North Dakota

Edit links
Coordinates: 47°N 100°W / 47°N 100°W / 47; -100 (State of North Dakota)
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see North Dakota (disambiguation).

North Dakota
Dakȟóta waziyata (Lakota)
State
State of North Dakota
MDT)
USPS abbreviation
ND
ISO 3166 codeUS-ND
Traditional abbreviationN.D., N.Dak., Nodak
Latitude45° 56′ N to 49° 00′ N
Longitude96° 33′ W to 118° 03′ W
Websitend.gov
State symbols of North Dakota
American Elm
Inanimate insignia
BeverageMilk
DanceSquare dance
Line dance
FossilTeredo petrified wood
State route marker
Route marker
Lists of United States state symbols

North Dakota (

4th most sparsely populated.[note 1] The state capital is Bismarck while the most populous city is Fargo
, which accounts for nearly a fifth of the state's population; both cities are among the fastest-growing in the U.S., although half of all residents live in rural areas.

What is now North Dakota was inhabited for thousands of years by various

Yankton, Wahpeton, and Teton
) across the rest of the state. European explorers and traders first arrived in the early 18th century, mostly in pursuit of lucrative furs.

The United States acquired the region in the early 19th century, gradually settling it amid

Populist Movement of the Midwest. North and South Dakota were admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, as the 39th and 40th states. President Benjamin Harrison shuffled the statehood papers before signing them so that no one could tell which became a state first; consequently, the two states are officially numbered in alphabetical order.[5] Statehood marked the gradual winding-down of the pioneer period, with the state fully settled by around 1920.[6] Subsequent decades saw a rise in radical agrarian movements and economic cooperatives, of which one legacy is the Bank of North Dakota
, the only state-run bank in the U.S.

Beginning in the mid-20th century, North Dakota's rich natural resources became more critical to economic development; into the 21st century, oil extraction from the Bakken formation in the northwest has played a major role in the state's prosperity. Such development has led to unprecedented population growth (along with high birth rates) and reduced unemployment, with North Dakota having the second-lowest unemployment rate in the U.S., after Hawaii.[7][8][9][10] It ranks relatively well in metrics such as infrastructure, quality of life, economic opportunity, and public safety. It is believed to host the geographic center of North America, Rugby, and is home to what was once the tallest artificial structure in the Western Hemisphere, the KVLY-TV mast.

History

Main article: History of North Dakota

Pre-colonial history

Native American people lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans. The known tribes included the

Crow Indians traveled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas[11] after the split between them, probably in the 17th century.[13]

Later came divisions of the

Plains Cree undertook southward journeys to the village Indians, either for trade or for war.[11][14] The Shoshone Indians in present-day Wyoming and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies as far east as the Missouri.[15] A group of Cheyennes lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower Sheyenne River (Biesterfeldt Site
) for decades in the 18th century.

Due to attacks by Crees, Assiniboines and Chippewas armed with fire weapons[clarification needed], they left the area around 1780 and crossed Missouri some time after.[16] A band of the few Sotaio Indians lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century. They soon followed the Cheyennes across Missouri and lived among them south of Cannonball River.[17]

Eventually, the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota. Before the middle of the 19th century, the Arikara entered the future state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa.[18] With time, a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States. Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe.

European exploration and colonization

The first European to reach the area was the

French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, who led an exploration and trading party to the Mandan villages in 1738 guided by Assiniboine Indians.[19]

From 1762 to 1802, the region formed part of Spanish Louisiana.[20]

Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site

Settlement and statehood

European Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century, when railroads opened up the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture.

Differences between the northern and southern part caused resentments between the settlers. The northern part was seen by the more populated southern part as somewhat disreputable, "too much controlled by the wild folks, cattle ranchers, fur traders" and too frequently the site of conflict with the indigenous population. The northern part was generally content with remaining a territory. However, following the territorial capital being moved from Yankton in the southern part to Bismarck, the southern part began to call for division. Finally, at the 1887 territorial election, the voters approved splitting the territory into two. The division was done by the seventh standard parallel.[21][22]

Congress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, titled the Enabling Act of 1889, on February 22, 1889, during the administration of President Grover Cleveland. His successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.[23]

The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first. The actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first.[24][25] However, since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large.

20th and 21st centuries

Unrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian

Democratic Party after World War II
). It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations.

In addition to founding the state-owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the Soo Line Railroad). Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.[26] Furthermore, the Bank of North Dakota, having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank, exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments, and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008's financial crisis.[27]

North Dakota State Capitol, featuring an Art Deco tower

The original

art-deco skyscraper that still stands today.[28] A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s, including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases.[29]

Western North Dakota saw a boom in oil exploration in the late 1970s and early 1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable.[30] This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined.[30]

In recent years, the state has had lower rates of unemployment than the national average, and increased job and population growth.[9][10] Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil fields in the western part of the state.[8] Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil in the area vary, with some estimating over 100 years' worth.[31]

For decades, North Dakota's annual murder and violent crime rates were regularly the lowest in the United States. In recent years, however, while still below the national average, crime has risen sharply. In 2016, the violent crime rate was three times higher than in 2004, with the rise occurring mostly in the late 2000s, coinciding with the oil boom era. This happened at a time when the national violent crime rate declined slightly.[32] Workers in the oil boom towns have been blamed for much of the increase.[33][34]

Geography

Main article: Geography of North Dakota
See also:
North American continent and borders Canada to the north. The geographic center of North America is near the town of Rugby. Bismarck is the capital of North Dakota, and Fargo
is the most populous city.

View of western North Dakota

North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east. South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the "Geographic Center of the North American Continent". With an area of 70,762 square miles (183,273 km2),[35] 69,001 square miles (178,712 km2) of which is land,[36] North Dakota is the 19th largest state.[37]

The western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The state's high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,069 m), and Theodore Roosevelt National Park[38] are in the Badlands. The region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest artificial lake in the United States, behind the Garrison Dam.[39]

The central region of the state is divided into the

Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the state consists of the flat Red River Valley, the bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, supports a large agriculture industry.[40] Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east.[41]

Most of the state is covered in grassland; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage, such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains, the Turtle Mountains, the hills around Devils Lake, in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota, and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants.[42][43]

Soil is North Dakota's most precious resource. It is the base of the state's great agricultural wealth. North Dakota also has enormous mineral resources. These mineral resources include billions of tons of lignite coal. In addition, North Dakota has large oil reserves. Petroleum was discovered in the state in 1951 and quickly became one of North Dakota's most valuable mineral resources. In the early 2000s, the emergence of hydraulic fracturing technologies enabled mining companies to extract huge amounts of oil from the Bakken shale rock formation in the western part of the state.[44]

North Dakota public lands 5 national parks, 5 state forests, 63 national wildlife refuges, 3 national grassland, and 13 state parks[45] plus there are state trust land, bureau of land management, waterfowl production areas, bureau of reclamation, bureau of land management, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, state wildlife management areas[46]

North Dakota wildlife

Currently there are 36 Level I species, 44 Level II species, and 35 Level III species.[47]

List of birds of North Dakota The basic NDGFD list contains 420 confirmed and extant species, two extinct species. Three additional species have been added from the North Dakota Bird Records Committee (NDBRC) review list with some additions from Avibase. The combined lists contain 420 species. Of them, 194 and a subspecies are on the review list (see below). The NDGFD list considers 44 species to be accidental, and eight species have been introduced to North America.[48]

caribou and grizzly bear
.

List of insects of North Dakota [49] 1,126 Species known in North Dakota

List of fish of North Dakota [50] 98 Species are currently known in North Dakota

List of reptiles/amphibians of North Dakota[51] 16 Species of Reptiles and 12 Amphibians found in the state.

List of crustaceans/mussels of North Dakota

[52] Three species of crawfish are found in North Dakota: Devil, Calico, and Virile

North Dakota is home to three freshwater shrimp species, gammarus, hyalella and mysis. The latter is an introduced species stocked in Lake Sakakawea in the early 1970s to add to the forage base.

[53] Cvancara's Aquatic Mussels of North Dakota from 1983. He documented 13 species of what are generally referred to as clams in the state along with 13 species of pill clams, which are very small clams, in the order of a few millimeters in length. He also documented 22 species of snails in the state.

Climate

Main article: Climate of North Dakota
Köppen climate types of North Dakota

North Dakota has a continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are significant because of its far inland position and being roughly equal distance from the North Pole and the Equator.

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in North Dakota[54]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Fargo 82/59 28/15 18/0 −7/−17
Bismarck 84/57 29/14 23/2 −5/−16
Grand Forks 81/56 27/13 16/−3 −8/−19
Minot 81/58 27/14 21/3 −6/−16
West Fargo 82/59 28/15 16/-2 −9/−19
Williston 84/56 29/13 22/0 −5/−17
Dickinson 83/55 28/12 26/6 −3/−14
Mandan 84/57 29/14 20/−1 −6/−18
Monthly maximum and minimum temperatures (°F/°C) in North Dakota[55]
Month Maximum

°F (°C)

Year Place Minimum

°F (°C)

Year Place
Jan 70/21 1908 Chilcot -56/-49 1916 Goodall
Feb 72/22 1992 Fort Yates[b] -60/-51 1936 Parshall
Mar 90/32 1910 Edmore -48/-44 1897 McKinney
Apr 101/38 1980 Oakes -24/-31 1975 Powers Lake
May 111/44 1934 Langdon -3/-19 1967 Larimore
Jun 112/44 2002 Brien/Flasher 18/-8 1969 Belcourt Indian Reservation
Jul 121/49 1936 Steele 23/-5 1911 Manfred
Aug 115/46 1922 Cando 19/-7 1915 New Rockford
Sep 109/43 1906 Larimore 4/-16 1942 Parshall
Oct 98/37 1963 Watford City -18/-28 1919 Zap
Nov 88/31 1909 Haley -39/-39 1985 Pembina
Dec 70/21 1939 New England -50/-46 1983 Tioga/Williston

On February 21, 1918, Granville, North Dakota experienced a record-breaking 83 °F temperature increase over a 12-hour period, from a low of -33 °F to a high of 50 °F.[56] Another weather record set in Langdon in the winter of 1935–36, with the temperature staying below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) for 41 consecutive days, January 11 though February 20. This is a record for any location in the contiguous U.S.).[57]

Demographics

Population

North Dakota population density

At the 2022 estimate North Dakota's population was 779,261 on July 1, 2022, a 0.02% increase since the 2020 United States census.[58] North Dakota is the fourth least-populous state in the country; only Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer residents.[59]

From fewer than 2,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population has fluctuated slightly over the past seven decades, hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census, with 642,200 in the 2000 census.[60] Except for Native Americans, the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole.[61] As of 2011, 20.7% of North Dakota's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[62] The center of population of North Dakota is in Wells County, near Sykeston.[63]

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 610 homeless people in North Dakota.[64][65]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18702,405—
188036,9091,434.7%
1890190,983417.4%
1900319,14667.1%
1910577,05680.8%
1920646,87212.1%
1930680,8455.3%
1940641,935−5.7%
1950619,636−3.5%
1960632,4462.1%
1970617,761−2.3%
1980652,7175.7%
1990638,800−2.1%
2000642,2000.5%
2010672,5914.7%
2020779,09415.8%
2022 (est.)779,2610.0%
Source: 1910–2020[66]

Race and ethnicity

North Dakota Racial and Ethnic Breakdown of Population
Racial composition 1990[67] 2000[68] 2010[69] 2020[70]
White
 94.6% 92.4% 90.0% 82.9%
Native American 4.1% 4.9% 5.4% 5.0%
Black
 0.6% 0.6% 1.2% 3.4%
Asian
 0.5% 0.6% 1.0% 1.7%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
 – – 0.1% 0.1%
Other race
 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 1.5%
Two or more races
 – 1.2% 1.8% 5.4%
Hispanic Origin 0.7% 1.2% 2.0% 4.3%
Ethnic origins in North Dakota
Map of counties in North Dakota by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race
 2013[71] 2014[72] 2015[73] 2016[74] 2017[75] 2018[76] 2019[77] 2020[78] 2021[79] 2022[80]
White: 8,940 (84.3%) 9,509 (83.7%) 9,354 (82.7%) ... ... ... ... ... ...
>
Non-Hispanic White
 8,531 (80.5%) 9,036 (79.5%) 8,796 (77.7%) 8,486 (74.5%) 7,931 (73.9%) 7,816 (73.5%) 7,567 (72.4%) 7,199 (71.6%) 7,407 (73.2%) 6,965 (72.8%)
American Indian 1,021 (9.6%) 1,032 (9.1%) 985 (8.7%) 875 (7.7%) 820 (7.6%) 844 (7.9%) 803 (7.7%) 771 (7.7%) 685 (6.8%) 643 (6.7%)
Black 375 (3.5%) 504 (4.4%) 640 (5.6%) 612 (5.4%) 608 (5.7%) 609 (5.7%) 651 (6.2%) 659 (6.5%) 595 (5.9%) 585 (6.1%)
Asian 263 (2.5%) 314 (2.8%) 344 (3.0%) 303 (2.7%) 286 (2.7%) 250 (2.4%) 244 (2.3%) 250 (2.5%) 199 (2.0%) 183 (1.9%)
Hispanic (of any race) 436 (4.1%) 480 (4.2%) 580 (5.1%) 584 (5.1%) 587 (5.5%) 635 (6.0%) 651 (6.2%) 672 (6.7%) 671 (6.6%) 671 (7.0%)
Total North Dakota 10,599 (100%) 11,359 (100%) 11,314 (100%) 11,383 (100%) 10,737 (100%) 10,636 (100%) 10,454 (100%) 10,059 (100%) 10,112 (100%) 9,567 (100%)

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Throughout the mid-19th century, Dakota Territory was still dominated by Native Americans; warfare and disease reduced their population at the same time Europeans and Americans were settling in the area. Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, North Dakota, along with most of the Midwest U.S., experienced a mass influx of newcomers from both the eastern United States and immigrants from Europe. North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families, mostly from Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom. Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the Red River Valley, as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota. This area is well known for its fertile lands. By the outbreak of the First World War, this was among North America's richest farming regions. But a period of higher rainfall ended, and many migrants were not successful in the arid conditions. Many family plots were too small to farm successfully.

From the 1930s until the end of the 20th century, North Dakota's population gradually declined, interrupted by a couple of brief increases. Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state. With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices, and environmental conditions requiring larger landholdings for successful agriculture, subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families. Many people moved to urban areas for jobs.[81]

Since the late 20th century, one of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates. Expansion of economic development programs has been urged to create skilled and high-tech jobs, but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate.

unconventional tight oil (shale oil) fields.[83]
Elsewhere, the Native American population has increased as some reservations have attracted people back from urban areas.

According to the 2010 U.S. census, the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was 88.7% non-Hispanic white, 5.4% Native American, 1.2% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% some other race, and 0.2% from two or more races.[84] At the 2019 American Community Survey, North Dakota's racial and ethnic makeup was 83.6% non-Hispanic white, 2.9% Black or African American, 5.0% Native American and Alaska Native, 1.4% Asian, 0.4% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 0.1% some other race, 2.7% multiracial, and 4.0% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.[85]

North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 2013–2014 "more than 68 refugees" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state.[86] In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state.[87] Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state.[88] In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was "awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services".[89] 29.8% of immigrants in North Dakota are from Africa leading to a rapid increase in the black proportion of the population in recent decades from 0.6% in 2000 to 3.9% in 2020.[90]

Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people.[91] Of the residents of North Dakota in 2009, 69.8% were born in North Dakota, 27.2% were born in a different state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 2.4% were born in another country.[92] The age and gender distributions approximate the national average. In 2019, 4.1% were foreign-born residents.[93] The Philippines, Bhutan, Nepal, Canada and Liberia are the top countries of origin for North Dakota's immigrants.[94]

Languages

In 2010, 94.86% (584,496) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke

Native American languages and French (both 0.13%).[95] In 2000, 2.5% of the population spoke German in addition to English, reflecting early 20th century immigration.[96]

In 1940, 56.18% (355,400) of North Dakotans spoke English, 20.34% (128,700) spoke German, 12.85% (81,300) spoke Norwegian, 1.99% (12,600) spoke Swedish, and 8.64% (54,640) spoke some other language.[97]

Religion

See also: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in North Dakota

Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[98]

  Christianity (80%)
  Unaffiliated (12%)
  Other (8%)
Vang Evangelical Lutheran Church in Manfred

The

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod was the largest Evangelical denomination. Among the Christian population of North Dakota, the Roman Catholic Church was the single largest Christian denomination. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 75% of the adult population were Christian, with mainline Protestantism remaining the majority and evangelical Protestantism at 18% of the population.[100]
In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute determined 80% of the population were Christian.

Per the Pew Research Center in 2014, non-Christian religions accounted for 3% of the adult population, with Islam being the largest non-Christian religion. Other faiths such as Unitarians and New Agers collectively made up 1% of the practicing population. At the 2014 survey, 20% were unaffiliated with any religion, and 2% of North Dakotans were atheist; 13% of the population practiced nothing in particular.[99] The 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's survey determined 22% were unaffiliated with any religion,[100] and 12% in 2022.

The largest church bodies by number of adherents in 2010 were the

Roman Catholic Church with 167,349; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 163,209; and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 22,003.[101] In 2006, North Dakota had the most churches per capita of any state.[102] Additionally, North Dakota had the highest percentage of church-going population of any state in 2006.[102] By 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives numbered 164,843, remaining the largest Christian body by attendance; it had an adherence rate of 211.58 per 1,000 people.[103]

A 2001 survey indicated 35% of North Dakota's population was

Presbyterians (1.27%),[104] and Jehovah's Witnesses (1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Protestants and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. There were an estimated 920 Muslims and 730 Jews in the state in 2000.[105] Three percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey, and 6% declined to answer.[102]

Economy

See also:
North Dakota locations by per capita income
Sunflowers in Traill County, North Dakota

Agriculture is North Dakota's largest industry, although petroleum,

median household income from 2013 to 2017 was $61,285.[109]

According to

Job Creation Index score of 40, nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors.[110] North Dakota has added 56,600 private-sector jobs since 2011, creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent.[111][112] According to statistics released in December 2020, by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, North Dakota had the highest rate of annual growth in personal consumption expenditures of all 50 states, from 2009 to 2018.[113] During this time period, annual nominal personal income growth averaged 6% per year, compared to the U.S. average of 4.4%. North Dakota's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture, energy development, and construction.[114][115]
North Dakota also had the highest growth in personal expenditures on housing and utilities of all states, reflecting the sharply increased demand for housing in the 2010s.

Just over 21% of North Dakota's total 2013 gross domestic product (GDP) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining.[116]

North Dakota is the only state with a

flour mill, the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks
. These were established by the NPL before World War II.

As of 2012, Fargo is home to the second-largest campus of

Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks.[117][118]

As of December 2019[update], the state's unemployment rate is among the lowest in the nation at 2.4 percent.[119] With the exception of a five-month period in 2020, the unemployment rate remained below five percent each month since 1987.[120] At end of 2010, the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation, the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th.[121] The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the oil boom in the state.[113] Due to a combination of oil-related development and investing in technology and service industries, North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year since the 2008 market crash.[122]

Since 1976, the highest that North Dakota's unemployment rate has reached is just 6.2%, recorded in 1983. Every U.S. state except neighboring South Dakota has had a higher unemployment rate during that period.[123]

Agriculture

North Dakota's earliest industries were

fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector,[124] it remains a major part of the state's economy. With industrial-scale farming, it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: as of 2008, only two to three percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture.[125] North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with 27,500,000 acres (111,000 km2) of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about a million acres (4,000 km2); North Dakota was the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, 1,800,000 acres (7,300 km2) were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production, the largest such shift in the United States.[126]
Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture, as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop. In addition, this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds, and the balance of the ecosystem.

North Dakota Mill and Elevator postcard, ca. 1922

The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including barley (36% of U.S. crop), durum wheat (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), oats (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of buckwheat (20%). As of 2007, corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production.[126] The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota but is more on the edge of the region instead of in its center. Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state. Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed. The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds, including 92% of the U.S.

canola crop, 94% of flax seed, 53% of sunflower seeds, 18% of safflower seeds, and 62% of mustard seed
. Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast. Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by-product. The by-product is a high-protein animal feed.

Soybeans are also an increasingly important crop, with 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) additional planted between 2002 and 2007.[126] Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state, and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state. Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s, but the crop has become especially common since 1998.[127] In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast, because of the comparatively short growing season
. Soybeans are grown for livestock feed.

North Dakota is the second leading producer of

sugarbeets, which are grown mostly in the Red River Valley. The state is also the largest producer of honey, dry edible peas and beans, lentils, and the third-largest producer of potatoes.[126]

North Dakota's Top Agricultural Commodities (according to the USDA as of 2011[update])[128]

2011 rank in the U.S. Commodity Percent of nation's production
1 Beans, dry edible, all 25%
1 Beans, navy 35%
1 Beans, pinto 46%
1 Canola 83%
1 Flaxseed 87%
1 Honey 22%
1 Sunflower, oil 40%
1 Wheat, durum 36%
1 Wheat, spring 37%
2 Sunflower, all 38%
2 Sunflower, non-oil 24%
2 Wheat, all 10%
3 Barley 11%
3 Lentils 17%
3 Oats 8%
3 Peas, dry edible 21%
3 Sugarbeets 16%
4 Safflower 1%
6 Hay, alfalfa 6%
6 Potatoes 4%
8 Hay, all 4%
10 Soybeans 4%
12 Corn for grain 2%
17 Hay, other 2%
26 Wheat, winter 1%
21 Sheep and lambs 1%
17 Cattle and calves 2%
15 Wool production 2%

Energy

See also: List of power stations in North Dakota
Oil well in western North Dakota

The

subbituminous coal
) in other U.S. states.

Oil was discovered near

Bakken Formation may hold up to 400 billion barrels (6.4×1010 m3) of oil, 25 times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[132][133] A report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less, in the range of 3 billion barrels (480×10^6 m3) to 4.3 billion barrels (680×10^6 m3), with a mean of 3.65 billion barrels (580×10^6 m3).[134]

The northwestern part of the state is the center of the

Minot-Burlington communities are having rapid growth that strains housing and local services. As of 30 November 2022, the state is the 2nd-largest oil producer in the U.S., with an average of 1,097,716 barrels (174,522.9 m3) per day while producing 3,029,032 thousand cubic feet (85,772,600 m3) per day of natural gas for a total of 1,619,963 barrels (257,553.5 m3) of oil equivalent (BOE).[135][136][137]

The Great Plains region, which includes the state of North Dakota, has been referred to as "the Saudi Arabia of wind energy".[138] Development of wind energy in North Dakota has been cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10 miles per hour (16 km/h).

Tourism

North Dakota is considered the least visited state, owing, in part, to its not having a major tourist attraction.[139] Nonetheless, tourism is North Dakota's third largest industry, contributing more than $3 billion into the state's economy annually. Outdoor attractions like the 144-mile (232 km) Maah Daah Hey Trail and activities like fishing and hunting attract visitors. The state is known for the Lewis & Clark Trail and being the winter camp of the Corps of Discovery.[140] Areas popular with visitors include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in the western part of the state. The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year.[141]

Regular events in the state that attract tourists include Norsk Høstfest in Minot, billed as North America's largest Scandinavian festival;[142] the Medora Musical; and the North Dakota State Fair. The state also receives a significant number of visitors from the neighboring Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, particularly when the exchange rate is favorable.[143]

International tourists now also come to visit the Oscar-Zero Missile Alert Facility.[144]

Health care

See also: List of hospitals in North Dakota

North Dakota has one level-I trauma center, six level-II trauma centers, 44 hospitals, 52 rural health clinics, and 80 nursing homes.[145][146][147][148][149] Major provider networks include Sanford, St. Alexius, Trinity, and Altru.

health insurance exchange is the federal site, HealthCare.gov.[152]

North Dakota law requires pharmacies, other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores, to be majority-owned by pharmacists. Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014.[153][154]

Culture

Native American First Nations

Métis
in June 1846 on the prairies in Dakota.

In the 21st century, North Dakota has an increasing population of Native Americans, who in 2010 made up 5.44% of the population. By the early 19th century the territory was dominated by Siouan-speaking peoples, whose territory stretched west from the Great Lakes area. The word "Dakota" is a Sioux (Lakota/Dakota) word meaning "allies" or "friends".

The primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota, are the Lakota and the Dakota ("

Chippewa (known as Ojibwe in Canada), and the Mandan. There are six Indian reservations in North Dakota--Spirit Lake Tribe, Standing Rock Indian Reservation, Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation, and The Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation
.

Pow wows

Social gatherings known as "

powwows" (or wacipis in Lakota/Dakota) continue to be an important part of Native American culture and are held regularly throughout the state. Throughout Native American history, powwows were held, usually in the spring, to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold. These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet with old friends and acquaintances, as well as to make new ones. Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes. Today, powwows are still a part of the Native American culture and are attended by Natives and non-Natives alike. In North Dakota, the United Tribes International Powwow held each September in the capital of Bismarck
, is one of the largest powwows in the United States.

A

pow wow is an occasion for parades and Native American dancers in regalia, with many dancing styles presented. It is traditional for male dancers to wear regalia decorated with beads, quills, and eagle feathers; male grass dancers wear colorful fringe regalia, and male fancy dancers wear brightly colored feathers. Female dancers dance much more subtly than male dancers. Fancy female dancers wear cloth, beaded moccasins, and jewelry, while the jingle dress
dancer wears a dress made of metal cones. Inter-tribal dances during the powwow, allow everyone (even spectators) to take part in the dancing.

Norwegian and Icelandic influences

Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898

Around 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota's northeastern corner, especially near the Red River.

Norwegians when it was founded; they worked on family farms. They started Lutheran churches and schools, greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area. This group has unique foods such as lefse and lutefisk. The continent's largest Scandinavian event, Norsk Høstfest, is celebrated each September in Minot's North Dakota State Fair Center, a local attraction featuring art, architecture, and cultural artifacts from all five Nordic countries. The Icelandic State Park in Pembina County
and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country, who are also descended from Scandinavians.

Old World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota, with the revival of techniques in weaving, silver crafting, and wood carving. Traditional turf-roof houses are displayed in parks; this style originated in Iceland. A

Norwegian-Americans
constitute nearly one-third or 32.3% of Minot's total population and 30.8% of North Dakota's total population.

Germans from Russia

See also:
Germans from Russia

Ethnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations since the reign of

Hutterites, in particular the revocation of exemption from military service in 1871. Most Mennonites and Hutterites migrated to America in the late 1870s. By 1900, about 100,000 had immigrated to the U.S., settling primarily in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The south-central part of North Dakota became known as "the German-Russian triangle". By 1910, about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota. These individuals were Lutherans, Mennonites, Hutterites and Roman Catholics who had kept most of their German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia. They were committed to agriculture. Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans.[156][157]

Fine and performing arts

North Dakota's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the Fargo Theatre, North Dakota Museum of Art, and the Plains Art Museum. The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra, Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra, Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra, Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to their communities.

Entertainment

See also: Music of North Dakota

North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang, country music singer Lynn Anderson, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee, big band leader Lawrence Welk, and pop singer Bobby Vee. The state is also home to Indie rock June Panic (of Fargo, signed to Secretly Canadian).

Hollywood and TV star

7, respectively, of America's Next Top Model. Kellan Lutz has appeared in movies such as Stick It, Accepted, Prom Night, and Twilight
.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of North Dakota

Sports

Bismarck was home of the

Bismarck Bucks of the Indoor Football League
.

North Dakota has two NCAA Division I teams, the North Dakota Fighting Hawks and North Dakota State Bison, and two Division II teams, the Mary Marauders and Minot State Beavers.

Fargo is home to the

USHL ice hockey team the Fargo Force. Fargo is also the home of the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks of the American Association
.

The North Dakota High School Activities Association features more than 25,000 participants.

Outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans.

snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake. Popular sport fish include walleye, perch, and northern pike.[159]

The western terminus of the

North Country National Scenic Trail is on Lake Sakakawea, where it abuts the Lewis and Clark Trail.

Media

See also: List of newspapers in North Dakota, List of radio stations in North Dakota, and List of television stations in North Dakota

The state has 10 daily newspapers, the largest being

alternative weekly High Plains Reader
.

The state's oldest radio station, WDAY-AM, was launched on May 23, 1922.[160] North Dakota's three major radio markets center around Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, though stations broadcast in every region of the state. Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s. North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations.[161][162][163] KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience.[164]

digital subchannels
.

Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck, Dickinson, Fargo, and Jamestown
.

Education

Higher education

Main article: List of colleges and universities in North Dakota

The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota.

The higher education system consists of the following institutions:

North Dakota University System (public institutions):

Tribal institutions:

Private institutions:

Primary and secondary education

See also: List of school districts in North Dakota

There were 142 schools in North Dakota cities and 4,722

The Nation's Report Card ranks North Dakota fifteenth in the country in K-12 education based on standardized test scores.[168]

Emergency services

The North Dakota Department of Emergency Services[169] provides 24/7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies. In addition, "it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program".[170] In 2011, the Department selected Geo-Comm, Inc.[171] "for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project", which will facilitate "identifying locations 9–1–1 callers" and route emergency calls based on locations.[172] In 1993 the state adopted the Burkle addressing system numbering rural roads and buildings to aid in the delivery of emergency services.[173]

Transportation

See also:
List of North Dakota numbered highways, List of North Dakota railroads, and Aviation in North Dakota
Interstate 94 in North Dakota, near Gladstone

Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the

BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway operate the state's largest rail systems. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad.[174][175]

North Dakota's principal airports are the Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), Bismarck Municipal Airport (BIS), Minot International Airport (MOT) and Williston Basin International Airport (XWA) in Williston.

St. Paul to Seattle
.

Intercity bus service is provided by

Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed-route bus systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, paratransit service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems.[177]

Law and government

As with the federal government of the United States, political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[178]

The Constitution of North Dakota and the North Dakota Century Code form the formal law of the state; the North Dakota Administrative Code incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies.[179]

In a 2020 study, North Dakota was ranked as the 8th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[180]

Executive

Building in Bismarck that houses a variety of state agencies: Workforce Safety & Insurance; Retirement & Investment; Parks & Recreation; PERS; Child Support; Commerce; and OBM Risk Management.
See also:
List of Attorneys General of North Dakota

The executive branch is headed by the elected governor. The current governor is Doug Burgum, a Republican who took office December 15, 2016, after his predecessor, Jack Dalrymple did not seek reelection. The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is Tammy Miller, who is also the President of the Senate. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms, which are next up for election in 2024. The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, state auditor, and state treasurer.

Legislative

The

bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 47 districts, each with one senator and two representatives. Both senators and representatives are elected to four-year terms. The state's legal code is named the North Dakota Century Code
.

Judicial

North Dakota's court system has four levels, one of which is dormant. Municipal courts serve the cities. Decisions from municipal courts are generally appealable to district court. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts.[181][182] Appeals from final district court decisions are made to the North Dakota Supreme Court. An intermediate court of appeals was provided for by statute in 1987, but the North Dakota Court of Appeals has only heard 65 cases since its inception. The North Dakota Court of Appeals is essentially dormant, but capable of meeting if the North Dakota Supreme Court's case load necessitates the reestablishment of intermediate review.[183][184]

Indian tribes and reservations

Administrative building for the Standing Rock Indian Reservation

Historically, North Dakota was populated by the

Métis
. Today, five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent, sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations:

Federal

See also:
List of Presidential visits to North Dakota

North Dakota's

congressional district represented by Representative Kelly Armstrong (R
).

Federal court cases are heard in the

St. Louis, Missouri
.

Politics

Main article: Politics of North Dakota
See also:
Treemap
of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election

The major political parties in North Dakota are the

Democratic-NPL and the Republican Party. As of 2007, the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party
are also organized parties in the state.

At the state level, the

George Sinner
.

The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state by a considerable margin; in

Electoral College
votes from North Dakota.

On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and House seats won every election between 1982 and 2008, and the state's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011. However, both of the current U.S. senators, John Hoeven and Kevin Cramer, are Republicans, as is the sole House member, Kelly Armstrong.

A six-week abortion ban is active in North Dakota. Despite this, a simple majority of the state's citizens oppose the legislation.[186]

State taxes

North Dakota has a slightly progressive income tax structure; the five brackets of state income tax rates are 1.1%, 2.04%, 2.27%, 2.64%, and 2.90% as of 2017.[187] In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes.[188] The sales tax in North Dakota is 6% for most items.[189] The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks.[190] Excise taxes are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of real property in North Dakota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.[191]

The Tax Foundation ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most "business friendly" tax climate in the nation.[192] Tax Freedom Day arrives on April 1, 10 days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day.[192] In 2006, North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an adjusted gross income of over $1M—only 333.[193]

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of people from North Dakota.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As of 2020 United States Census.
  1. ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
  2. ^ Also on earlier dates at the same time or other places.

References

  1. ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  2. ^ "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  3. ^ "North Dakota Century Code, CHAPTER 54–02–13" (PDF). September 13, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  4. ^ "North Dakota". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
  5. ISBN 978-0061431395
    .
  6. ^ "North Dakota - History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  7. ^ "Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows". Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 2018. Archived from the original on September 5, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  8. ^ a b Shactman, Brian (August 28, 2011). "Unemployed? Go to North Dakota". CNBC. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  9. ^ a b Fernando, Vincent; Jin, Betty (August 23, 2010). "10 States With Ridiculously Low Unemployment—And Why". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  10. ^ a b Shaffer, David (December 22, 2012). "N. Dakota population growth is tops in U.S". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  11. ^ a b c Wood, W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen: Early Fur Trade On The Northern Plains. Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians, 1738–1818. Norman and London, 1987, p. 5.
  12. ^ Ahler, Stanley A., T. D. Thiessen and M. K. Trimble: People of the Willows. The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians. Grand Forks, 1991., p. 38.
  13. ^ Wood, W. Raymond: Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 22 (1977), pp. 83–100, p. 86.
  14. ^ Milloy, John S.: The Plains Cree. Trade, Diplomacy and War, 1790–1870. Winnipeg, 1988, pp. 47–66.
  15. ^ Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. Plains Anthropologist. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255–276, p. 266.
  16. ^ Hyde, George E.: Life of George Bent. Written From His Letters. Norman, 1987. pp. 9–15.
  17. ^ Wood, W. Raymond: The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland: Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map. Plains Anthropologist. Vol. 55, No. 216 (Nov. 2010), pp. 255–276, p. 272.
  18. ^ Meyer, Roy W.: The Village Indians of Upper Missouri. The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras. Lincoln and London, 1977, p. 90.
  19. ^ "Audio Transcript of Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye 1738". The Atlas of Canada. 2003. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  20. ^ "Louisiana Purchase—History, Facts, & Map". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  21. ^ "Now You Know: Why Are There Two Dakotas?". Time. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  22. ^ "Moving Toward Statehood | North Dakota Studies". October 17, 2015. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  23. ^ "Enabling Act". Washington State Legislature. Archived from the original on September 19, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  24. ^ "H.I.P. Pocket Change™ Web Site—Coin of the Month". usmint.gov. September 2006. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  25. ^ "North Dakota's Boundaries". North Dakota Geological Survey. 2002. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  26. ^ "CHAPTER 10-06.1 Corporate or Limited Liability Company Farming" (PDF). State of North Dakota. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  27. ^ Harkinson, Josh (March 27, 2009). "How the Nation's Only State-Owned Bank Became the Envy of Wall Street". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  28. ^ "North Dakota State Capitol Building & Grounds Virtual Tour Map". The Real North Dakota Project. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  29. ^ "North Dakota Timeline". WorldAtlas.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  30. ^ a b "North Dakota History: Overview and Summary". State Historical Society of North Dakota. 1999. Archived from the original on April 3, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  31. ^ Perry, Mark (January 31, 2013). "Bakken oil boom in North Dakota might last for 100 years". American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  32. ^ Effgen, Christopher. "United States Crime Rates 1960—2016". www.disastercenter.com. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  33. ^ "Crime In North Dakota's Oil Boom Towns Is So Bad That The FBI Is Stepping In". ThinkProgress. March 6, 2015. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  34. ^ Effgen, Christopher. "North Dakota Crime Rates 1960—2016". www.disastercenter.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
  35. ^ "Facts and figures". infoplease.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
  36. ^ "QuickFacts: North Dakota". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  37. ^ "Land and Water Area of States, 2000". Information Please. 2006. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  38. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt National Park Virtual Tour". The Real North Dakota Project. 2007. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  39. ^ "History of Lake Sakakawea State Park". North Dakota Parks & Recreation Department. 2003. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  40. ^ "A Glacier, A Lake, A Valley and Soil for the Future". University of Minnesota. 1979. Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  41. ^ "North Dakota Facts and Trivia". 50States.com. 2007. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.
  42. ^ "Flora of North Dakota: Checklist". ashipunov.info. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  43. ^ "Flora of North Dakota Illustrated Checklist" (PDF). Ashipunov.info.
  44. ^ "Bakken Oil Boom, North Dakota, USA". USGS.
  45. ^ "Top 30 Backyard Birds in North Dakota". Bird advisors. January 25, 2021.
  46. ^ "North Dakota plots guide". North Dakota Game and Fish.
  47. ^ "Species of Conservation Priority". North Dakota Game and Fish.
  48. ^ birdy (March 3, 2023). "10 Species Of Hawks In North Dakota [Images + Ids]". birdsology. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
  49. ^ "BUGS Listing of bugs and other insects that can be found in North Dakota". Insect identification.
  50. ^ "Current North Dakota Fish Species Listing". North Dakota Game and Fish.
  51. ^ "The Reptile and Amphibians of North Dakota" (PDF). North Dakota Game and Fish.
  52. ^ "Distribution of crayfish species in select North Dakota streams". Digital commons.
  53. ^ "Giant floater clams". Prairie Public. August 3, 2019.
  54. ^ "North Dakota climate averages". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on October 9, 2015. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  55. ^ "North Dakota temperature extremes". Info please.
  56. ^ "Some outstanding temperature rises". Infoplease.
  57. ^ "The Most Anomalous Weather Events in U.S. History: Part 2". Weather underground.
  58. ^ "QuickFacts North Dakota; UNITED STATES". 2022 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 26, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  59. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  60. ^ "North Dakota Historical Population". North Dakota State University. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  61. ^ "North Dakota QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  62. ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
  63. ^ "statecenters". U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2006.
  64. ^ "2007-2022 PIT Counts by State".
  65. ^ "The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress" (PDF).
  66. ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  67. ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on December 24, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  68. ^ "Census Viewer". Censusviewer.com. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  69. ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  70. ^ "2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2022.
  71. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2013" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  72. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2014" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  73. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2015" (PDF). Cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  74. ^ "data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
  75. ^ "Births: Final Data for 2017" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  76. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  77. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  78. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  79. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  80. ^ "Data" (PDF). www.cdc.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  81. ^ "Leading Population Trends in North Dakota". North Dakota State University. 2007. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  82. ^ "Agenda 2003—Saving North Dakota". The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. 2002. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  83. ^ "Oil boom turbocharges North Dakota population growth" Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Denver Post, Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  84. ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data—2010 Census". 2010.census.gov. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  85. ^ "2019 Demographic and Housing Estimates". data.census.gov. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  86. ^ "Where refugees go in America". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  87. ^ "Fiscal Year 2014 Refugee Arrivals—Office of Refugee Resettlement—Administration for Children and Families". Acf.hhs.gov. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  88. ^ "North Dakota leads nation in refugee resettlement per capita". Inforum.com. October 4, 2015. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  89. ^ "Federal funding issued for refugee resettlement". Inforum.com. September 25, 2015. Archived from the original on September 26, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  90. ^ "Place of Birth for the Foreign-born Population". Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
  91. ^ "Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States, Regions and States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (NST-EST2008-04)". U.S. Census Bureau. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original (CSV) on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  92. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "U.S. Census website—Results" Archived December 27, 1996, at the Wayback Machine .
  93. ^ "2019 QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  94. ^ "Immigrants make up about 5% of North Dakota's population, report says". September 21, 2020.
  95. ^ "Most Spoken Language in North Dakota in 2010". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
  96. ^ "US Census 2000" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  97. ^ "1940 Census of Population: Mother Tongue, by Nativity, Parentage, Country of Origin, and Age, for States and Large Cities" (PDF). Census.gov. 1943. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  98. ^ Staff (February 24, 2023). "2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition". Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  99. ^ a b "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  100. ^ a b "PRRI – American Values Atlas". ava.prri.org. Retrieved September 17, 2022.
  101. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". Thearda.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
  102. ^ a b c "American Religious Identification Survey". Exhibit 15. The Graduate Center, City University of New York. Archived from the original on September 13, 2006. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
  103. ^ "2023 Congregational Membership". Association of Religion Data Archives. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  104. ^ "Presbytery of the Northern Plains". Presbytery of the Northern Plains. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  105. ^ "North Dakota—Religions". City-data.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  106. ^ "Economy of North Dakota". NetState. June 4, 2007. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  107. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by State, 2nd quarter 2018". Bureau of Economic Analysis. January 19, 2019. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  108. ^ "Current-Dollar Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State and Region, 2017:Q1-2018:Q2" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. January 19, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  109. ^ a b "Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2017 dollars), 2013–2017". United States Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  110. ^ O'Neal, Adam (February 12, 2014). "N. Dakota Again Tops Job-Creation List, D.C. Second". Real Clear Politics. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  111. ^ Thomas, G. Scott (June 27, 2013). "Governors and jobs: How governors rank for job creation in their states". The Business Journals. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  112. ^ Saad, Lydia (February 12, 2014). "North Dakota Leads in Job Creation for Fifth Straight Year". Gallup. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
  113. ^ a b c "Regional Quarterly Report, Survey of Current Business, January 2020". apps.bea.gov. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
  114. ^ "ND records nation's highest personal income growth". Yahoo News. March 25, 2014. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  115. ^ Graeber, Daniel (March 26, 2014). "Economy in oil-rich North Dakota booming". UPI. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
  116. ^ "Will $60 Oil Ruin North Dakota's Economy?". 247wallst.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  117. ^ "Amazon to Expand Customer Service Center in Grand Forks, ND". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  118. ^ Gunderson, Dan (December 5, 2011). "With Microsoft, Hitachi to open software business in Fargo". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  119. ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page". Bls.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
  120. ^ "North Dakota : Midwest Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  121. ^ Cauchon, Dennis (March 17, 2011). "North Dakota economy booms, population soars". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
  122. ^ Canova, Timothy. "The Public Option: The Case for Parallel Public Banking Institutions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  123. ^ "Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs/Lows". Bls.gov. January 18, 2019. Archived from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  124. ^ "North Dakota—DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics:  2000". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
  125. ^ "Extension". Csrees.usda.gov. April 19, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  126. ^ a b c d United States Department of Agriculture (December 2009). 2007 Census of Agriculture Archived October 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. 1. Part 51. pp. 276–293, pp. 345–355, p. 434, pp. 474–489.
  127. ^ "NASS—Publications—Trends in U.S. Agriculture". Nass.usda.gov. December 5, 2005. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  128. ^ "North Dakota's Top Agricultural Commodities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  129. ^ "EIA Renewable Energy-North Dakota Renewable Profile". May 27, 2008. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008.
  130. ^ "Coal Statistics". National Mining Association. May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  131. ^ "Things To Do In North Dakota". ThingsToDo.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  132. ^ Gunderson, Dan (August 28, 2006). "North Dakota oil patch is booming". Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  133. ^ Donovan, Lauren (June 20, 2006). "North Dakota may be bigger oil player than Alaska". Bismarck Tribune.
  134. ^ "3 to 4.3 Billion Barrels of Technically Recoverable Oil Assessed in North Dakota and Montana's Bakken Formation—25 Times More Than 1995 Estimate". U.S. Geological Survey. April 10, 2008. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
  135. ^ "North Dakota Drilling and Production Statistics". Dmr.nd.gov. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  136. ^ "Crude Oil Production". Eia.doe.gov. Archived from the original on April 23, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  137. ^ "North Dakota becomes US's 2nd-leading oil producer—Economic Times". July 10, 2012. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2017 – via Archive.is.
  138. ^ "Earth Policy Reader". Archived from the original on June 4, 2009. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
  139. ^ Lukas, Paul (November 1, 1999). "State Secret North Dakota, our least visited state, is also among the most underappreciated". CNNMoney.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  140. ^ Meltzer, Matt (September 20, 2015). "The Least-Visited States in America, and Why You Should Go to Each". Thrillist.com. Archived from the original on September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  141. ^ "First Annual Centennial Strategy for Theodore Roosevelt National Park" (PDF). August 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  142. ^ "Norsk Høstfest". October 7, 2006. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010.
  143. S2CID 167403788
    .
  144. ^ "Zone Interdite : Classé Secret Défense – le Tour du Monde de la famille Bourgeois" (in French). June 8, 2018. Archived from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  145. ^ Aljets, Nadine (August 16, 2018). "Sanford Health Fargo verified a Level I Adult Trauma Center". Sanford Health News. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  146. ^ Verified Trauma Centers Archived July 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. American College of Surgeons. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
  147. ^ Health Resources Archived May 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Ndhealth.gov. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.
  148. ^ Health Resources Archived May 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Ndhealth.gov. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.
  149. ^ Health Resources Archived April 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Ndhealth.gov. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.
  150. ^ "Licensed and Non-Licensed Affiliates". BCBSND. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  151. ^ "North Dakota Department of Human Services". Nd.gov. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  152. ^ "Health Insurance Marketplace for Individuals". HealthCare.gov. March 31, 2014. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  153. ^ Blair, Whitney (December 6, 2010). "Why Walgreens In Fargo, N.D., Can't Fill Your Prescriptions". Npr.org. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  154. ^ "Secretary of State—Election Night Results—November 8th, 2016". results.sos.nd.gov. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  155. ^ William Charles Sherman, Playford V. Thorson, Warren A. Henke, Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History (North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies, 1986) pp 189, 242, 256
  156. ^ Elwyn B. Robinson, History of North Dakota (1966) pp. 285–87, 557
  157. ^ "Germans from Russia Heritage Collection". Library.ndsu.edu. September 1, 2002. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  158. ^ "Josh Duhamel". IMDb. 2007. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  159. ^ "Fish Species". North Dakota Game and Fish Department. 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  160. ^ "First Stations in Each State". National Radio Club. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  161. ^ AM Query Results—Audio Division (FCC) USA Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  162. ^ FM Query Results—Audio Division (FCC) USA Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  163. ^ FM Query Results—Audio Division (FCC) USA Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  164. ^ Radio Online ® Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Ratings.radio-online.com (June 8, 2013). Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  165. ^ "North Dakota's First Television Station". Prairie Public. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  166. ^ "Nielsen Media 2011–2012 Local Market Estimates". TVJobs.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  167. Newspapers.com
    .
  168. ^ "NAEP State Profiles". www.nationsreportcard.gov. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  169. ^ "ND Department of Emergency Services : Welcome". Nd.gov. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  170. ^ "ND Department of Emergency Services : About NDDES". Nd.gov. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  171. ^ "Home—GeoComm". GeoComm. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  172. ^ "Map Data Development Services". Geo-comm.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  173. ^ "Emergency Services Communications Systems" (PDF) (North Dakota Century Code). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
  174. ^ "Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad". Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad. Archived from the original on October 4, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  175. ^ "About Us". Red River Valley and Western Railroad. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  176. ^ "Amtrak—Routes—Northwest". Amtrak. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
  177. ^ Transit / Data Maps Archived December 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. NDSU SURTC. Retrieved on July 12, 2013.
  178. ^ "State Government". State of North Dakota. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  179. ^ "North Dakota Administrative Code | North Dakota Legislative Branch". Legis.nd.gov. July 1, 1978. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
  180. S2CID 225139517
    .
  181. ^ "District Courts". North Dakota Supreme Court. Archived from the original on October 20, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  182. ^ "All District Judges". North Dakota Supreme Court. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  183. ^ "North Dakota Judicial System". North Dakota Supreme Court. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2007.
  184. ^ VandeWalle, Gerald (September 8, 2013). "North Dakota Destinctives" (PDF). Albany Law Review. 76 (4): 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  185. MIT. Archived
    from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  186. ^ Carvell, Tasha. "Abortion ban opposed by majority of likely North Dakota voters, new poll finds". The Mighty 790 KFGO | KFGO. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  187. ^ "2017 Tax Tables for Form ND-1" (PDF). Office of State Tax Commissioner, North Dakota. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 20, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  188. ^ "States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount: 2005". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 9, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  189. ^ "Sales and Use". Office of State Tax Commissioner, Tax Department, North Dakota. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  190. ^ "Grand Forks: Economy—Major Industries and Commercial Activity". City-Data.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  191. ^ "Property". Office of State Tax Commissioner, Tax Department, North Dakota. Archived from the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
  192. ^ a b "Tax Research Areas > North Dakota". The Tax Foundation. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  193. ^ "IRS—Tax Stats at a Glance". Archived from the original on August 9, 2012.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of North Dakota history
  • Arends, Shirley Fischer. The Central Dakota Germans: Their History, Language, and Culture. (1989). 289 pp.
  • Berg, Francie M., ed. Ethnic Heritage in North Dakota. (1983). 174 pp.
  • Blackorby, Edward C. Prairie Rebel: The Public Life of William Lemke (1963), a radical leader in 1930s online edition
  • Collins, Michael L. That Damned Cowboy: Theodore Roosevelt and the American West, 1883–1898 (1989).
  • Cooper, Jerry and Smith, Glen. Citizens as Soldiers: A History of the North Dakota National Guard. (1986). 447 pp.
  • Crawford, Lewis F. History of North Dakota (3 vol 1931), excellent history in vol 1; biographies in vol. 2–3
  • Danbom, David B. "Our Purpose Is to Serve": The First Century of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. (1990). 237 pp.
  • Eisenberg, C. G. History of the First Dakota-District of the Evangelical-Lutheran Synod of Iowa and the Other States. (1982). 268 pp.
  • Ginsburg, Faye D. Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community (1989). 315 pp. the issue in Fargo
  • Hargreaves, Mary W. M. Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains: Years of Readjustment, 1920–1990. (1993). 386 pp.
  • Howard, Thomas W., ed. The North Dakota Political Tradition. (1981). 220 pp.
  • Hudson, John C. Plains Country Towns. (1985). 189 pp. geographer studies small towns
  • Junker, Rozanne Enerson. The Bank of North Dakota: An Experiment in State Ownership. (1989). 185 pp.
  • Lamar, Howard R. Dakota Territory, 1861–1889: A Study of Frontier Politics (1956).
  • Lounsberry, Clement A. Early history of North Dakota (1919) excellent history by an editor of Bismarck Tribune; 645pp online edition
  • Lysengen, Janet Daley and Rathke, Ann M., eds. The Centennial Anthology of "North Dakota History: Journal of the Northern Plains" (1996). 526 pp. articles from state history journal covering all major topics in the state's history
  • Morlan, Robert L. Political Prairie Fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915–1922. (1955). 414 pp. NPL comes to power briefly
  • Peirce, Neal R. The Great Plains States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Nine Great Plains States (1973) excerpt and text ssearch, chapter on North Dakota
  • Robinson, Elwyn B., D. Jerome Tweton, and David B. Danbom. History of North Dakota (2nd ed. 1995) standard history, by leading scholars; extensive bibliography
  • Schneider, Mary Jane. North Dakota Indians: An Introduction. (1986). 276 pp.
  • Sherman, William C. and Thorson, Playford V., eds. Plains Folk: North Dakota's Ethnic History. (1988). 419 pp.
  • Sherman, William C. Prairie Mosaic: An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota. (1983). 152 pp.
  • Smith, Glen H. Langer of North Dakota: A Study in Isolationism, 1940–1959. (1979). 238 pp. biography of influential conservative Senator
  • Snortland, J. Signe, ed. A Traveler's Companion to North Dakota State Historic Sites. (1996). 155 pp.
  • Stock, Catherine McNicol. Main Street in Crisis: The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains. (1992). 305pp. online edition
  • Tauxe, Caroline S. Farms, Mines and Main Streets: Uneven Development in a Dakota County. (1993). 276 pp. coal and grain in Mercer County
  • Tweton, D. Jerome and Jelliff, Theodore B. North Dakota: The Heritage of a People. (1976). 242 pp. textbook history
  • Wilkins, Robert P. and Wilkins, Wynona Hachette. North Dakota: A Bicentennial History. (1977) 218 pp. popular history
  • Wishart, David J. ed. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, University of Nebraska Press, 2004,
    ISBN 0-8032-4787-7. complete text online
    ; 900 pages of scholarly articles
  • Young, Carrie. Prairie Cooks: Glorified Rice, Three-Day Buns, and Other Reminiscences. (1993). 136 pp.

Primary sources

External links

Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
Admitted on November 2, 1889 (39th) 		Succeeded by