North Malabar

Coordinates: 11°45′N 75°30′E / 11.750°N 75.500°E / 11.750; 75.500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

North Malabar
Geographical / Historical Area
Clockwise from top:
Vidhan Sabha constituency
24
Civic agencyNorthern Range, Kerala
Mahé Sub-Division, Puducherry

North Malabar refers to the geographic area of southwest

Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins.[3][4]

The North Malabar region is bounded by

South Kanara District. During British rule, North Malabar's chief importance laid in producing Thalassery pepper and Coconuts.[6]

North Malabar begins at

Arikady fort, Bekal Fort, Chandragiri Fort, Hosdurg Fort, St. Angelo Fort, and Tellicherry Fort. Bekal Fort
is the largest fort in Kerala.

Etymology

Until the arrival of

Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent).[18]

History

Ezhimala kingdom

Main article:
Ezhimala
Ezhimala
was once the headquarters of a powerful ancient kingdom

The ancient port of Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Muziris is identified with Kannur.[19]

sesterces.[22] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[23] The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[24][25]

The Ezhimala dynasty had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of

Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.[28]

North Malabar was a hub of

Muslims of Kerala.[35]

Mushika dynasty

Main article: Mushika dynasty
Ananthapadmanabhaswamy temple at Ananthapura, Kumbla

Between the 9th and 12th centuries, a dynasty called "Mushaka" controlled the Chirakkal areas of northern Malabar (the Wynad-Tellichery area was part of the Second Chera Kingdom). The Mushakas were probably the descendants of the ancient royal family of Nannan of Ezhi mala and were perhaps a vassal of the Cheras. The Kolla-desam (or the Mushika-rajya) came under the influence of the Chera/Perumals kingdom during eleventh century AD.[36] The Chola references to several kings in medieval Kerala confirms that the power of the Chera/Perumal was restricted to the country around capital Kodungallur. The Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local rulers (such as that of the Mushika in the north and Venatu in the south) exercised politically and militarily.[37] Medieval Kolla-desam stretched on the banks of Kavvai, Koppam and Valappattanam rivers. An

Mushika royal family up until that point.[28]

Old Malayalam inscriptions related to Mushika dynasty

See also: Old Malayalam
Inscription Location Notes
Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription (929 AD)
  • Mentions Mushika Validhara Vikrama Rama.[43]
  • The so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam is quoted in the record.[38]
  • Merchant guild manigramam is appointed as the guardian of the Narayankannur Temple.[43]
  • Mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore.[43]
Panthalayani Kollam inscription (973 AD)
  • Single stone slab in the upper frame of the srikoyil (central shrine) entrance in Tali temple.[44]
  • Name of the king – probably Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD) – is built over by the present structure.[44]
Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque inscription (10th century AD)
  • On the granite blocks built into the steps of the ablution tank of the Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque[35]
  • A rare surviving document recording patronage by a
    Muslims of Kerala.[35] It also mentions about a merchant guild.[35]
Eramam inscription (1020 AD)
Pullur Kodavalam inscription (1020 AD)
  • Engraved on a single stone slab in the courtyard of the Pullur Kodavalam Vishnu Temple[47][48]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD).[47][48]
  • Identified king Manukuladitya with king Bhaskara Ravi.[48]
Tiruvadur inscription (c. 1020 AD)
  • Partly in the courtyard of the temple on either side of the sopana.[41]
  • Partly in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.[41]
  • Creation and endowment of a grama (Brahmin settlement) with members chosen from some old grama settlements from central Kerala (Vaikom, Paravur, Avittathoor, Irinjalakuda and Peruvanam).[41]
  • The engraver is mentioned as Rama Jayamani, the "royal goldsmith of the Mushika king [Jayamani]".[41]
Trichambaram inscription

(c. 1040 AD)

  • Three blocks of granite on the base of the central shrine of the temple.[49]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Raja Raja (c. 1036–1089 AD).[49]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD) and Iramakuta Muvar Kantan Karivarman (Srikantha Kartha) (c.1020 AD).[45]
  • Mentions the merchants guilds of Valanchiyar and Nanadeyar.[45]
  • Mentions
    Rajendra Chola Samaya Senapati from Katappa Palli.[45]
Maniyur
inscription

(c. 11th century)

  • Single stone slab outside the prakara (outer wall) of the temple.[50]
  • Maniyur inscription
    Confirms the extension of the so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam to Mushika country.[50]
Kinalur inscription

(c. 1083 CE)

  • Both sides of a single granite slab in site of the ruined (now lost) Kinalur Jain Temple near Kozhikode.[51]
  • The estampage can be found in Government Epigraphist's Office, Mysore.[51]
Panthalayani Kollam inscription

(c. 1089 AD)

  • Single granite slab in the courtyard of the Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavati temple.[52]
  • The record was destroyed.[52]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 AD).[52]
  • The location given as "Kollathu Panthalayani".[52]
Tiruvalla Copper Plates

(Huzur Treasury Plates)
(10th-11th centuries AD)

Kannapuram inscription

(beginning of the 12th century)

  • Single stone slab fixed on a platform outside the prakara (outer wall) of the Kannapuram temple.[38]
  • Ramakuta Muvar Udaya Varma is mentioned.[38]

Kolathunadu

Main article: Kolathunadu
A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, Volume I

Tamil Sangam Age. The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan.[56]

Kolattiri Raja's (The ruler of Kannur) minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama (1524)

Until the 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in

Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu.[4]

The

Calicut, in the early medieval period.[59] The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.[60] The St. Angelo Fort at Kannur was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida
, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia, and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772.

During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only

Arakkal, who also ruled the Laccadive Islands in addition to Kannur.[61] The island of Dharmadom near Kannur, along with Thalassery, was ceded to the East India Company as early as 1734, which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the cession.[62][2]

Colonial era

1951 Census
A view Bekal Fort at Kasaragod built in 1650 CE, which is also the largest fort in Kerala
Thamarassery Churam was laid in the 18th century by Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.
North Malabar in 1909 (The southwestern region)

In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu.[63] The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[63] In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé.[63] In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.[63]

The northern parts of

Malabar Rebellion in 1921. On 1 November 1956, this region was annexed with the Indian state of Kerala.[12]

Wayanad Taluk (North Malabar) in 1854. The Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877.[64]

The East India Company

British Indian Empire, along with the municipalities of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Fort Kochi
, making them the first modern municipalities in the modern state of Kerala.

Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of

Wayanad region.[4] The guerrilla war launched by Pazhassi Raja, the ruler of Kottayam province, against the East India Company had a huge impact on the history of Kannur. Changes in the socio-economic and political sectors in Kerala during the initial decades of the 20th century created conditions congenial for the growth of the Communist Party. Extension of English education initiated by Christian missionaries in 1906 and later carried forward by government, rebellion for wearing a cloth to cover upper parts of body, installing an idol at Aruvippuram in 1888, Malayali Memorial in 1891, establishment of SNDP Yogam in 1903, activities, struggles etc. became factors helpful to accelerate changes in Kerala society during a short time. These movements eventually coalesced into the Indian independence movement
.

Culture and people

Wayanad in North Malabar is the only Plateau
region in Kerala

The socio-cultural background and geography of this area has some distinctions compared to the rest of Kerala.

Jains and migrant-Christian communities and is characterized by distinct socio-cultural customs and behavior. The people of North Malabar have striven to preserve their distinct and unique identity and heritage since ancient times, through colonial times into modern political India. From the seventeenth century onward, until the early twentieth century, there were cultural taboos among certain communities from North Malabar, which forbade their women marrying people of the same respective communities, from the southern territories.[76][77] Even in modern times it is not uncommon to see "alliances from Malabar region preferred" in newspaper matrimonial announcements placed by native North Malabar families, irrespective of their ethno-religious background. Traditionally North Malabar has remained the source of an erstwhile aristocracy for many of the southern territories of Kerala through displacement and adoptions including the Travancore royal family
. Northern Malabar identity and pride is often possessively guarded by its natives of all ethnic and religious backgrounds.

Chalad Chalil Bhagavathi Temple
Sunni Mosque in Mananthavady
Theyyam - The ancient ritual art of North Malabar

Kottiyoor Utsavam

Main article: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam

Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam is a 27-day yearly pilgrimage commemorating the mythology of Daksha Yaga, which attracts thousands of

Hindu
pilgrims from the Malabar region.

Social, cultural and historical features

A Madappura (stand alone Kovil) where Theyyam rituals are performed seasonally. All the Muthappan Madappuras are built in similar style. These structures are found mainly in the North Malabar region of Kerala
Thalassery in North Malabar is notable for the Thalassery cuisine

In the pre-democratic era,

Mappila communities in the Ponnani region of South Malabar.The practice of matrilineality was distinctly different and was predominantly virilocal with married couples residing with or near the husband's parents. Unlike other parts of erstwhile matrilineal-Kerala, polyandry was a strict taboo in North Malabar and exceptional customs such as Putravakaasham (purse/estate grants to children of male members) were occasionally allowed.[78][79]

Landlords in Malabar during colonial and pre-colonial times were the largest landlords of Kerala and during this time political authority remained decentralized in contrast to that of the southern principalities. The royal position of Kolathiri, although immensely respected, was politically titular. In North Malabar, the Kolathiri Kings had the ritualistic status of Perumaal such that their official designates or sthanis retained their jurisdiction all over Kerala except for the Rajarajashwara Temple at Taliparamba.

The major festival observed by Hindus in this region is

Chithirai - is the first month of the year for natives of North Malabar. The Vishu festival is spread over two days and comprises the Cheriya or small Vishu and the Valiya, or main Vishu. Unlike in the rest of Kerala it is not uncommon to see Hindu natives of this region cook and eat non-vegetarian food during their festivals including Vishu and Onam and sometimes even in marriage households.[citation needed
]

People from all religions participate in major festivals at temples, mosques and churches. Some examples include: Nadapuram Mosque, Mahe Church, Moonnu Pettumma Palli Pappinisseri and Theyyam ritual art.

Unlike

Malabar and Cochin, natives of North Malabar mix coconut paste with sambar, the most common dish of South India.[80][81]

North Malabar cuisine is noted for its variety of dishes including chutneys, pancakes, steamed cakes and various dishes such as

Southern Kerala
.

People from this area are characterized by a stronger sense of socio-political aspirations often leading to large outbreaks of political violence.[citation needed]

Textiles, beedi, hand-weaving, plywood and coir represent important industries while cashew, cinnamon (North Malabar is home to Asia's largest cinnamon farm) and pepper are important cash crops.

North Malabar represents one of the earliest and largest pockets of exposure to other cultures in Kerala through

Persians, Portuguese, Dutch, French, British, and through early employment and migrations in government and military services from the time of its incorporation into the Madras Presidency
. Nevertheless, its people are conservatively possessive of its identity preferring a "geographical endogamy" culture.

Nadapuram Masjid Pond - An indigenous designed pool

Main Cities/Towns

Kannur
Kasaragod
Thalassery
Vadakara
Kalpetta
kanhangad
koyilandi
Payyanur
Mattanur
iritty
Sultan Bathery
Taliparamba
Mananthavady
Kuthuparamba
Payyoli
Sreekandapuram
Meenangadi
Nileshwaram
Nadapuram
Uppala

Calendar system

The version of the

Kollam era is reckoned from the month of Kanya-rasi (Virgo), which begins on 25 September. This variation has two accounts associated with it.[82]

Katapayadi notation produces 0 6 1 4 3 4 1 and these written backwards give the age of the Kali Yuga
in the first year of the Kollam era. Kali, day 1,434,160, would work out to be September 25, 825 AD, which corresponds to the beginning of the Kollam era in North Malabar, i.e. the first day of the month of Kanya-raasi (Virgo) .

Dialects

There are several dialects of the

Mappila Malayalam. However, the majority of the young-adult Keralites from other provinces who are ignorant of the rich melting-pot culture of Malabar dialects are uncomfortable with these forms of Malayalam.[citation needed
]

Some influences are enumerated
Loaned from Usages
Hebrew Shalom/salaam aayi meaning died (lit. entered the state of peace).
Arabic Bejaar meaning anxiety; matlab meaning consequence; barkat/varkkat meaning value are few examples
Portuguese Veeppa meaning "basket“; 'maesha' meaning "table“; 'jenela' meaning "window“
Cryptic Sanskrit tendencies In North Malabar fish curry is referred to as malsya-curry (from the Sanskrit word matsya for fish) rather than southern usage of meen-curry. Similarly, feeling hungry is paikkunnu rather than southern usage of vishakkunnu. Other examples are annam instead of choru (cooked rice), dhani instead of kaashukaaran (rich man), the word amba (mother) for cow, gauli (lizard) etc.
A Lotus Pond in Purameri
Temple in Blathur

Historic immigrations into North Malabar

Tulu Brahmin immigration

In 1617, the

Gokarna in Coastal Karnataka and settled them in the five counties of Cheruthazham, Kunniriyam, Arathil, Kulappuram and Vararuchimangalam in North Malabar.[83] The Sree Raghavapuram temple (Hanuman Kavu) at Pilathara was assigned to the 237 families for worship, and it became their village temple. The 93 Edukunchi families displaced as a result received the hereditary trusteeship of the Sreekrishnapuram temple in Cheruthazham, 62 Gunavantham families that of Arathil Sreebhadrapuram temple and the 82 Vilakkoor families that of Udayapurath Haripuram temple. These 237 families adopted the customs of local Nambudiri Brahmins and came to be referred to as Embranthiris
.

Payyambalam
- A new initiative

Nasrani Migration

Main article: Malabar Migration

The Malabar Migration refers to the large-scale migration of Syrian Christians (Nasranis) from the Travancore region to the Malabar area of northern Kerala in the 20th century. The migration started in the decades of the 20th century and continued well into the 1970s and 1980s. This migration had a significant demographic and social impact as the Syrian Christian population of Malabar increased 15-fold from 31,191 in 1931 to 442,510 in 1971.

Central Travancore had experienced a steep increase in population in the early 20th century while pressure on arable land increased. At the same time, people recognised the potential of the large uncultivated lands in the northern regions called Malabar, which was then part of the Madras Presidency under British Rule. Migration initially started in trickles with land bought from the local rulers. Huge tracts of uncultivated forest and waste land were later converted into farms and plantations. Against the odds, the community thrived, which attracted more migrants. This migration reached its peak in the 1950s.[citation needed]

These migrants came mostly from present day

Kothamangalam
with migrations happening across the entire Malabar region (north Kerala) including into the following districts of present-day Kerala (some key migration centres are also mentioned):

The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church gave significant support to the migration by providing churches, discipline, schools, hospitals and other infrastructure.

Overall, hundreds of thousands of people moved to North Kerala. The percentage of Christian residents in these districts was small before the migration but since 1950 this settler community has formed a significant part of the population in the hill areas of these districts.

Immigration of Knanaya Christians

Valavayal Post Office, Wayanad

Historically, the North Malabar landlords were the largest land-holders in Kerala, but the introduction of the Kerala Land Reforms Bill in 1957 resulted in their panic selling of farm and forest land. This was followed by immigration of Christians from

Syro-Malabar
Rite. Presently, one third of the Knanaya Catholic population is in the Malabar area.

A Tea Estate in Mananthavady

In addition, taking advantage of the selling spree of landlords of Malabar in general and more particularly the larger landlords of North Malabar, several other Travancore Christian families immigrated into Malabar to pursue agriculture. These migrations peaked during 1960–71.

Immigration of teachers

The number of large land owning private-Tharavad-owned schools in North Malabar expanded in the first half of the twentieth century partly due to the availability of government grant-in-aid for such enterprises from 1939 onwards. Furthermore, corporate expansion of land owning Tharavads and a decrease in European engineered proletysing of the depressed classes also contributed to the growth pattern. These schools often had teaching staff from educated families.[86] In democratic Kerala however, many of these schools evolved as public and government enterprises, which led to the recruitment of teachers from the southern provinces and the subsequent immigration of teaching staff of all ethno-religious backgrounds, many of whom preferred to settle in the area permanently.

Historic emigrations to Southern Kerala

Historically significant emigration from North Malabar occurred in three phases.

An old map of India in 1804. Note that only Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Kochi, are marked as cities within the present-day state of Kerala

Dispersement of the erstwhile ruling elite

From 1766 to 1792, during the era of

Srirangapatnam
, some of the Malabar nobility, wholly or partly, preferred to remain in Travancore because of fear of atrocities if they returned home. The 17 prominent aristocratic lineages of southern Kerala that claim their origin from Malabar through displacement during this period are:

  • Neerazhi Kovilakam
  • Gramathil Kottaram
  • Paliyakkara
  • Nedumparampu
  • Chempra Madham
  • Ananthapuram Kottaram
  • Ezhimatoor Palace
  • Aranmula Kottaram
  • Varanathu Kovilakam
  • Mavelikkara
  • Ennakkadu
  • Murikkoyikkal Palace
  • Mariappilly
  • Koratti Swaroopam
  • Kaippuzha Kovilakam
  • Lakshmipuram Palace
  • Kottapuram.
Muzhappilangad Beach - The only drive-in-beach in Kerala

Adoptions by the erstwhile ruling elite

The

Uthram Thirunāl, Āyilyam Thirunāl, Visākham Thirunāl and Moolam Thirunāl
.

Economic migration in democratic India

In 1956, the State of Kerala was formed along linguistic lines, merging the Travancore, Cochin and Malabar regions. The first Kerala Legislative Assembly was formed on 1 March 1957 and the following 50 years saw migration of lawyers, politicians, businessmen and government officials from North Malabar to the southern cities of Kerala especially

Trivandrum
. However many of these families still retain their links to their native area through marriage association, partial retention of natal property and often a characteristic sacerdotal North Malabar self-identity.

Folk art

North Malabar has a rich history of folk-art, culture and tradition. The government of Kerala has encouraged promotion of these through the Kerala Folklore Academy at Kannur. Among the notable examples are:

Theyyam

Theyyam, an ancient ritual performance art of the region in which a man is dressed symbolically as god. In the Kadathanadan area, it is known as kaliyattam. There are around 400 types of Theyyam, which are conducted on a stage and use elaborate costumes and body-painting. Each type has a distinguishing head-dress and costume made from natural materials, such as coconut leaves and bark. Musical accompaniments are provided by the chenda, elathalam and kuzhal (horn).

Thottam Pattu

Thottam Pattu is ballad sung just before performance of the Theyyam ritual.

Kalaripayattu

martial art
that originated in North Malabar and was developed between the 9th and 12th centuries.

Vadakkan Pattukal

The Vadakkan Pattukal are ballads that extol the adventures of the brave men and women of North Malabar. Set against a feudal medieval background, the stories celebrate the valour and skills of their characters. The ballads reflect the peak of Kerala folk-poetry and are associated with Kadathanadu. The movie Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha capitalised on the popularity of these stories.

Thidambu Nritham

Thidambu Nritham (dance with the replica of the deity) is a ritual dance performed in temples. It is mainly performed by Nambudiri Brahmins and occasionally by other Brahmin communities.

Poorakkali

Trikaripur
and nearby places like Vengara, Ramanthali, Karivellur, are well known for this art form.

Kolkali

Kolkali is an art form involving both men and women which is also seen in South Malabar too. It is the only folk art that is performed by both Hindus and Muslims, although there are slight differences in how the two do it. Muslims perform it as a form of entertainment during social gatherings and marriages, whereas the Hindus perform it at temple festivals. It involves rapid limb movements and simultaneous chanting of folksong, with the performers moving in pairs, hitting their batons (koles) against each other in a methodical way in tune with folksongs. It is played according to Vaithari or Thalam by the Gurukkal (Teacher).

The typical Kolkali group will contain between sixteen and twenty members. One among them will sing the folksong and it will be chorused by rest. Harmonizing with generational changes, Kolkali like all other folk-art of North Malabar, has also changed its look and style over time. The noted Kolkali groups are found in the

Kasaragod District
.

Mappila (Muslim) folklore

Mappila folklore has deep roots in the region. The major Mappila arts of Malabar region (both North and South Malabar) are :

Eruthukali

Main article: Eruthukali

Erutukali is a folk art popular in hilly areas of North Malabar region, which is performed by the Mavilan community on the tenth day of

Thulam.[108] The main character in Erutukali is a big bull which is made of bamboo sticks, straw, cloth and a wooden head.[108]

Malabar Cuisine

See also: Thalassery cuisine
Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes in North Malabar
Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)
Thalassery biryani with raita
Halwas are popular in Kannur and Thalassery

The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage. Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional

mussels) curry, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[109] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake)[109] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of North Malabar cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove
are used profusely.

The

Thalassery biriyani, and Kannur biriyani,[110] are prepared in North Malabar.[109]

The snacks include

eggs,[109] chatti pathiri, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling, arikkadukka,[112] and more.[109]

Chandragiri River - The northern end of this region

Notable individuals

Main article: List of people from North Malabar
  • Kannur District
    of Kerala State. He waged war against Mysore and the British for 27 years.
  • K. Kelappan - was the founder President of the Nair Service Society who later became the principal of a school run by the society. He fought for social reforms on the one hand and against the British on the other. He was a great revolutionary, social reformer and crusader for justice to the backward classes. He was called Kerala Gandhi.
  • P. T. Usha- The first Indian sprinter to reach the Olympics. Winner of several gold medals in the Asian Games.
  • Lt Gen
    UNPROFOR
    .
  • E. K. Nayanar - (December 1918 - May 2004) born in Kalliasseri, Kannur was a prominent Indian political leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He held the post of Chief Minister of Kerala three times. He was the longest-serving Chief Minister of Kerala, serving a total of 4009 days.
  • K. Karunakaran - (July 1918 - December 2010) was an Indian politician from Chirakkal in the Kannur District. He held the post of Chief Minister of Kerala four times, making him the person who became the Chief Minister for the most number of times, and was also the second longest-serving Chief Minister of Kerala after Nayanar.
  • Pinarayi Vijayan - veteran Communist leader, former State secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and current Chief Minister of Kerala.
  • Vijay K. Nambiar - Former ambassador to China and Pakistan and former Chef de Cabinet (Chief of Staff) under UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
  • Gireesh Puthenchery
    - Well known lyricist and screenwriter in the Malayalam film industry.
  • T. V. Chandran - Well known director in the Malayalam film industry.
  • Vineeth - born on 23 August 1969, a South Indian film actor and classical dancer.
  • M. N. Nambiar - (1919—2008) film actor in Tamil cinema who spent more than 50 years in the film industry.
  • William Logan
    , researchers on the history, language, culture of Kerala.
  • Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar - Minister of Pazhassi Raja who was active in resistance to Mysorean and British invaders.
  • Sreenivasan - Noted Malayalam actor and director.
  • Samvrutha Sunil - Noted Malayalam film heroine.
  • Kavya Madhavan - Popular Malayalam film actress.
  • O. M. Nambiar - Renowned as an Indian athletics coach.
  • Gandhian
    , educational and social activist.
  • V.S. Achuthanandan
    ministry from 2006 to 2011, and former State secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist).
  • Kanayi Kunhiraman - Sculptor.
  • M. Mukundan - Novelist and diplomat.
  • K. Raghavan - Veteran Malayalam music director.
  • Abu Salim (actor) - Popular film actor and Mr India Title winner in 1984 and 1992.
  • C. P. Krishnan Nair - Internationally known businessman from the Leela Group of Hotels.
  • Sanusha - Noted film actress.
  • Anaswara Rajan - Noted film actress.
  • Maliyekkal Mariyumma - Social reformer

See also

References

  1. ^ Census of India, 2001. Census Data Online, Population.
  2. ^
    ISBN 9788120604476
    .
  3. ^ M. Vijayanunni. 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9788126415786
    .
  5. ^ Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District (PDF). Madras Government Press.
  6. ^ Pamela Nightingale, ‘Jonathan Duncan (bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009
  7. ^ "Navy-Training Academy-proposed Expansion". Deccan Herald. 11 August 2017.
  8. ^ "Asia's largest naval academy opened". Arab News. 10 January 2009.
  9. user-generated source
    ]
  10. ^ Gibson, David K. "The best beaches for driving". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  11. ^ "Muzhappilangad wins BBC favour". deccanchronicle.com. 24 June 2016.
  12. ^
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Further reading

General

Kasaragod region