North East England

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North East England
North of Tyne North East Tees Valley
Districts	7 unitary 5 metropolitan
Counties	County Durham Northumberland North Yorkshire (part) Tyne and Wear
Government
• House of Commons	29 MPs (of 650)
Area [1]
• Total	3,350 sq mi (8,676 km2)
• Land	3,313 sq mi (8,581 km2)
• Water	7 sq mi (18 km2)
• Rank	8th
Population  (2021)[2]
• Total	2,646,772
• Rank	9th
• Density	800/sq mi (308/km2)
Ethnicity (2021) [3]
• Ethnic groups	List 93.0% White 3.7% Asian 1.3% Mixed 1.0% Black 1.0% other
Religion (2021) [3]
• Religion	List 50.8% Christianity 40.0% no religion 2.7% Islam 0.4% Hinduism 0.3% Sikhism 0.3% Buddhism 0.2% Judaism 0.4% other 5.0% not stated
GSS code	E12000001
ITL code	TLC
GVA	2021 estimate[4]
• Total	£56.5 billion
• Rank	9th
• Per capita	£21,340
• Rank	9th
GDP (nominal)	2021 estimate[5]
• Total	£65.0 billion
• Rank	9th
• Per capita	£24,575
• Rank	9th

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North East England is one of nine official

.

History

The region's historic importance is displayed by Northumberland's ancient castles, the two

The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in works such as the

In 793, the Vikings arrived on the shores of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne.[16] The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter." There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066.^[17] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves"^[18]

The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria extended from the Scottish borders (then

]

Local government

The region has the following local authorities:

Local authority	Ceremonial county	Combined authority
Northumberland		North of Tyne
Newcastle upon Tyne	Tyne and Wear
North Tyneside
Gateshead		North East
South Tyneside
Sunderland
County Durham	County Durham
Darlington		Tees Valley
Hartlepool
Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees)
Stockton-on-Tees (south Tees)	North Yorkshire (part only)
Redcar and Cleveland
Middlesbrough

The region was created in 1994; defined as Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham and Cleveland. A 1996 reform of local government created ceremonial counties and unitary authorities, allowing districts to govern outside their designated counties. The reform also abolished Cleveland with it split between County Durham and North Yorkshire, the latter county covers parts of two regions since.

The region is mostly parished with some remaining unparished areas following the 1974 creation of the Cleveland districts, Darlington, Tyne and Wear districts, Derwentside and Wear Valley.

Elections

The North East has a strong tendency to vote

a distant third on 8%.

Numbers of MPs returned per party (total 29)
Affiliation		2010–15	2015–17	2017–19	2019–present
	Conservative Party	2	3	3	10
	Labour Party	25	26	26	19
	Liberal Democrat	2	0	0	0

Bodies

Authority 1	Authority 2	Authority 3
North East Assembly (NEA), 1998–2009
Association of North East Councils (ANEC), 2009–2016 One NorthEast (1NE), 2009–2012
North East Combined Authority (NECA), 2014–2023		Tees Valley Combined Authority (TVCA), 2016–present
NECA	North of Tyne Combined Authority (NTCA), 2018–2023
North East Mayoral Combined Authority (NEMCA), 2024–present

In November 2004, a

The former

North of Tyne

authorities later split off, leaving authorities south of the River Tyne.

The Tees Valley boroughs (Darlington, Hartlepool, Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar & Cleveland, and Middlesbrough) established the Tees Valley Combined Authority in 2016.

Geography

The region is generally hilly and sparsely populated in the North and West, and urban and arable in the East and South. The highest point in the region is The Cheviot, in the Cheviot Hills, at 815 metres (2,674 ft).

The region contains the urban centres of Tyneside, Wearside, and Teesside and is noted for the rich natural beauty of its coastline, Northumberland National Park, and the section of the Pennines that includes Teesdale and Weardale.

Climate

North East England has a

Precipitation is often low by English standards, in spite of the low levels of sunshine, with Stockton-on-Tees averaging only 574.2 millimetres (22.61 in) annually, and with the seaside town of Tynemouth (despite its slightly sunnier climate) recording 597.2 millimetres (23.51 in) annually.[25] The summers on the northern coastlines are significantly cooler than in the southern and central inland areas: Tynemouth is only just above 18 °C (64 °F) in July. Further inland, frosts during winter are more common, due to the higher elevations and distance from the sea.

Biodiversity

The region has a diverse landscape that includes maritime cliffs and extensive

and traditional upland hay meadows of the North Pennines, and the Arctic-alpine flora of Upper Teesdale.

The beauty of the Northumbrian coastline has led to its designation as an area of outstanding natural beauty (AONB) stretching 100 miles from

The seal colony at Seal Sands on the mouth of the River Tees is thriving and in 2013 had more than 60

The Magnesian Limestone grasslands of East Durham are a unique habitat not found anywhere else in the world which is particularly important to many species of butterfly and moths.^[32]

The Northeast of England also features woodland such as

Landmarks

Demographics

The North East has the smallest population of all English regions.

The North East with Scotland, the South West of England, Wales and Northern Ireland are the British regions to have seen the least immigration in over 50 years.^{[35][needs update]} The Northeast of England as a region has the lowest rate of HIV infection in the UK,^[36] but has the highest rate of heart attacks among men and of lung cancer among women in England, along with the highest male lung cancer rate in the UK.^[37]

In 2010 the region had the second highest trade union membership among UK men.^{[38][needs update]}

Higher education students from the North East are most likely to pick a university in their home region.^[39] The last immigration wave before the 21st century was in the late 1990s as a result of the government's dispersal policy scheme that relocated asylum seekers and new arrivals throughout the country. In 2017, most migrants were non-EU born, and about 60,000 EU-born.^[40]

Ethnicity

Ethnic group	1981 estimations[41]		1991[42]		2001[43]		2011[44]		2021[45]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
White: Total	2,544,069	99%	2,507,133	98.6%	2,455,416	97.61%	2,475,567	95.32%	2,462,720	93.1%
White: British	–	–	–	–	2,425,592	96.42%	2,431,423	93.62%	2,397,557	90.6%
White: Irish	–	–	–	–	8,682		8,035		8,384	0.3%
White: Irish Traveller/Gypsy	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,684		2,621	0.1%
White: Roma	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,375	0.1%
White: Other	–	–	–	–	21,142		34,425		51,783	2.0%
Asian or Asian British : Total	–	–	27,626	1.1%	39,630	1.57%	74,599	2.87%	98,046	3.6%
Asian or Asian British: Indian	–	–	7,470		10,156		15,817		22,021	0.8%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani	–	–	9,257		14,074		19,831		27,290	1.0%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi	–	–	3,416		6,167		10,972		16,355	0.6%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese	–	–	4,519		6,048		14,284		14,442	0.5%
Asian or Asian British: Asian Other	–	–	2,964		3,185		13,695		17,938	0.7%
Black or Black British: Total	–	–	4,057	0.2%	3,953	0.15%	13,220	0.5%	26,635	1%
Black or Black British: African	–	–	1,428		2,597		10,982		22,066	0.8%
Black or Black British: Caribbean	–	–	1,013		927		1,193		1,704	0.1%
Black or Black British: Other	–	–	1,616		429		1,045		2,865	0.1%
Mixed: Total	–	–	–	–	12,228	0.48%	22,449	0.86%	33,271	1.2%
Mixed: Caribbean	–	–	–	–	2,783		5,938		5,650	0.2%
Mixed: African	–	–	–	–	1,741		3,549		6,527	0.2%
Mixed: Asian	–	–	–	–	4,733		8,022		12,490	0.5%
Mixed: Other Mixed	–	–	–	–	2,971		4,940		8,604	0.3%
Other: Total	–	–	4,753	0.2%	4,215	0.16%	11,051	0.42%	26,342	1%
Other: Arab	–	–	–	–	–	–	5,850		10,406	0.4%
Other: Any other ethnic group	–	–	4,753	0.2%	4,215	0.16%	5,201		15,936	0.6%
Non-White: Total	26,247	1%	36,436	1.4%	60,026	2.4%	121,319	4.7%	184,294	6.9%
Total	2,570,316	100%	2,543,569	100%	2,515,442	100%	2,596,886	100%	2,647,014	100%

Population genetics

North East England, together with Tweeddale, was the ancient British tribal kingdom of Bernicia (Bryneich) and is notable for providing the stable ancestry of its present indigenous population, which has been identified by DNA analysis to be an offshoot of the group "Scotland, Cumbria and the North of Ireland", but not so closely related to the other peoples of the UK.^[46][47] In a 2022 study by Joscha Gretzinger et al., the population of North East England was found to be among the groups with the highest amount of Iron Age/Roman period British Isles-related ancestry, being on par with Cornish people in that regard.^[48]

Teenage pregnancy

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The Office for National Statistics in April 2013 report that the estimated number of conceptions to women aged under 18 in England and Wales in 2011 is the lowest since records began in 1969.^[49] Conception statistics include pregnancies that result in either one or more live births or stillbirths or a legal abortion.

A comparison of rates across regions in England shows that the North East had the highest of under 18 conception rates in 2011, with 38.4 per thousand women aged 15–17. The South East had the lowest rate for women aged under 18 in 2011 with 26.1 per thousand women aged 15–17.^[49]

Social deprivation

A study into social deprivation was published in 2010 to help the local partners developing a Regional Strategy for the North East better understand the factors influencing deprivation in the region. The study had two main aspects: Firstly to establish if there are different types of deprived neighbourhoods in the Northeast, and if so, how deprived neighbourhoods can be better recognised. Secondly to present a summary of "what works" in tackling deprivation in each of these types of area.^[50]

The report discusses the factors influencing deprivation and points out that it is a significant problem for the North East with 34% of the regions Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) are amongst England's 20% most deprived in the 2007 Indices of Deprivation (these indices have been updated in 2010). It takes many years for areas to become deprived, suggesting that the underlying causes of area-based deprivation are long-term such as:

• Major changes in the employment base, which has changed the nature and spatial distribution of jobs in the UK and within specific regions and localities.
• The "residential sorting" effects of the public and private housing markets.

Industrial restructuring has disproportionately affected some communities and groups. In particular:

• Job losses in manufacturing and coalmining were most severely felt in the north of England, Scotland and Wales – and particular communities within these areas.
• As a result of the types of jobs that were lost, some demographic groups – particularly older working age males in skilled manual work – were more likely to be affected than others.^{[needs update]}

The region's most deprived council districts, as measured by the LSOA data

]

As of April 2013 youth unemployment in the North East was 24.8%, with 51,000 out of work.[52] In 2013 the Office for National Statistics report issued the statements highlighted in the table below:^[53]

The North East compared to other regions in 2013

Rate	Highest	Lowest
Employed	South East (74.8%)	North East (66.6%)
Unemployed	North East (10.1%)	South West (6.2%)
Inactive	North East (25.8%)	South East (19.8%)
Claimant	North East (7.2%)	South East (2.7%)

In November 2017 the region's employment dropped to 5.5%, the joint highest unemployment rate in the UK.^[54]

ONS ITL

In the

(ITL), North East England is a level-1 ITL region, coded "UKC", which is subdivided as follows:

ITL 1	Code	ITL 2	Code	ITL 3	Code
North East England	UKC	Tees Valley and Durham	UKC1	Stockton-on-Tees	UKC11
				South Middlesbrough and Redcar and Cleveland )	UKC12
				Darlington	UKC13
				Durham	UKC14
		Northumberland and Tyne and Wear	UKC2	Northumberland	UKC21
				Tyneside (Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside)	UKC22
				Sunderland	UKC23

Religion

In 2013, the region had the highest proportion of Christians in Great Britain.^[55] A number of the region's settlements expanded from around priories, abbeys and monasteries.

	See	Seat
Church of England	Durham Leeds (south Tees source side) Newcastle York (south Tees mouth side)	Newcastle Cathedral Durham Cathedral
Roman Catholic	Middlesbrough (south Tees in the region)	Newcastle RC Cathedral

Economy

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The latest statistical report from the Office for National Statistics comparing the North East of England to other regions of the United Kingdom,^[56] dated May 2012, states:

• The North East has the highest value of goods exports relative to the size of its economy, the highest percentage employed in the public sector and lowest gross household income per head of the English regions.
• The North East's exports of goods, expressed as a percentage of gross value added (GVA), were the highest of all the English regions at 29% in 2010, compared with the UK average of 20%. Over half the region's goods exports were to the EU (55%).^[57]
• A quarter of employed people in the region worked in the public sector in Q4 2011 (24.6%), the highest proportion among the English regions, down from 26.9% in Q4 2009. In 2010, at local authority level the highest shares of public sector employee jobs were to be found in Newcastle upon Tyne and Middlesbrough (both over 33% of all employee jobs).
• Gross disposable household income (GDHI) of residents in the North East, at £13,300 per head in 2010, was 15% below the UK average and the lowest of the English regions. It ranged from £12,400 in Sunderland to £16,090 in Northumberland.
• The North East region contributed 3% of the UK's GVA. The region's headline GVA was £41.0 billion in 2010. The latest subregional data (2009) show that Tyneside generated 37% of the region's GVA at £14.6 billion.
• In 2009 manufacturing industries generated 14% of the region's total GVA, which is the largest industry contribution for the region.
• Productivity in 2010 (measured by GVA per hour worked) was 88% of the UK rate: one of the lowest of the English regions. Within the region, Northumberland's productivity was the third lowest in England at 75% of the UK rate in 2009.
• The region's employment rate was the lowest in England at 66.2% for Q4 2011. The latest subregional data for the year ending September 2011 show that North Tyneside had the highest employment rate at 72.6%.
• The North East had the highest rate of economic inactivity of the English regions, 25% of the population aged 16 to 64 in Q4 2011.

The North East is the most affordable region in the UK. Figures from 2017 indicate it is the UK region with lowest cost of living per household.^[58] The 2023 data shows that for the first time since 2010 renting is now 11.3% cheaper than owning a mortgaged property in the North East.^[59]

Support organisations

Businesses in Northeast England are supported by the North East Chamber of Commerce.^[60] The North East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) is based in Durham and has active sub committees working in all sub regions.

To further encourage

The Northern Business Forum is an organisation created in the region to share knowledge and best practice between membership based business support organisations in the Northeast of England. The Forum creates a single voice for business when this is needed. This business led forum also links its member organisations to wider business issues, both locally and nationally, through the local and national business membership organisations that are also represented. Members of the forum include NECC, NEPIC, the Federation of Small Businesses (FSB), Confederation of British Industry (CBI) North East, the Make UK Northern, The Institute of Directors (IOD) and RTC North.^{[citation needed]}

RTC North provide business expertise in specific growth areas such as product innovation, market research, technology transfer, commercialisation, business growth. North East Access to Finance (NEA2F) operates a business growth fund to help small and medium-sized businesses (SMES).^{[citation needed]}

Enterprise zones

Businesses investing in the region are supported by the

(Invest North East England and Tees Valley Business) to encourage new business investors. There are also several Industry and Business led Cluster bodies in the region to network and engage companies on a sector basis and give local business-to-business advice and supply chain intelligence: the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) (chemicals-polymers-pharmaceuticals-biotech), the Northern Offshore Federation (NOF) (energy and offshore engineering), Service Network (accountants-finance-law firms-HR) and Make UK (defence related engineering), Design Network North (DNN) (design issues for all sectors.)

The Invest North East, was announced by the government in 2011.^[63] The zone focuses on technology for low carbon vehicle development, marine offshore and subsea engineering, petrochemicals and renewable energy.^[64] At the time of announcement the enterprise zone included two clusters of sites, an Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle zone in Sunderland and a zone on the River Tyne North Bank.^[63] The Sunderland cluster is close to the Nissan plant and includes Turbine Business Park. It hosts Gateshead College's Future Technology Centre.^[64] The cluster on the Tyne includes the Port of Tyne North Estate, Swan Hunter in North Tyneside, and Neptune Yard in Newcastle.^[63] The zone was launched in April 2012.^[64] In that year another cluster of sites, composing the Blyth Estuary Renewable Energy Zone at Port of Blyth, was added to the zone.^[65] The enterprise zone contains ten sites over the three clusters, covering 115 hectares (280 acres) in total.^[66]

Industrial heritage

After more than 2,000 years of industrial activity as a result of abundant minerals such as salt and coal,

on Teesside.

These companies are members of the

Alkali manufacturing

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Before the industrial revolution alkali was mostly used to aid the bleaching process of cloth. As the

1828 and again on Felling Shore in 1834. Such works also produced soda, alum and Epsom salts. The river frontage at South Shore of the River Tyne at Gateshead was one of the main locations for the chemical industry such that in the 19th century, which led to a cluster of iron, soap and alkali manufacturing.^[71]

By 1828 the alkali works had a large problem controlling emissions of

of 1863 in the UK Parliament brought about a further reduced pollution from these processes and was the first industrial environmental legislation to come into practice globally.

Salt making

Salt-making in and around Greatham (between Hartlepool and Billingham) had been important in Roman and medieval times,^[73][74] and salt was also produced on Wearside from the 1580s, but by the 16th century the industry had been eclipsed by South Shields on the Tyne.^[75] In 1894 the industry returned to Greatham with the establishment of the Greatham Salt and Brine Company by George Weddell. The works was later purchased by the famous salt-making company Cerebos in 1903. By the mid-20th century, Cerebos was owned by the food conglomerate Rank Hovis McDougall, and the factory closed in 2002.^[76]

Glass

Glass manufacture has been an important industry in the Northeast of England since stained glass glaziers worked on the Wearmouth and Jarrow monasteries in 674 AD.

and by 1865 one third of the sheet glass in England was supplied by his Sunderland works. The Candlish Glass Bottleworks was the largest in Europe, managed by John Candlish

William Beilby produced decorative glass items in Newcastle during the mid 1700s.

Coal mining

Coal mining was one of the first industrial activities in Northeast England because the region was fortunate to have shallow seams of coal near the coast, which meant that material could be transported in and out by sea.^[81] This led to the growth of ports in Sunderland, Newcastle, Teesport Middlesbrough, Seaham, Hartlepool and Blyth. The energy from coal underpinned the development of many of the industries around these ports. As discussed in the classic historical review of "Victorian Cities" by Asa Briggs, Middlesbrough was developed as a port downstream of Yarm and Stockton to take bigger coal ships.^[82]

The Northumberland-Durham coalfield was one of the earliest coal mining areas to be worked in the country, with the Romans extracting coal here which caused the area to become an important source of coal in the 13th and 14th centuries.

London was one of the places which received coal from the area and there are references to shipments of coal being sent to the capital, for example 526 cauldrons of coal from Tyneside to London in 1376 for smiths involved in building Windsor Castle. Before the growth of mining companies, the coal from the North East was often sent to London using monks. The coal was often called sea coal because it often washed up from undersea outcrops on the Northumbrian coast. This could explain the name Se-coles Lane in London.

taking coals to Newcastle

", meaning why take something to a place that already has an excess of it.

Improvements in technology meant equipment could be built to go deeper than ever before. One example was the High Main seam at Walker Colliery on Tyneside, which became one of the deepest coal mines in the world, thanks to large engine cylinders which helped drain the mine.

.

Sir Humphry Davy, after contemplating a communication he had received from Reverend Dr Robert Gray Rector of Bishopwearmouth (later Bishop of Bristol) regarding the problem of gas in mines, took up the challenge of solving the problem of providing light in "fire-damp" ridden collieries. He started the work with several days of discussions with John Buddle, the overseer at Wallsend Colliery, other colliery owners and finally the Reverend John Hodgson, Vicar of Jarrow. Davy also collected samples of "fire-damp" before returning to his laboratory in London. Two designs of his lamps emerged and were tested at the most hazardous pits in the country, then at Newcastle-upon- Tyne and Whitehaven in Cumberland, and were a resounding success. He later published his paper on "The safety lamp for coal mines and some researches on flame" in 1818, which made underground coal mines much more safe. George Stephenson a colliery engineer at Killingworth Main Colliery also invented a safety lamp which was successfully tested on 21 October 1815. This became known as the "Geordie" lamp. As a result, some in the Northeast then tried to challenge the delivery of some Ceremonial Plate to Davy but the Davy Lamper's won the day and on 25 September 1817 a dinner service as presented to Davy from the coal owners at the Queen's Head in Newcastle. Davy declined to take out a patent on his lamp design effectively giving it to the nation and the world's coal miners.^[88]

The moment when the new safety lamp was first tested was recorded by John Buddle in a report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines on 4 September 1835 "I first tried the lamp in an explosive mixture on the surface; and then took it to the mine; it is impossible for me to express my feelings at the time when I first suspended the lamp in the mine and saw it red hot. I said to those around me: "We have at last subdued this monster [fire-damp]." With some describing it as one of the most significant moments in the industrialization of the world."^[89]

As an example of the many coal mines (colloquially known as pits) that were created in the Northeast's Monkwearmouth Colliery (or Wearmouth Colliery) was a large deep pit that went out under the North Sea. It was located on the north bank of the River Wear and was the largest pit in Sunderland and one of the most important in County Durham. The mine opened in 1835 and was the last to remain operating in the Durham Coalfield, with the last shift leaving the pit on 10 December 1993 and ending over 800 years of commercial underground coal mining in the region.^[90] The Colliery site has been cleared to make way for the Sunderland A.F.C's Stadium of Light which opened in July 1997. The mine is commemorated by a large sculpture of a miners lamp at the entrance to the stadium.

The

) however several large open cast coal mines are still operational in the region.

Today^[when?] companies like Five-Quarter are investigating the use of the latest technology for underground coal gasification to access the Durham Coalfield reserves. Professor Paul Younger of Newcastle University in 2011 reported^[91] that "Around 75 per cent of the coal in the North East is still underground, even though we have been mining it on an industrial scale longer than anyone else in the world. Previously a lot of this coal was too deep for conventional mining, or too far off shore. Even today this resource could never be exploited by conventional means, but the technology to harness that resource has now become cost effective." Accessing these reserves is of particular importance to the local chemical industry.^[92]

Shipbuilding

Wood to iron and steel

The early ships were built of wood, but in the 19th century there was a move towards building ships of iron then steel. Ships were built across the region, especially along

By 1790 Sunderland was building around nineteen ships per year making it the most important shipbuilding centre in the United Kingdom. By 1840 there were 65 shipyards such that over 150 wooden vessels were built at Sunderland in 1850. At this time 2,025 shipwrights worked in the town and some 2,000 others were employed in related industries. Sunderland's first iron ships were built from 1852 and wooden shipbuilding ceased here in 1876. Sunderland shipbuilders included Austin and Son, William Pickersgill and William Doxford.[93]

It was between 1790 and 1805 that Thomas Haw of Stockton began building ships for the

In Hartlepool Thomas Richardson of Castle Eden and John Parkin of Sunderland established a shipyard at Old Hartlepool in 1835 and built The Castle Eden ship. The shipbuilding company of William Gray was established here in 1862 and Gray became one of the most influential men in the town. He was the first mayor of West Hartlepool in 1887. William Gray shipbuilders won the Blue Ribband prize for maximum output in 1878, 1882, 1888, 1895, 1898 and 1900. The yard closed in 1961.[99]

On Tyneside,

in 1854. William Smith and Co launched the 1,600-ton Blenheim in 1848.

W. G. Armstrong, the northern engineer, acquired an interest in the Tyneside shipbuilding firm of Mitchells in 1882, and the company of

]

Most early ships built at the Swan Hunter yard were smaller, like colliers and barges, but in 1898 it built its first ocean liner, Ultonia, with a further 21 liners being built between 1898 and 1903. The most famous ship ever launched there was undoubtedly Mauretania, a transatlantic ocean liner that launched on 20 September 1906. The ship was 790-foot (240 m) long, with a Beam (nautical) of 88 ft (27 m) and a gross register tonnage of 31,938 tons. It carried 2,000 passengers on its maiden voyage on 16 November 1907 and won the Blue Riband for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, a record held for 22 years.^[93]

Maritime innovation

A major pioneering innovation in marine engineering was the steam turbine, invented by Charles Algernon Parsons. He patented the first steam turbine on Tyneside in 1884. Parsons, born in Ireland in 1854, was the youngest son of the Earl of Rosse and a keen inventor, who was a junior partner in the Tyneside engineering firm of Clarke Chapman. In 1894 Parsons' Marine Turbine Company launched Turbinia, the first ship to be powered by electric turbines. She can be still be seen (and boarded) at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.^[100]

20th-century decline

Shipyard closures in the 20th century took place during economic slumps and occurred in two phases, between 1909–1933 and 1960–1993. Early closures included Smiths Dock at North Shields in 1909, which became a ship repair yard, Armstrongs of Elswick in 1921, Richardson Duck of Stockton (1925), Priestman's of Sunderland (1933) and Palmers of Jarrow and Hebburn (1933). There were 28 North East closures in this period of which 14 were on the Tyne, 7 on the Wear, 6 on the Tees and 1 at Hartlepool. Six shipyards closed in the 1960s including W.Gray of Hartlepool (1961), Short Brothers of Sunderland (1964) and The Blyth Shipbuiding Company (1966). There were five closures in the region in the 1970s including the Furness yard at Haverton Hill, near Stockton, in 1979.^[93]

Science and engineering

The coal and shipbuilding industry that once dominated the North East suffered a marked decline during the second half of the 20th century.

The economy of Teesside continues to be largely based on the

making it an ideal location for both professional and amateur astronomers.

The

and a number of other emerging electronics companies such as Kromek.

Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge

Today,^[

NEPIC has two offices in the region: one in the north in Sunderland, serving the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries on Tyneside and in south Northumberland, and one in the south at

High Value Manufacturing Catapult, is based in this multi-occupancy technical development centre along with their pioneering National Industrial Biotechnology Facility.^[107][108]

Innovations

This region has a strong history in technological innovation:

The friction match was invented in Stockton-on-Tees in 1826 by John Walker.

George Stephenson (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. Renowned as the father of railways,^[109] George Stephenson was born in Wylam, Northumberland, 9.3 miles (15.0 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne.

Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist and chemist from Sunderland, County Durham now the (City of Sunderland). He is most famous for inventing an incandescent light bulb before its invention by the American Thomas Edison. Swan first demonstrated the light bulb at a lecture the Literary and Philosophical Society and Miners Institute on Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878. Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne is reputed to be the first street in the world to be lit by electric light.^[110]

Wallsend on Tyne. He also pioneered in the field of electricity generation, establishing the Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company in 1889. The company opened the first power station in the world to generate electricity using turbo generators in 1890, at Forth Banks

in Newcastle.

incandescent lamps provided by the inventor Joseph Swan

.

In 1936 the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass,

Lucite International now part of Mitsubishi Corporation. During the Second World War acrylic glass was used for submarine periscopes, windshields, canopies, and gun turrets for airplanes.^[111] Shortages in raw materials and price pressures have led to innovation by Lucite who developed their patented Alpha Technology in this region. This technology is now the leading technology used in the manufacture of acrylics around the world. It uses new feedstock's and has a cost advantage of 40% over conventional processing methods.^[112]

Newcastle University was the first in the UK and the second in Europe to receive a licence to perform research on stem cells and is a leading centre for such research today. Dr Karim Nayernia was the first to isolate spermatagonial stem cells at this University. Many new healthcare developments have arisen from this stem cell expertise in the region.^{[citation needed]}

Today the region has five universities with a number of research departments: Durham University, Newcastle University, Northumbria University, University of Sunderland and Teesside University, which have a portfolio of many innovative businesses that have spun out of their research and teaching departments.^[113]

Sport

Football

A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual

Newcastle United Football Club was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.^[117]

Darlington formed in 1861 (re-formed 1883 and in 2012) and West Hartlepool of 1881 became

Hartlepool United in 1908. In 1888 Sunderland and Middlesbrough were troubled by rival break-away teams called Sunderland Albion and Middlesbrough Ironopolis, both of which were lost before the 20th century began. Sunderland won the league championship three times in the 1890s and Newcastle United were first division champions three times in the early 1900s, reaching the FA Cup Final three times before winning it at the fourth attempt in 1910.^[118]

Today^[

2023-24 Women's Championship by Durham W.F.C., who play home games on the campus of Durham University and Sunderland A.F.C., who call Hetton-le-Hole home; they currently have no representatives in the top-tier Women's Super League

.

First "world cup" winners and influential amateurs

Amateur and semi-professional football clubs like

Juventus 2–0 in the final. They successfully defended the title the following year. The first World Cup trophy played for in these tournaments, Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, which was being held in West Auckland Working Men's Club, was stolen in 1994 and never recovered. An exact replica of the original trophy was commissioned and is now held by West Auckland FC. The story of West Auckland's success was made into a film called "A Captain's Tale", starring actor Dennis Waterman as club captain Jones.^{[citation needed}

]

Players from some of the region's minor league teams have gone on to influence football on the world stage. Jack Greenwell (John Richard Greenwell), an ex-coal miner who played non-league football for Crook Town A.F.C. from 1901 to 1912, went to Spain and played 88 games for Barcelona before becoming their manager in 1917. Greenwell's achievements at Barcelona include winning five Catalan championships and two Copas del Rey. He also managed Espanyol, Mallorca and Valencia. On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he moved to South America to manage the Peruvian and Colombian national teams; he died in 1942 in Bogotá.^[119]

Notable associated footballers

There are many notable footballers from the Northeast of England. Sunderland's

Bob Gurney all of whom are described in a famous book by the "Clown Prince of Football" Len Shackleton. Mr Shackleton's book shot to immediate fame and caused a storm when first published because chapter 9, named "The Average Director's Knowledge of Football", was produced as a blank page.^[122] Local Heroes after the Second World War included Joe Harvey, Jackie Milburn,^[123] Brian Clough^[124] and Newcastle's Bobby Moncur who led his team to win the Inter City Fairs Cup in 1969.^[125]

Perhaps the two most significant English players to come from this region are

Leeds United both contributing much to the success and history of their respective clubs. They both became permanent fixtures in Alf Ramsey's 1966 England World Cup winning team.^[128]

Malcolm Macdonald was a successful Newcastle player of the 1970s. Sunderland goalkeeper Jim Montgomery's double save, which helped Sunderland, which was then a Second Division club, beat Leeds United to win the 1973 FA Cup Final by an Ian Porterfield goal, is an incident that is frequently recalled. Great players of the 1980s and 1990s include local born internationals like Peter Beardsley, Paul Gascoigne, Chris Waddle and Alan Shearer. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances.^[129] In the early 2000s Middlesbrough also joined the top clubs in English Football and played for a number of years in the Premier League and winning the League Cup in 2004. The Brazilian "Juninho Paulista" was an influential player for Middlesbrough during their time in the top flight, a time when the Middlesbrough football academy became famous for producing a number of young top flight players such as Stewart Downing, James Morrison, Lee Cattermole, Adam Johnson^[130] and, more recently, Ben Gibson.^[131]

In recent times, the Northeast, especially Sunderland, has produced many notable female footballers. Of the 23 players in England's

Euro 2022 golden boot winner and Arsenal star Beth Mead is a native of Whitby, located just south of North East England, but plied her trade at Middlesbrough

before moving to Sunderland A.F.C. in 2011, where she became the youngest WSL Golden Boot winner at the age of 20 in 2015.

Horse racing

Early races were mentioned in 1613 at

Tanfield, Whickham and Witton Gilbert. A 1740 Act banned smaller meetings but some meetings like Durham survived into the late 19th or early 20th centuries.^[133]

Racing at Blaydon, which ended in 1916, was commemorated in an 1862 music hall song "Blaydon Races". Modern day horse racing is still popular and regular events still take place at Redcar, Newcastle and Sedgefield Race Courses.^[134]

Golf

Golf is a Scottish import to many countries but it is said to have been played in this region by

St Cuthbert on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northeast England was Alnmouth founded in 1869 – the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club and an interesting 9 hole links course.^[135] There are three fine old links

courses in this region at Seaton Carew, Goswick and Redcar.

The first golf course appeared in County Durham in 1874^{[136][137][138]} at Seaton Carew Golf Club near Hartlepool.^[139] It was to become the only course in the whole of the counties of Durham and Yorkshire and was originally called the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club and reference to this today remains in the Club's badge. Seaton Carew is the 10th oldest Golf Club in England.^[140] The Club was set up by a newly qualified surgeon from Edinburgh, who played at Musselburgh, when he realised there was nowhere for him to continue to practice his passion for the game. This was Dr. Duncan McCuaig, who had moved down to Teesside shortly after qualifying at University of Edinburgh. His memory can be recalled when one plays the third hole, a challenging par 3, named "The Doctor". Over the years some of the finest golfers in the country have played the links at Seaton Carew, including the legendary "Great Triumvirate" of Golf Harry Vardon, John Henry "J H" Taylor and James Braid and several other Open Champions.^[136][137]

Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, home of The Masters, and the Cypress Point golf course in California, lengthened the Seaton Carew Course in 1925 to 6,500 yards and designed new holes eastwards including the planting of over 2,000 buckthorn bushes. In 1937, Walter Hagen played an exhibition match at Seaton Carew during a tour of Europe and commented "It is a splendid course, the links are well groomed. It is not an easy course and provides a good test of golf. It is one I would like to play quite often".^[141] This club by varying the playing sequence of the 22 holes can create 5 different course layouts. In 2014, "flyovers" of all 5 Seaton Carew Golf Course layouts were created with commentaries by TV commentator Peter Alliss.^[142] Alliss comments: "The tenth oldest in England and a true championship links to challenge all levels of players."^[143]

Seaton Carew Golf Club is regular host to top amateur golf competitions. Golf England's Brabazon Trophy was held at this Club in 1985 and the winner, Peter Baker, went on to Ryder Cup and European Tour success after sharing this amateur title with the North East's Roger Roper (Roper turned professional at the age of 50 in 2007 to compete on the Seniors Professional Tour^[144][145]). In June 2014, the Brabazon Trophy tournament returned to Seaton Carew and in line with the illustrious outcomes for past winners on this course a bright future was predicted for the winner Ben Stow from Wiltshire. Stow equalled the course record on the final day with a "birdie" on the final hole to win the Barabzon Trophy by one shot.^[146] He subsequently competed internationally, winning the 2018 Prague Golf Challenge.^[147]

King Charles played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields of the suburb of Pandon near Newcastle during his imprisonment in the town.^[149]

Today inland golf courses are abundant in the northeast of England,[150] Middlesbrough's Brass Castle Golf Club and Brancepeth Golf Club being two excellent examples from many but those new courses created in the late 20th and early 21st centuries at Wynyard, Rockciffe Hall, Slalely Hall and Close House, have rapidly gained an international reputation and regularly hold professional events such as the Seve Trophy^[151] and the Seniors Tour.^[152]

The region has two professional golfers who are currently prominent in many professional golf tour events:

European Tour

.

The largest corporate golf day in the United Kingdom is held annually each September by the members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) when 180 golfers play both the Slaley Hunting and Priestman courses simultaneously, after a shot gun start.^[153]

Cricket

Cricket has long been a popular sport in the Northeast of England and is said to date back to Elizabethan times.

Minor Counties Championship, Durham joined Yorkshire in the senior counties championship in 1992. The Riverside cricket stadium, the home of Durham County Cricket Club^[154] in Chester-le-Street, in full view of Lumley Castle, is now one of the most picturesque cricket venues in the UK.^{[citation needed]} This venue now regularly hosts international cricket; its first "Ashes" Test Match between England and Australia was in August 2013.^[155] With 320 runs and 15 wickets on the last day of the match, the venue provided "the most high-octane day of a thrilling Test match", and England took an unassailable 3–0 lead against the Australians in the five-match Ashes Test series.^[156]

Athletics

Athletics is a sport of rising popularity since the olympic and international success of Northeast athletes Brendan Foster in the 1970s and Steve Cram in the 1980s. Both won international medals and broke world records in middle and long-distance running. Brendan Foster established the annual Great North Run, one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. Brendan Foster, a former school teacher in this region, is also recognised as the driving force behind the creation of the Gateshead International Athletics Stadium

which now regularly hosts International Athletics meets and other sporting events.

In 2013 the 33rd

International Athletics Association Event (IAAF) event in the world to reach such a milestone.^[158]

The 2014 Great North Run made history with Mo Farah winning the men's race in a new personal best of just 1 hour. He was challenged all the way but he held off strong competition from Kenya's Mike Kigen.^[159] The millionth finisher of the race was 51-year-old Tracey Cramond of Darlington, who ran to raise funds for the local Teesside charity Butterwick Hospice.^[160]

Media

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Local media includes:

Regional television is provided by the BBC North East and Cumbria, which broadcasts the regional evening Look North programme from Spital Tongues in Newcastle. Its commercial rival, ITV Tyne Tees & Border, broadcasts the evening programme ITV News Tyne Tees from Gateshead.

BBC Radios

Spark FM

community radio stations.

Regional newspapers include the

Evening Gazette, Shields Gazette, Hartlepool Mail, The Northern Echo and the Darlington and Stockton Times. There are also free publications such as The Ferryhill Chapter, Bishop Press, The Hartlepool Post and Shildon Town Crier

.

Transport

Rail

• Newcastle, Durham and Darlington, with fast connections to London and Edinburgh. In May 2018 the UK Government announced that the line was to be re-nationalized for the second time since privatisation in 1997.^[161]
• Durham Coast Line connects Tyne and Wear as well as Tees Valley with the main line.
• London North Eastern Railway serves the full length of the ECML and operates most of the stations on the route.
• Northern, based in Manchester. TransPennine Express, also based in Manchester, have long-distance services from the region, via Scarborough and West Yorkshire
  , to Manchester.
• The Tyne and Wear Metro is a light rail network which serves the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear's centres as well as at Newcastle Airport and stadiums such as the St James' Park, the Stadium of Light, and Gateshead International.

Road

See also: Transport in Tyne and Wear and Tees Valley

The North East's main arterial carriageway is the

motorway standard and is known as the A1(M), and in March 2018 a section of A1(M) was opened between Barton and Leeming Bar in North Yorkshire providing a continuous link to the motorway network in the rest of England. However, the A1 is still an all-purpose road in Tyne and Wear and Northumberland, and is controversially still single carriageway north of Morpeth, despite being the main trunk route connecting Edinburgh and Newcastle upon Tyne and having a terrible safety record.^{[citation needed}

]

A second north–south dual carriageway link is provided by the A19 which heads north from Thirsk (accessed via the A168 from the A1(M) at Dishforth), serving Teesside, Peterlee and Sunderland before heading through the Tyne Tunnel to meet the A1 at Seaton Burn. The Tyne Tunnel was opened as a single-carriageway in 1967, with a second tunnel opening in February 2011 for dual-ing.

The course of the A1 through Tyne and Wear has changed twice during the late 20th century. Originally passing through the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne then, in 1977, it was re-routed to the east of the city through the Tyne Tunnel. In 1993 a second rerouting occurred, along Newcastle Western Bypass, west of the city. Each of these resulted in standing roads to be renumbered, the A1 forms the boundary and roads between beginning with 1 and 6.

The

Carlisle in Cumbria

.

Sea

Queen of Scandinavia

berthed at North Shields

The ferry terminal at North Shields is accessed via the A187 from the Tyne Tunnel. DFDS operate two ferries a day to Amsterdam and, formerly, one a day on the Stavanger – Haugesund – Bergen route.

Air

The two main airports are Newcastle Airport, located north of the city near Ponteland, and Teesside International Airport, located east of Darlington.

The region's population is served by a charitable service known as the Great North Air Ambulance for those who need rapid transfer to a hospital or medical assistance in difficult or remote locations.

Transport policy

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Long term planning for transport in the region has involved the development of sub regional strategies. This planning also needs to take into account region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the

Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) which in the Northeast of England are Tees valley Unlimited and the North East LEP.^[163] Bodies such as the Northeast Chamber of Commerce (NECC) and the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) are providers of significant practical insights to policy makers.^[164][165]

Within the region the local transport authorities plan for the future by producing Local Transport Plans (LTP) which outline their strategies, policies and implementation programmes.^[166] The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the North East region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: the 5 Tees Valley authorities,^{[167][168][169][170][171]} Durham,^[172] Tyne and Wear^[173] and Northumberland.^[174]

Education

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Main article: Lists of schools in England § North East of England

Primary

There are over 250 nursery/primary schools in the County Durham area of the north east, which range from schools with their own nursery, to schools that are either infant only or junior only.^[175] Areas such as Gosforth have first schools which have neither years 5 nor 6, and therefore educate children up to the age of 8 and 9.

Secondary

Hummersknott School

near Darlington

The North East education system consists largely of comprehensive schools, but a number of private and independent schools are found in Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham, Darlington, Stockton and in particular, Northumberland.

in 2014 a number of the regions schools were in the top 20% of schools as measured by SSAT — the UK organisation for school improvement and collaboration — and have been awarded an SSAT Educational Outcomes Award recognising their successes. These schools are Burnside Business & Enterprise College, in Newcastle, Castle View Enterprise Academy, in Sunderland, Emmanuel College, in Gateshead, Greenfield Community College, in Newton Aycliffe, Northumberland Church of England Academy, in Ashington and The North Durham Academy in Stanley.^[176] The awards, recognised high attainment and outstanding continuous improvement.

The schools in the top 20% for high attainment in GCSE exams were Burnside Business and Enterprise College and Northumberland Church of England Academy

The region's secondary school attendance is the lowest in England at around 125,000, with the next lowest in the East Midlands. Truancy at its schools is a mixed picture. It has the second highest overall rate for urban areas, after Yorkshire and the Humber, but the lowest rate in England in its rural areas. Middlesbrough has the region's highest rate with 7.2% persistent truants, which is the second highest rate in England after Manchester (7.3%). Next is Newcastle upon Tyne, with 6.4%, then the former district of Wansbeck, with 6.3%

At

Local education authorities (LEAs) in the North East have improved at GCSE in recent years. North Tyneside performed the best in 2011, followed by Gateshead, Northumberland, and Darlington. No LEA in the North-East was above the 2011 national GCSE average. South Tyneside was the lowest for the English Baccalaureate

, followed by Middlesbrough and Hartlepool. Gateshead and North Tyneside were the highest, and Gateshead was the only LEA above the national average for this measure.

The region's

Park View School in Chester-le Street and the Hurworth School near Darlington. Northumberland schools have a three-tier system

, 12 year olds go into high school instead of 11 year olds going into a secondary school.

prep school

in Northumberland, is another independent school.

College

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There are sixteen further education colleges in the region.^[177] The main such colleges are East Durham College, Newcastle College, New College Durham, Darlington College, Gateshead College, Bishop Auckland College, Stockton Riverside College, Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College, Hartlepool College of Further Education, Middlesbrough College, Northern School of Art and Design and Sunderland College. ^{[citation needed]}

North East LEAs at A-level are improving,^[when?] but produce results below those of other areas of England. Sunderland performed the best in 2011, with consistently good results, followed by Hartlepool and Darlington, which are above the national average, and unrepresentative of most areas in the North East. Darlington's Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College is one of the highest-rated colleges in England. The area's Catholic schools all do reasonably well at A level. Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar and Cleveland and Newcastle were also above England's average.

Many of region's colleges provide higher education validated by a university.

University

The North East has five universities; Durham University, Newcastle University (both in the Russell Group), Northumbria University in Newcastle, Teesside University (Middlesbrough and Darlington) and the University of Sunderland.

See also

• Kingdom of Northumbria
• Bernicia
• Northumbrian music
• Northumbrian smallpipes
• English of Northumbria
• List of urban areas in the United Kingdom
• Demographics of Tees Valley

Notes

1. ^ ITL replaced NUTS and followed the same definitions of its predecessor until 2023

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Further reading

• Cunningham, Sean. "Henry VII and rebellion in north-eastern England, 1485–1492: bonds of allegiance and the establishment of Tudor authority." Northern History 32.1 (1996): 42–74.
• Ellis, Steven G. "Region and Frontier in the English State: the English Far North, 1296–1603" (2009) online.
• Green, Adrian Gareth, and Anthony James Pollard, eds. Regional identities in north-east England, 1300–2000 (Boydell Press, 2007).
• Lancaster, Bill. "The North East, England's most distinctive region." in An agenda for regional history (2007): 27+.
• Lomas R. North-east England in the middle ages (Edinburgh, 1992).
• Namier, Lewis. "North-Eastern England in the Eighteenth Century." History Today (July 1953) 3#7 pp 484–489.
• Palliser, David Michael. Medieval York: 600–1540 (Oxford University Press, 2014).
• Pollard, A. J. North-eastern England During the Wars of Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics, 1450–1500 (Oxford University Press, 1990).
• Tomaney, John. "In search of English regionalism: the case of the North East." Scottish Affairs 28.1 (1999): 62–82.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for North East England.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to North East England.

• Government Office for the North East official site
• Association of Northeast Councils (ANEC)
• Northeast Chamber of Commerce (NECC)
• Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC)
• North East Local Enterprise Partnership (NELEP)
• North East Enterprise Zone Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
• Tees Valley Unlimited (TVU)
• Tees Valley Enterprise Zone
• East Durham towns and Villages Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine