Norris Bradbury
Norris Bradbury | |
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Leonard B. Loeb | |
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Norris Edwin Bradbury (May 30, 1909 – August 20, 1997), was an American
Bradbury took charge at Los Alamos at a difficult time. Staff were leaving in droves, living conditions were poor and there was a possibility that the laboratory would close. He managed to persuade enough staff to stay and got the University of California to renew the contract to manage the laboratory. He pushed continued development of nuclear weapons, transforming them from laboratory devices to production models. Numerous improvements made them safer, more reliable and easier to store and handle, and made more efficient use of scarce fissionable materiel.
In the 1950s Bradbury oversaw the development of
Early life
Norris Bradbury was born in
Bradbury became interested in
As well as supervising Bradbury's thesis, Loeb, who had served as a naval reservist during
After two years at the
World War II
Bradbury was called up for service in World War II in early 1941, although the Navy allowed him to stay at Stanford until the end of the academic year. He was then sent to the
In June 1944, Bradbury received orders from Parsons, who was now the deputy director of the
At Los Alamos, Bradbury became head of E-5, the Implosion Experimentation Group,
In March 1945, Oppenheimer created
Director of Los Alamos
Oppenheimer submitted his resignation as director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, but remained until a successor could be found. The director of the Manhattan Project,
Parsons arranged for Bradbury to be quickly discharged from the Navy,[24] which awarded him the Legion of Merit for his wartime services.[25] He remained in the Naval Reserve, though, ultimately retiring in 1961 with the rank of captain.[26] On October 16, 1945, there was a ceremony at Los Alamos at which Groves presented the laboratory with the Army-Navy "E" Award, and presented Oppenheimer with a certificate of appreciation. Bradbury became the laboratory's second director the following day.[27][7]
The first months of Bradbury's directorship were particularly difficult. He had hoped that Atomic Energy Act of 1946 would be quickly passed by Congress and the wartime Manhattan Project would be superseded by a new, permanent organization. It soon became clear that this would take more than six months. President Harry S. Truman did not sign the act creating the Atomic Energy Commission into law until August 1, 1946, and it did not become active until January 1, 1947. In the meantime, Groves' legal authority to act was limited.[28]
Most of the scientists at Los Alamos were eager to return to their laboratories and universities, and by February 1946 all of the wartime division heads had left, but a talented core remained.
Bradbury pushed continued development of nuclear weapons to take them from laboratory devices to production models. There were numerous improvements that could make them more safe, reliable and easy to store and handle, and make more efficient use of scarce fissionable materiel. While Bradbury gave priority to improved fission weapons, research still continued on "Alarm Clock", a boosted nuclear weapon, and the "Super", a thermonuclear weapons design.[30] The new fission designs were tested during Operation Sandstone in 1948. The Mark 4 nuclear bomb became the first nuclear weapon to be mass-produced on an assembly line.[31]
As the future became more certain, Bradbury began looking for a new site for the laboratory away from the crowded town center. In 1948, Bradbury submitted a proposal to the Atomic Energy Commission for a new $107 million facility on the South Mesa, linked to the town by a new bridge over the canyon.[31]
All this time, Bradbury remained nominally a professor in absentia at Stanford. The Los Alamos Laboratory was nominally run under a wartime contract with the University of California, but a clause in the contract allowed the University to terminate the contract three months after the end of the war. The university duly served notice, but Bradbury managed to get it rescinded, and in 1948 the contract was renewed. In 1951, he became a professor at the University of California.[32][25]
By 1951, the laboratory had come up with the
In later years, Bradbury branched out, constructing the
For many years, Bradbury was responsible for much of the administration of the town of Los Alamos. The town established impressive health and education facilities. Eventually the new technical area was built outside the town, and on February 18, 1957, the security gates were taken down. Finally, the town became an incorporated community and the director's civic responsibilities ended.[37][38]
In 1966, Bradbury was awarded the Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service for "exceptionally meritorious civilian service to the Armed Forces and the United States of America in a position of great responsibility as director, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory".[39] His citation went on to say that "The outstanding international reputation of the Los Alamos Laboratory is directly attributable to his exceptional leadership. The United States is indebted to Dr. Bradbury and his laboratory, to a very large degree, for our present nuclear capability."[39] He also received the Enrico Fermi Award in 1970.[39] In 1971, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[40]
Later life
Bradbury retired as director of Los Alamos Laboratory in 1970. His successor, Harold Agnew, invited him to become a senior consultant, but Bradbury declined the offer, although he did serve as a consultant for other government agencies, including the National Academy of Sciences, and as a member of the boards of the Los Alamos Medical Center, the First National Bank of Santa Fe, the Los Alamos YMCA and the Santa Fe Neurological Society.[41]
In 1969 the
In the mid-1990s, Bradbury accidentally hit his leg while chopping firewood. Gangrene set in, and his right leg was amputated below the knee. It spread to his left leg, and part of his left foot was amputated, leaving him in a wheelchair. The disease eventually proved fatal, and he died on August 20, 1997.[43] He was survived by his wife Lois, who died in January 1998, and his three sons.[5] A funeral service was held in Los Alamos, and he was buried at Guaje Pines Cemetery in Los Alamos.[44]
Notes
- doi:10.1063/1.882111.
- ^ Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 3.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, p. 62.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, pp. 63–68.
- ^ a b Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 11.
- ^ "Mysteries at the Museum: A Real Life Experience in los Alamos".
- ^ a b c d Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 4.
- ^ "Studies on the mobility of gaseous ions". University of California, Berkeley. 1932. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- .
- ^ a b Ebinger 2006, pp. 69–70.
- .
- doi:10.1063/1.2006308. Archived from the originalon September 29, 2011.
- ^ Christman 1998, p. 139.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, p. 71.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 175.
- ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 310.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, p. 245.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 272–277.
- ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 319.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 367–368.
- ^ Hewlett & Anderson 1962, p. 378.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, p. 79.
- ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 3625–626.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, pp. 82–83.
- ^ a b Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 9.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, p. 98.
- ^ a b Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 398–402.
- ^ a b Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 5.
- ^ Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 6.
- ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969, pp. 58–59.
- ^ a b Hewlett & Duncan 1969, p. 176.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, pp. 88–90.
- ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969, pp. 539–542.
- ^ Hewlett & Duncan 1969, pp. 568–572, 584–584.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, p. 93.
- ^ Agnew & Schreiber 1998, p. 8.
- ^ Hunner 2004, pp. 130–132, 218–219.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, pp. 91–92.
- ^ a b c Agnew & Schreiber 1998, pp. 9–10.
- American Academy of Achievement.
- ^ a b Ebinger 2006, pp. 187–188.
- ^ Layden, Dianne R. (November 26, 2013). "May 1970: The Bust at the SUB". Santa Fe Reporter. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, pp. 190–193.
- ^ Ebinger 2006, p. 185.
References
- OCLC 79388516. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- Christman, Albert B. (1998). Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. OCLC 38257982.
- Ebinger, Virginia Nylander (2006). Norris E. Bradbury 1909–1997. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos Historical Society. OCLC 62408863.
- OCLC 637004643. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). Atomic Shield, 1947–1952. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. OCLC 3717478.
- OCLC 26764320.
- Hunner, Jon (2004). Inventing Los Alamos: The Growth of an Atomic Community. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. OCLC 154690200.
External links
- 1985 Audio Interview with Norris Bradbury by Martin Sherwin Voices of the Manhattan Project
- "Interview with Norris Bradbury, 1986 [1]". WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
- "Interview with Norris Bradbury, 1986 [2]". WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved February 26, 2014.