Northwest Territories

Coordinates: 69°30′01″N 121°30′08″W / 69.50028°N 121.50222°W / 69.50028; -121.50222[1]
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
North-West Territories
)
This article is about the Canadian territory. For its predecessor, see North-Western Territory. For the former U.S. territory, see Northwest Territory. For similar names, see Northwest (disambiguation).

Northwest Territories
Territory
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 69°30′01″N 121°30′08″W / 69.50028°N 121.50222°W / 69.50028; -121.50222
1 of 105
(1%)
Area
[3]
 • Total1,346,106 km2 (519,734 sq mi)
 • Land1,183,085 km2 (456,792 sq mi)
 • Water163,021 km2 (62,943 sq mi)  12.1%
 • Rank3rd
 13.5% of Canada
Population
 (2021)
 • Total41,070[2]
 • Estimate 
(Q1 2024)
44,741[4]
 • Rank11th
 • Density0.03/km2 (0.08/sq mi)
DemonymsNorthwest Territorian[5]
FR: Franco-Ténois(e)
Official languages
[6][7]
X0, X1 (Yellowknife)
ISO 3166 codeCA-NT
FlowerMountain avens
TreeTamarack Larch
BirdGyrfalcon
Rankings include all provinces and territories

The Northwest Territories (abbreviated NT or NWT; French: Territoires du Nord-Ouest; formerly North-West Territories) is a federal territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 (442,000 sq mi) and a 2016 census population of 41,790, it is the second-largest and the most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada.[10] Its estimated population as of 2023 is 45,668.[11] Yellowknife is the capital, most populous community, and only city in the territory; its population was 19,569 as of the 2016 census. It became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.

The Northwest Territories, a portion of the old

Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement.[12][13] While Nunavut is mostly Arctic tundra, the Northwest Territories has a slightly warmer climate and is both boreal forest (taiga) and tundra, and its most northern regions form part of the Arctic Archipelago
.

The Northwest Territories has the most interprovincial and inter-territorial land borders among all provinces and territories of Canada. It is bordered by the territories of Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south; it also touches Manitoba to the southeast at a quadripoint that includes Nunavut and Saskatchewan. The land area of the Northwest Territories is roughly equal to that of France, Portugal and Spain combined, although its overall area is even larger because of its vast lakes.

Name

See also: § History

The name was originally descriptive, adopted by the British government during the colonial era to indicate where it lay in relation to the rest of Rupert's Land. It has been shortened from North-Western Territory and then North-West Territories.

In Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as Nunatsiaq (Inuktitut syllabics ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ), "beautiful land".[14] The northernmost region of the territory is home to the Inuvialuit, who primarily live in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq), while the southern portion is called Denendeh (an Athabaskan word meaning "our land"). Denendeh is the vast Dene country, stretching from central Alaska to Hudson Bay, within which lie the homelands of the numerous Dene nations.

Since the Yukon Territory was split from it in 1898 it is no longer the westernmost territory, and until

prank, but for a while it was at or near the top in the public-opinion polls.[19][20][21]

Geography

Located in northern Canada, the territory borders Canada's two other territories, Yukon to the west and Nunavut to the east, as well as four provinces: British Columbia to the southwest, Alberta and Saskatchewan to the south, and Manitoba (through a quadripoint) to the extreme southeast. It has a land area of 1,183,085 km2 (456,792 sq mi).[3]

Geographical features include

Victoria Island and Melville Island. Its highest point is Mount Nirvana
near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m (9,098 ft).

Climate

See also: Climate change in the Arctic
Köppen climate types in the Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 (500,000 sq mi) and has a large climate variant from south to north. The southern part of the territory (most of the mainland portion) has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate.

Summers in the north are short and cool, featuring daytime highs of 14–17 °C (57–63 °F) and lows of 1–5 °C (34–41 °F). Winters are long and harsh, with daytime highs −20 to −25 °C (−4 to −13 °F) and lows −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F). The coldest nights typically reach −40 to −45 °C (−40 to −49 °F) each year.

Extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C (97 °F) and lows reaching below 0 °C (32 °F). In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C (−40 °F), but they can also reach the low teens during the day. In the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C (86 °F), and lows into the low negatives. In winter in the north, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C (−58 °F) but they can also reach single digits during the day.

Thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north, they are very rare but do occur.[23] Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower. The Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west.

About half of the territory is above the tree line. There are not many trees in most of the eastern areas of the territory, or in the north islands.[24]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Northwest Territories
City July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)
Fort Simpson[25] 24/11 75/52 −20/−29 −4/−19
Yellowknife[26] 21/13 70/55 −22/−30 −7/−21
Inuvik[27] 20/9 67/48 −23/−31 −9/−24
Sachs Harbour[28] 10/3 50/38 −24/−32 −12/−25

History

Main articles: History of the Northwest Territories and History of Northwest Territories capital cities
See also:
Inuvialuit Nunangit, Inuit Nunangat, and Métis
The various Dene subdivisions including the Got'iné (labelled here as "North Slavey"), Tłı̨chǫ ("Dogrib"), Gwichʼin, and others

There are multiple Indigenous territories overlapping the current borders of the Northwest Territories. These include Denendeh,

prairie provinces.[32] Some of its constituent territories include Tłı̨chǫ Country, Got'iné Néné, Dehchondéh, and Gwichʼin Nành, amongst others including those of the Dënë Sųłinë́ (Nëné, "land"), Dane-z̲aa (Nanéʔ), and the T'satsąot'ınę (Ndé). Historically, Dene have lived across Denendeh and what is now the NWT since time immemorial and the era of Yamoria and Yamozha.[33][34]

Map of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region: Inuvialuit Nunangit
Flag of the Inuvialuit

Along the northern coast live one of the Inuit sudivisions: the Inuvialuit, a conglomerate of several Inuvialuit peoples, including the Uummarmiut, Kangiryuarmiut, and Siglit. Their country, variously called Inuvialuit Nunangit, Inuvialuit Nunungat, or Inuvialuit Nunangat corresponds to the Inuvialuit Settlement Region and belongs to the greater Inuit Nunangat.[35] Amongst the other Inuit, there are also the Copper Inuit who inhabit their traditional territory, Inuinnait Nunangat, between the Kitikmeot and Inuvik Regions.[36] To the south are the Cree First Nations and Métis.

In 1670, the

Treaty of Utrecht saw the British become the only European power with practical access to the North-Western Territory
, with the French surrendering their claim to the Hudson Bay coast.

Europeans have visited the region for the purposes of fur trading, and exploration for new trade routes, including the Northwest Passage. Arctic expeditions launched in the 19th century include the Coppermine expedition.

In 1867, the first Canadian residential school opened in the region in Fort Resolution. The opening of the school was followed by several others in regions across the territory, thus contributing to it reaching the highest percentage of students in residential schools compared to other area in Canada.[37]

Members of the Coppermine expedition caught by a storm in Coronation Gulf, August 1821
Map of the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land, 1859

The present-day territory came under the authority of the

Maritimes (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick), Newfoundland, the Labrador coast, and the Arctic Islands (except the southern half of Baffin Island).[note 2][38]

Timeline of the divisions of Canada; size of the Northwest Territories changes throughout 1870 to 1999

After the 1870 transfer, some of the North-West Territories was whittled away. The province of Manitoba was enlarged in 1881 to a rectangular region composing the modern province's south. By the time British Columbia joined Confederation on July 20, 1871, it had already (1866) been granted the portion of North-Western Territory south of 60 degrees north and west of 120 degrees west, an area that comprised most of the Stickeen Territories.[citation needed]

A proclamation concerning the formation of the North-West Territories, from recently transferred territories to the Canadian government

The North-West Territories Council was created in 1875 for more local government in the North-West Territories.

Frederick Haultain, an Ontario lawyer who practised at Fort Macleod from 1884, became its chairman in 1891 and Premier when the Assembly was reorganized in 1897. The modern provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were created in 1905. Contemporary records show Haultain recommended that the NWT become a single province, named Buffalo, but the Canadian government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier acted otherwise.[40][41]

In the meantime, the province of Ontario was enlarged north-westward in 1882. Quebec was also extended northwards in 1898. Yukon was made a separate territory that year, due to the Klondike Gold Rush, to free the North-West Territories government in Regina from the burden of addressing the problems caused by the sudden boom of population and economic activity, and the influx of non-Canadians.[citation needed] One year after the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, the Parliament of Canada renamed the "North-West Territories" as the Northwest Territories, dropping all hyphenated forms of it.[42][43]

Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec acquired the last addition to their modern landmass from the Northwest Territories in 1912. This left only the districts of Mackenzie, Franklin (which absorbed the remnants of Ungava in 1920) and Keewatin within what was then given the name Northwest Territories. In 1925, the boundaries of the Northwest Territories were extended all the way to the North Pole on the sector principle, vastly expanding its territory onto the northern ice cap.[citation needed] Between 1925 and 1999, the Northwest Territories covered a land area of 3,439,296 km2 (1,327,920 sq mi)—larger than one-third of Canada in terms of area.[citation needed]

On April 1, 1999, a separate Nunavut territory was formed from the eastern Northwest Territories to represent the Inuit.[44]

Demography

Main article: Demographics of the Northwest Territories

Visible minority and indigenous identity (2016):[45][46]

  European Canadian (39.7%)
  First Nations (32.1%)
  Inuit (9.9%)
  Visible minority (9.6%)
  Métis (8.2%)
  Other Indigenous responses (0.5%)

The NWT is one of two jurisdictions in Canada – Nunavut being the other – where

Indigenous peoples are in the majority, constituting 50.4% of the population.[47]

According to the 2016 Canadian census, the 10 major

ethnic groups were:[48]

  • First Nations – 36.8%
  • Canadian – 18.6%
  • English
     – 15.9%
  • Scottish
     – 14.8%
  • Irish
     – 12.3%
  • Inuit (Inuvialuit) – 10.9%
  • French
     – 10.3%
  • German
     – 8.3%
  • Métis
     – 7.1%
  • Ukrainian
     – 3.1%

[49]

1.^ Yukon was ceded from the Northwest Territories in 1898.
2.^ Alberta and Saskatchewan were created mostly from parts of the Northwest Territories in 1905.
3.^ Nunavut was separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999.

Language

A metallic white sign on a gray background with a red and blue depiction of a building at the top. Below it is text in blue saying "Eye Clinic" in English, French and the other nine official territorial languages
Sign for an eye clinic in Yellowknife with all 11 official territorial languages

French was made an official language in 1877 by the then-territorial government. After a lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a

Lieutenant Governor Joseph Royal, the members of the time voted on more than one occasion to nullify this and make English the only language used in the assembly. After some conflict with the Confederation Government in Ottawa
, and a decisive vote on January 19, 1892, the assembly members voted for an English-only territory.

Currently, the Northwest Territories' Official Languages Act recognizes the following eleven official languages:[6][7]

NWT residents have a right to use any of the above languages in a territorial court, and in the debates and proceedings of the legislature. However, the laws are legally binding only in their French and English versions, and the NWT government only publishes laws and other documents in the territory's other official languages when the legislature asks it to. Furthermore, access to services in any language is limited to institutions and circumstances where there is a significant demand for that language or where it is reasonable to expect it given the nature of the services requested. In practical terms, English language services are universally available, and there is no guarantee that other languages, including French, will be used by any particular government service, except for the courts.

The 2016 census returns showed a population of 41,786. Of the 40,565 singular responses to the census question regarding each inhabitant's "mother tongue", the most reported languages were the following (italics indicate an official language of the NWT):

1 English 31,765 78.3%
2 Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ) 1600 3.9%
3 French 1175 2.9%
4 South Slavey 775 1.9%
5 North Slavey 745 1.8%
6 Tagalog 745 1.8%
7 Inuinnaqtun 470 1.1%
8 Dené 440 1.1%
9 Slavey (not otherwise specified) 175 0.4%
10 Gwich'in 140 0.3%
11 Cree 130 0.3%

There were also 630 responses of both English and a "non-official language"; 35 of both French and a "non-official language"; 145 of both English and French, and about 400 people who either did not respond to the question, or reported multiple non-official languages, or else gave some other unenumerable response. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[50]

Religion

In the 2021 Census, 55.2% of the population followed Christianity (primarily

Roman Catholicism); this is down from 67.6% in the 2001 Census. At the same time, the population reported having no religious affiliation has more than doubled, from 17.4% in 2001 to 39.8% in 2021 census. About 5.0% reported other religious affiliations.[51][52]

Communities

Main article: List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories
Five largest municipalities by population
Municipality 2016
Yellowknife[53] 19,569
Hay River[54] 3,528
Inuvik[55] 3,243
Fort Smith[56] 2,542
Behchokǫ̀[57] 1,874

As of 2014, there are 33 official communities in the NWT.

municipal corporations.[58][60] Yellowknife is the largest community and has the largest number of Aboriginal peoples, 4,520 (23.4%) people.[61] However, Behchokǫ̀, with a population of 1,874,[62] is the largest First Nations community, 1,696 (90.9%),[63] and Inuvik with 3,243 people[64] is the largest Inuvialuit community, 1,315 (40.5%).[65] There is one Indian reserve in the NWT, Hay River Reserve, located on the south shore of the Hay River
.

Economy

The gross domestic product of the Northwest Territories was C$4.856 billion in 2017.[66] It has the highest per capita GDP of all provinces and territories in Canada, totalling C$76,000 in 2009.[67]

Mining

The Territories' geological resources include gold, diamonds, natural gas and petroleum. BP is the only oil company currently producing oil there. Its diamonds are promoted as an alternative to purchasing blood diamonds.[68] Two of the biggest mineral resource companies in the world, BHP and Rio Tinto mine many of their diamonds there. In 2010, Territories' accounted for 28.5% of Rio Tinto's total diamond production (3.9 million carats, 17% more than in 2009, from the Diavik Diamond Mine) and 100% of BHP's (3.05 million carats from the EKATI mine).[69][70]

The Eldorado Mine produced uranium for the Manhattan Project, as well as radium, silver, and copper (for other uses).

Aerial view of the Diavik Diamond Mine in the North Slave Region
Main article: List of mines in the Northwest Territories

Tourism

Nahanni National Park Reserve, one of several national parks and reserves in the Northwest Territories

During the winter, many international visitors go to Yellowknife to watch the auroras. Five areas managed by Parks Canada are situated within the territory: Aulavik and Tuktut Nogait National Parks are in the northern part. Portions of Wood Buffalo National Park are located within it, although most of it is located in neighbouring Alberta. Parks Canada also manages three park reserves: Nááts'ihch'oh, Nahanni National Park Reserve, and Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve.

Government

The chamber of the Northwest Territories Legislative Building

As a territory, the NWT has fewer rights than the provinces. During his term, Premier Kakfwi pushed to have the federal government accord more rights to the territory, including having a greater share of the returns from the territory's natural resources go to the territory.

20th general election
in 2003, and has been ever since the territory began electing members in 1881.

The

Commissioner of the Northwest Territories is not a formal representative of the King of Canada.[citation needed
]

Unlike provincial governments and the government of Yukon, the government of the Northwest Territories does not have political parties. It never has had political parties except for the period between 1898 and 1905. Its

consensus government
model. The website of the NWT government describes consensus government thusly: "The Northwest Territories is one of only two jurisdictions in Canada with a consensus system of government instead of one based on party politics. In our system, all Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elected as independents. Shortly after the election, all Members meet as a Caucus to set priorities for that Assembly. The Caucus remains active throughout their term as the forum where all Members meet as equals.[...] Compared to the party system, there is much more communication between Regular Members and Cabinet. All legislation, major policies, and proposed budgets pass through the Regular Members' standing committees before coming to the House."[72]

The NWT Legislative Assembly is composed of one member elected from each of the nineteen constituencies. After each general election, the new assembly elects the premier and the speaker by secret ballot. Seven MLAs are also chosen as cabinet ministers, with the remainder forming the opposition.

The membership of the current legislative assembly was set by the 2023 Northwest Territories general election on November 14, 2023. R.J. Simpson was selected as the new premier by his fellow MLAs on December 7, 2023.[73]

The member of Parliament for the

Liberal Party). The Commissioner of the Northwest Territories is Margaret Thom
.

In the Parliament of Canada, the NWT comprises a single Senate division and a single House of Commons electoral district, titled Northwest Territories (Western Arctic until 2014). Thus a single MP represents an area that is almost 14 percent of the land area of all of Canada.

Administrative regions

Administrative regions of the Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories is divided into five administrative regions (regional offices in parentheses):

Departments

The government of Northwest Territories comprises the following departments:[79]

  • Education, Culture and Employment
  • Environment and Climate Change
  • Executive and Indigenous Affairs
  • Finance
  • Health and Social Services
  • Industry, Tourism and Investment
  • Infrastructure
  • Justice
  • Legislative Assembly
  • Municipal and Community Affairs

Culture

A snow fort at the annual Snowking Winter Festival in Yellowknife

Aboriginal issues in the Northwest Territories include the fate of the

Deline, called A Village of Widows by Cindy Kenny-Gilday, which indicated that the number of people involved were too small to be able to confirm or deny a link.[80][81]

There has been racial tension based on a history of

violent conflict between the Dene and the Inuit,[82]
who have now taken recent steps towards reconciliation.

Land claims in the NWT began with the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, signed on June 5, 1984. It was the first Land Claim signed in the Territory, and the second in Canada.[83] It culminated with the creation of the Inuit homeland of Nunavut, the result of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, the largest land claim in Canadian history.[84]

Another land claims agreement with the

Tli Cho, between Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes, which gives the Tłı̨chǫ their own legislative bodies, taxes, resource royalties, and other affairs, though the NWT still maintains control over such areas as health and education. This area includes two of Canada's three diamond mines, at Ekati and Diavik.[85]

Festivals

See also: Category:Festivals in the Northwest Territories

Among the festivals in the region are the

Folk on the Rocks music festival in Yellowknife, and Rockin the Rocks
.

Transportation

Road

See also: List of Northwest Territories highways
Dempster Highway, south of Inuvik

Northwest Territories has nine numbered highways. The longest is the

Inuvik-Tuktoyaktuk Highway
connects Inuvik to communities along the Arctic Ocean as an extension of the Dempster Highway.

Yellowknife did not have an all-season road access to the rest of Canada's highway network until the completion of Deh Cho Bridge in 2012. Prior to that, traffic relied on ferry service in summer and ice road in winter to cross the Mackenzie River. This became a problem during spring and fall time when the ice was not thick enough to handle vehicle load but the ferry could not pass through the ice, which would require all goods from fuel to groceries to be airlifted during the transition period.

A Northwest Territories licence plate

The Northwest Territories is the only jurisdiction in North America to issue a non rectangular standard licence plate. Instead, the territory issues a polar bear shaped licence plate.

Public transit

public transportation agency in the city, and is the only transit system within the Northwest Territories.[86]

Air

See also: List of airports in the Northwest Territories
Entrance to Yellowknife Airport, the largest airport in the territory

Yellowknife Airport is the largest airport in the territory in terms of aircraft movements and passengers. It is the gateway airport to other destinations within the Northwest Territories. As the airport of the territory capital, it is part of the National Airports System. It is the hub of multiple regional airlines. Major airlines serving destinations within Northwest Territories include Buffalo Airways, Canadian North, North-Wright Airways.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company.
  2. ^ The Arctic Islands remained under direct British claim until 1880.

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northwest Territories.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Northwest Territories.
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