North-Eastern Area Command
North-Eastern Area Command | |
---|---|
Active | 1942–1956 |
Allegiance | Australia |
Branch | Royal Australian Air Force |
Role | Air defence Aerial reconnaissance Protection of adjacent sea lanes |
Garrison/HQ | Townsville, Queensland |
Engagements | World War II |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders | Frank Lukis (1942) Harry Cobby (1942–1943) Ian McLachlan (1951–1953) |
North-Eastern Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during World War II. For most of its existence it controlled units based in central and northern Queensland as well as Papua New Guinea. It was formed in January 1942 from the eastern part of the former Northern Area Command, which had covered all of northern Australia and Papua. Headquartered at Townsville, Queensland, North-Eastern Area Command's responsibilities included air defence, aerial reconnaissance and protection of the sea lanes within its territory. Its flying units, equipped with fighters, reconnaissance bombers, dive bombers and transports, took part in the battles of Rabaul, Port Moresby and Milne Bay in 1942, and the landings at Hollandia and Aitape in 1944.
The area command continued to operate after the war, but its assets and staffing were much reduced. Its responsibilities were subsumed in February 1954 by the RAAF's new functional commands:
History
World War II
The
Northern Area was split into
On 20 January 1942, over 100 Japanese aircraft
No. 33 Squadron, operating ex-Qantas Short Empire flying boats and several smaller transports, was raised in NEA on 19 February 1942.[11][12] Earlier that month, Lukis warned higher command of the poor state of preparedness and low morale of Australian Army troops at Port Moresby, due to lack of air cover and apparent lack of interest from government echelons.[13] On 25 February, Nos. 3 and 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters were established at Townsville and Port Moresby, respectively, to coordinate fighter operations.[14] Horn Island, in the Torres Strait, was raided by the Japanese on 14 March.[15] Three days later, seventeen P-40 Kittyhawks of No. 75 Squadron, recently formed at Townsville, deployed to Port Moresby.[16] Commanded by Squadron Leader John Jackson, the squadron suffered heavy losses in the ensuing battle. At one point NEA headquarters gave Jackson permission to withdraw but he refused, and the squadron was eventually credited with destroying thirty-five Japanese aircraft in the air and on the ground, securing Port Moresby until relieved by the 35th and 36th Squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), operating P-39 Airacobras.[17][18]
Several USAAF bomber formations operated under NEA's control in early 1942, including
NEA's operational headquarters, a reinforced concrete bunker known as Building 81, was completed in May 1942. Located on Green Street, Townsville, at the base of Castle Hill, it was topped with a suburban house to mislead enemy aircraft.[24] The same month, Eastern Area Command was formed, taking control of units in New South Wales and southern Queensland from Southern Area and NEA.[25][26] This left NEA in command of Nos. 24, 33 and 76 Squadrons, as well as No. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters, at Townsville; No. 100 Squadron at Cairns; No. 32 Squadron at Horn Island; and Nos. 11, 20 and 75 Squadrons, as well as No. 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters, at Port Moresby.[27] The Japanese raided Townsville four times between 25 and 31 July; most bombs fell in the sea or the hills causing only one casualty, an injured child.[28] NEA's boundaries were fine-tuned on 19 August: a portion of Queensland within the Barkly Tableland and the Haslingden and Heywood districts was assigned to the control of North-Western Area.[29] Lukis handed over command of NEA to Group Captain (later Air Commodore) Harry Cobby on 25 August.[30] By the end of the month, the headquarters staff numbered 684.[31] No. 75 Squadron, replenished after its defence of Port Moresby, and No. 76 Squadron, deployed north from Townsville and also flying Kittyhawks, played what senior Australian Army commanders described as the "decisive" role in the Battle of Milne Bay in New Guinea during August and September 1942.[32] During the battle, Cobby exercised overall command of the RAAF units from NEA headquarters, while their efforts were coordinated on the ground by Group Captain Bill Garing, NEA's senior air staff officer.[33]
On 1 September 1942, No. 9 (Operational) Group was formed at Port Moresby as a mobile strike force to move forward with Allied advances in the Pacific, in contrast to the static, defensive nature of the area commands.[34][35] It took over all units in New Guinea previously operating under NEA Command. NEA initially retained administrative control of No. 9 Group but, on 1 January 1943, the group was made independent of the area command and its administration became the responsibility of RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne.[30] September 1942 also saw the formation of RAAF Command, led by Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock, to oversee the majority of Australian flying units in the SWPA.[36][37] Bostock exercised control of air operations through the area commands, although RAAF Headquarters continued to hold administrative authority over all Australian units.[38] He personally coordinated operations when they involved more than one area command, for instance when the fighter squadrons of both NWA and NEA were required to repulse a major attack.[39] No. 42 (Radar) Wing was formed at Townsville in February 1943, and the following month took control of all radar stations in NEA.[40] As of April 1943, the area command directly controlled four squadrons tasked primarily with anti-submarine warfare: No. 7 Squadron, flying Bristol Beaufort reconnaissance-bombers out of Ross River; No. 9 Squadron, a fleet co-operation unit flying Supermarine Seagulls from Bowen; and Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons, flying reconnaissance and bombing missions with PBY Catalinas from Cairns.[41]
In early 1943, Japan was still believed to be capable of invading, or at least bombing, the Torres Strait islands, and NEA had only No. 7 Squadron, now operating from Horn Island, to counter the threat. It was reinforced in April by
Cobby served as AOC NEA until November 1943, handing over to Air Commodore John Summers, who held command for the remainder of the war.[5] By the end of November, NEA headquarters staff numbered 499, including ninety-seven officers.[47] NEA's Catalinas joined aircraft of No. 9 Group in support of the US invasion of New Britain in December 1943 and January 1944.[48] The Catalinas also conducted mine-laying operations around the Timor Sea in the lead-up to the landings at Hollandia and Aitape in April 1944.[49] That month, No. 9 Group, which had become a static garrison force similar to the area commands on mainland Australia, was renamed Northern Command and given responsibility for RAAF units in New Guinea.[50][51] In August, No. 75 Wing was disbanded and its units became the direct responsibility of NEA headquarters.[52] The same month, No. 76 Wing headquarters, formed at Townsville in January and subsequently based at Cairns, was transferred to Darwin, Northern Territory.[53][54] There it came under the control of NWA headquarters and oversaw operations by three Catalina squadrons, including No. 20.[55][56] No. 42 Wing disbanded in October 1944, following a decision to assign control of RAAF radar stations to mobile fighter control units or similar formations.[57] By the end of February 1945, NEA headquarters staff numbered 743, including 127 officers.[58] No. 72 Wing headquarters transferred to Townsville in May that year, and disbanded a month later.[54]
Post-war activity and disbandment
On 2 September 1945, following the end of the Pacific War, South West Pacific Area was dissolved and the RAAF again assumed full control of all its operational elements.[59] By the end of the month, NEA headquarters staff numbered 526, including ninety-eight officers.[60] The Air Force shrank dramatically as personnel were demobilised and units disbanded; most of the RAAF's bases and aircraft employed in operations after the war were situated within Eastern Area's sphere of control in New South Wales and southern Queensland.[61] NEA headquarters staff at the end of 1945 totalled 227, including sixty-three officers.[62]
In September 1946, the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, proposed reducing the five extant mainland area commands (North-Western, North-Eastern, Eastern, Southern, and Western Areas) to three: Northern Area, covering Queensland and the Northern Territory; Eastern Area, covering New South Wales; and Southern Area, covering Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The Australian Government rejected the plan and the wartime area command boundaries essentially remained in place.[63][64] Northern Command (redesignated Northern Area in 1945) was dissolved in February 1947.[53] By 1949, NEA headquarters was located in Sturt Street, Townsville.[64] No. 10 Squadron was based at Townsville from March that year, operating Avro Lincolns over the Pacific and Australia's northern approaches in the maritime reconnaissance and search-and-rescue roles.[65][66] Group Captain (later Air Commodore) Ian McLachlan was appointed AOC NEA in September 1951;[67][68] he served two years in the post before handing over to acting Air Commodore Patrick Heffernan.[69]
Commencing in October 1953, the RAAF was reorganised from a geographically based command-and-control system into one based on function. In February 1954, the newly constituted functional organisations—
As of 2009, the former NEA operational headquarters in Building 81, Green Street, housed Townsville's State Emergency Service group.[24]
Order of battle
As at 30 April 1942, NEA's order of battle comprised:[74]
- RAAF Station Townsville
- RAAF Station Amberley
- RAAF Station Port Moresby
- No. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters, Townsville
- No. 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters, Port Moresby
Notes
- ^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 311
- ^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 91–92
- ^ a b "Organising for war: The RAAF air campaigns in the Pacific" (PDF). Pathfinder. No. 121. Air Power Development Centre. October 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2016.
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 111–112
- ^ a b Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, pp. 302–304
- ^ Stephens, The RAAF in the Southwest Pacific Area, p. 35
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 154
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 135–136
- ^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 354–358
- ^ "Gladiator's salute from Rabaul's air commander". Air Power Development Centre. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 481
- ^ RAAF Historical Section, Maritime and Transport Units, pp. 35–38
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 447–448
- ^ Cooper, Kokoda Air Strikes, p. 53
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 453, 457
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 458–462
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 139–141
- ^ Johnston, Whispering Death, pp. 164, 177
- ^ Cooper, Kokoda Air Strikes, pp. 147, 180
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 473
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 15–16
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 473–478
- ^ Cooper, Kokoda Air Strikes, pp. 268–270
- ^ a b Pearce, Howard (January 2009). WWII – NQ (PDF) (Report). Brisbane: Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 59, 100, 107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 478
- ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, p. 134
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 151
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 562–563
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, p. 588
- ^ a b Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 588–589
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 244
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 603–604, 615–617
- ^ Stephens, The RAAF in the Southwest Pacific Area, pp. 33, 85
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 6
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 122–123
- ^ Gillison, Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 585–588
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 4–6
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 144–145
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 42
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, pp. 326, 350
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 141
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 113
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 113–116
- ^ a b Gogler, We Never Disappoint, p. 105
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, pp. 679, 706, 709
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 245
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 579
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 128–129
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 213, 218
- ^ Stephens, The Royal Australian Air Force, pp. 144, 168
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, pp. 198–200
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 830
- ^ a b "Headquarters". Order of Battle – Air Force. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ^ a b AWM, Squadrons, Formations & Units, p. 119
- ^ Odgers, Air War Against Japan, p. 365
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 829
- ^ RAAF Historical Section, Radar Units, p. 21
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 873
- ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force!, p. 262
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 903
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 11–12, 72–73
- ^ Royal Australian Air Force, Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters, p. 916
- ^ Helson, The Private Air Marshal, pp. 321–325
- ^ a b Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 68, 462
- ^ "RAAF's big task in Qld". The News. Adelaide. 16 May 1953. p. 9. Retrieved 10 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "No. 10 Squadron". RAAF Museum. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
- ^ "New postings in RAAF". The Canberra Times. Canberra. 8 September 1951. p. 6. Retrieved 2 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Air officers promoted". Brisbane Telegraph. Brisbane. 4 September 1952. p. 12. Retrieved 21 July 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "New RAAF chief for North-Eastern Area". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Townsville, Queensland. 9 September 1953. p. 3. Retrieved 2 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ Stephens, Going Solo, pp. 73–76, 462–463
- ^ "Battle 'nerve-centre' goes north: RAAF fighting control shifted from here". The Argus. Melbourne. 21 May 1954. p. 5. Retrieved 2 July 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ RAAF Historical Section, Introduction, Bases, Supporting Organisations, p. 160
- ^ "RAAF Headquarters North Eastern Area". Agencies. National Archives of Australia. CA 8590. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ^ Ashworth, How Not to Run an Air Force, p. 299
References
- Ashworth, Norman (2000). How Not to Run an Air Force! Volume 1 – Narrative (PDF). Canberra: RAAF Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 978-0-642-26550-0.
- Australian War Memorial (AWM) (1995). Squadrons, Formations & Units of the Royal Australian Air Force and Their Deployment. Canberra: Unpublished monograph held by AWM Research Centre.
- Cooper, Anthony (2014). Kokoda Air Strikes: Allied Air Forces in New Guinea, 1942. Canberra: ISBN 978-1-74223-383-3.
- Gillison, Douglas (1962). Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I – Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942. Canberra: OCLC 2000369.
- Gogler, Kevin (2012). We Never Disappoint: A History of 7 Squadron RAAF 1940–1945 (PDF). Canberra: Air Power Development Centre. ISBN 978-1-920800-68-0.
- Helson, Peter (2010). The Private Air Marshal (PDF). Canberra: Air Power Development Centre. ISBN 978-1-920800-50-5.
- ISBN 978-1-74175-901-3.
- OCLC 246580191.
- RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 1: Introduction, Bases, Supporting Organisations. Canberra: ISBN 978-0-644-42792-0.
- RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 4: Maritime and Transport Units. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-644-42796-8.
- RAAF Historical Section (1995). Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 5: Radar Units. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-644-42797-5.
- Royal Australian Air Force (1941–1945). Operations Record Book: Northern Area and North-Eastern Area Headquarters. RAAF Unit History Sheets. Canberra: National Archives of Australia.
- Stephens, Alan, ed. (1993). The RAAF in the Southwest Pacific Area 1942–1945 (PDF). Canberra: RAAF Air Power Studies Centre. ISBN 978-0-642-19827-3.
- Stephens, Alan (1995). Going Solo: The Royal Australian Air Force 1946–1971 (PDF). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 978-0-644-42803-3.
- Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001]. The Royal Australian Air Force: A History. London: ISBN 978-0-19555-541-7.