Jimmy Archey, jazz trombonist 1920s–1960s
- Ella Josephine Baker, black American civil rights and human rights activist
- White House Chief Strategist under U.S. President Donald Trump[174]
- Michael Basnight, NFL player
- Zinn Beck, MLB infielder, managed Norfolk Tars in 1928
- U.S. Navyrear admiral
- Aline Elizabeth Black, black American educator
- Peter Blair, Olympic freestyle wrestler, two-time NCAA wrestling champion, member of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame
- rhythm & bluessinger
- Martha Haines Butt (1833–1871), author, suffragist
- in vitro fertilization, born at Sentara Norfolk General Hospitalin 1981
- William Harvey Carney, soldier, Medal of Honor recipient
- Kam Chancellor, NFL safety for the Seattle Seahawks, Super Bowl champion and four-time Pro Bowl selection
- Clarence Clemons, saxophonist with Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band
- Matt Coleman III, college basketball player for Texas Longhorns, NBA player[175]
- Michael Cuddyer, professional baseball player
- James Joseph Dresnok, American soldier who defected to North Korea after the Korean War
- Rob Estes, actor
- Samuel Face, inventor
- Hap Farber, NFL player
- Ryan Farish, musician, electronic producer
- Florian-Ayala Fauna, artist, musician[176]
- Joseph T. Fitzpatrick, Virginia State Senator
- Stephen Furst, actor
- Grant Gustin, actor, The Flash, Glee
- Blanche Hecht Consolvo Cariaggi, singer, Italian countess
- Allan C. Hill, founder of the Great American Circus
- A. Byron Holderby Jr., Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Navy
- Jalyn Holmes, defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings
- Virginian-Pilot, Pulitzer Prizewinner
- Knucks James, second baseman in Negro league baseball
- Hester C. Jeffrey, suffragette
- Chris Jones, football player
- Louisa Venable Kyle, writer
- Mary Lawson, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
- Jake E. Lee, rock guitarist
- David McCormack, professional basketball player, NCAA champion with the Kansas Jayhawks
- Matt Maeson, musician
- William Magee, plastic surgeon, founder of Operation Smile
- Alex Marshall, journalist and author
- Robert E. Martinez, 8th Virginia Secretary of Transportation
- Samuel Mason, Revolutionary War soldier and American outlaw
- James Michael McAdoo, basketball player at University of North Carolina
- John Mullan, Army officer and builder of Mullan Road
- Lenda Murray, IFBB professional bodybuilder
- Thurop Van Orman, film director
- Barton Myers, architect
- Steven Newsome, arts and museum administrator[177]
- Wayne Newton, singer and actor who resides in Las Vegas[178]
- wrongfully convicted in 1999 and 2000 in a rape/murder case based on false confessions and sentenced to life. They were released from prison in 2009 under a conditional pardon. The last convictions were overturned in 2016, and they were granted full pardons in 2017 by Governor Terry McAuliffe. In December 2018 they received a settlement from the city and state.[179][180]
- Nottz, musician, hip-hop producer
- Richard G. L. Paige, one of the first African-Americans delegates in Virginia
- John Parker, Abolitionist and inventor
- Barbara Perry, actress
- Hughie Prince, film composer and songwriter
- Ray Platte, NASCAR driver
- Emmy Raver-Lampman, actress and singer
- Leah Ray, singer and actress
- Tim Reid, actor, WKRP in Cincinnati
- Joseph Jenkins Roberts, first president of Liberia
- Larry Sabato, American political scientist
- Ed Schultz, American television and radio personality
- Rhea Seehorn, actress, Better Call Saul
- Deborah Shelton, actress, Miss Virginia USA 1970, Miss USA 1970
- Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr., Marine Corps General, Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1952–1955
- John Wesley Shipp, actor, The Flash
- Gray Simons, Olympic freestyle wrestler, four-time NAIA and three-time NCAA wrestling champion, member of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame
- Bruce Smith, NFL defensive end, 8x first team All-Pro and 11x Pro Bowl selection, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
- Keely Smith, singer and recording artist
- Joe Smith, former NBA basketball player[181]
- Joseph Stika, Coast Guard vice admiral
- Margaret Sullavan, Oscar-nominated actress
- Timbaland, musician, hip-hop producer
- Doris Eaton Travis, dancer and actress
- Scott Travis, drummer for rock bands Racer X, Judas Priest, Fight and Thin Lizzy
- Justin Upton, MLB outfielder for Detroit Tigers
- Melvin Upton, Jr, MLB outfielder for Toronto Blue Jays
- Gene Vincent, member of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
- Benjamin Watson, American football tight end
- Joe Weatherly, former NASCAR driver
- Pernell Whitaker, boxer, 1984 Olympic gold medalist and four-weight world champion
- Thomas Wilkins, symphony conductor
- Patrick Wilson, Golden Globe and Emmy-nominated actor
- Harold G. Wren (1921–2016), dean of three law schools
- Amore Wiggins (2006–c.2011), murder victim
- Mark Williams, NBA player for Charlotte Hornets played college basketball for Duke University[183]
- Jane T. Worthington (1821–1847), American essayist and poet
Sister cities
Current sister cities:[184]
- Kitakyushu, Japan (1963)
- Wilhelmshaven, Germany (1976)
- Norfolk, England, United Kingdom (1986)
- Toulon, France (1989)
- Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (2006)
- Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (2008)
- Tema, Ghana (2010)
- Kochi, India (2010)
Former sister cities:
- Kaliningrad, Russia (1992–2022)[185]
Wilhelmshaven is the Germany's largest military harbor and naval base, and Toulon is France's largest military harbor.[citation needed]
See also
- Hunter House Victorian Museum
- List of tallest buildings in Norfolk
- List of U.S. cities with large Black populations
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk, Virginia
- Norfolk Anti-Inoculation Riot of 1768
- Norfolk Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Norfolk Police Department
- Norvella Heights
- USS Norfolk, 5 ships
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Norfolk kept January 1874 to December 1945 at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown, and at Norfolk Int'l since January 1946. For more information, see Threadex.
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