North Maluku
North Maluku
Maluku Utara | |
---|---|
Province of North Maluku | |
UTC+09 (Indonesia Eastern Time) | |
ISO 3166 code | ID-MU |
HDI | 0.702 (High) |
HDI rank | 28th in Indonesia (2023) |
Website | malutprov.go.id |
North Maluku (
North Maluku was originally the centre of the four largest Islamic sultanates in the eastern Indonesian archipelago—
The province of North Maluku was officially established on 12 October 1999, by separation from Maluku. The island city of Ternate served as its de facto capital until 2010, when the provincial government moved to Sofifi on the mainland of Halmahera. The regional economy in North Maluku largely relies on the agricultural sector, fisheries and other types of marine products. The main commodities that support the economic pulse in North Maluku include copra, nutmeg, cloves, fisheries, gold and nickel. North Maluku's agricultural products include rice, corn, roasted sweet potatoes, beans, coconut, potatoes, nutmeg, sago, and eucalyptus.
Etymology
Historically, the term Maluku referred to the four royal centres in North Maluku, namely
The etymology of the word Maluku is not very clear, and it has been a matter of debate for many experts.[7] The first recorded word that can be identified with Maluku comes from Nagarakretagama, an Old Javanese eulogy of 1365. Canto 14 stanza 5 mentioned Maloko, which Pigeaud identified with Ternate or Moluccas.[8]: 17 [9]: 34 A theory holds that the name Maluku comes from the concept of "Maluku Kie Raha". "Raha" means four, while "kie" here means mountain. referring to 4 mountains of Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, and Jailolo (Halmahera) which have their own kolano (title for local kings). Therefore, the Maluku can come from: "Moloku" here means to grasp or hold. Using these the meaning of "Moloku Kie Raha" is "confederation of four mountain". However the root word "loku" comes from local Malay creole word for a unit, therefore not an indigenous language. The other idea is the word originated from "Maloko" which is a combination of "Ma" which is for support and "Loko" refer to area. The phrase "Maloko Kie Raha" means "the place/world which has four mountains".[10]
History
Precolonial era
The island of Ternate or Gapi began to grow in the early 13th century. The early Ternate population was the result of an exodus from Halmahera. Initially there were four villages in Ternate, each headed by a momole (head of a clan). they were the first to make contact with merchants who came looking for spices. The population of Ternate became increasingly heterogeneous with settlements of Arab, Javanese, Malay and Chinese traders. With the increasingly busy trading activities there was an increase of threats coming from pirates, the Momole Guna Tobona leaders held a conference to form a stronger organization and appoint a single leader as king.[11]
In 1257, according to traditional chronology, Momole Cico, Sampalu's leader was elected and appointed as the first kolano (king) with the title Baab Mashur Malamo (1257-1277).[12] The Kingdom of Gapi was centered in the village of Ternate, which later grew bigger and more populous, the population was also referred as Gam Lamo or the big village (later Gamalama). Ternate was the largest and most populous settlement on the island, so the people would call the kingdom Ternate rather than Gapi. Under the leadership of several generations of rulers, Ternate developed from a kingdom on a small island, to becoming the largest and most influential country in eastern Indonesia, especially in the Moluccas. It was organized in settlement units called soa which stood under a headmen or bobato. At the top, the kolano was assisted by four chief officials, dopolo ngaruha, led by a first minister or jogugu.[13]
Starting in the mid-15th century, Islam was adopted by the leading families in the kingdom, due to the influence of Muslim merchants from
Opposite to Ternate lies the island of
Colonial era
The first European to land in the Moluccas was Ludovico di Varthema, an Italian explorer who claims to have visited the region in 1505. In 1512, the Portuguese set foot in Ternate for the first time under the leadership of Francisco Serrão. With the approval of Sultan Bayan Sirrullah, Portugal was allowed to establish a trading post in Ternate. Portugal came not only to share the trading opportunities, but to control the commerce in spices, nutmeg and cloves, in Maluku. For this reason, the foreigners first had to subordinate to Ternate. Their superior weaponry and possession of the trading entrepôt of Malacca made them attractive as allies. But as soon as they were permanently established, the Europeans began to interfere in local politics. Simultaneously, Al-Mansur of Tidore received the remnants of the Magellan expedition in 1521 and tried to secure the Spanish as allies, though the presence of Spain in Maluku were very limited up to 1582. Ternate and Tidore lived in a near-permanent state of rivalry during the 16th and 17th centuries, though there was also a ritual dualism in their relationship.[20]
Sultan Bayan Sirrullah died in 1521, leaving heirs who were still very young. The Tidorese princess Nukila, the widow of the sultan, and Prince Taruwese, son of the deceased sultan by a low-ranking wife, acted as guardians. Queen Mother Nukila intended to unite Ternate and Tidore under one crown, headed by one of her two sons, Pangeran Hidayat (later Sultan Dayalu) or prince Abu Hayat (later Sultan Abu Hayat II). Meanwhile, Prince Tarruwese wanted the throne for himself.[21]
The Portuguese took advantage of this opportunity and pitted them against each other, resulting in civil strife. Queen Nukila's side was supported by Tidore while Prince Taruwese was supported by Portugal. After overcoming his adversary, Prince Taruwese was in turn betrayed and killed by the Portuguese.[22] The Portuguese captain acted as an adviser to the kingdom. Through his influence, the royal council was persuaded to appoint prince Tabariji as sultan in 1533. But when the Ternatans began to show hostility to Christianized regions in Halmahera, Tabariji was exiled to the Portuguese colony of Goa, India in 1535. There he was converted to Christianity and was later pushed to write a testament that bequeathed Ternate to the King of Portugal.[23] This made the next sultan Hairun a vassal of Portugal, but he disregarded the testament and built up his power behind the backs of the Portuguese.
Portugal helped Hairun conquer the Jailolo kingdom in 1551, reducing it to a Ternate vassal.[24] However, because of the treatment of his brothers and himself caused deep resentment of Sultan Hairun. He tried to weaken the Portuguese positions in Maluku, sending expeditions to attack the partly Christianized Ambon Island. The actions of the Portuguese also caused anger among the people who backed the Sultan. In response, the Portuguese captain, Diogo Lopes de Mesquita invited Hairun for negotiations but murdered the sultan who entered the fort without his bodyguards.[25]
The assassination of Sultan Hairun incited the people of Ternate to expel Portugal. Even other parts of the Moluccas chose to support the leadership and struggle of the new
After the death of Sultan Baabullah, the sultanate began to weaken. The Spanish, who had united with Portugal in 1580, tried to regain control of Maluku by attacking Ternate via the Iberian base in Tidore. With Spain strengthening its position in the Philippines, Ternate formed an alliance with local Muslim lords in Mindanao to drive off the Spanish, but failed. Sultan Saidi Berkat defeated several invasion attempts, but was eventually captured by the Spaniards in 1606 and exiled to Manila. The Spanish-allied Tidore took over some Ternatan dependencies.[27]
Surviving Ternatan aristocrats requested the help from the Dutch, the Dutch responded and helped Sultan Mudafar Syah I to reestablish himself on Ternate Island. On 26 June 1607 the sultan signed a contract that gave the Dutch East India Company (VOC) a monopoly in purchasing spices in his realm, in return for Dutch assistance against Spain.[28] In 1607, the Dutch also built Fort Oranje on Ternate, which was their first stronghold in the archipelago. The VOC expelled the Spanish from most of Maluku in the following years, though Spain kept Tidore and Fort Gammalamo in Ternate until 1663. The unbalanced relationship between the Netherlands and Ternate caused dissatisfaction with the rulers and nobles of Ternate. Among them were Hidayat, a young Ambonese kimelaha (governor) who was also a former regent of Ternate and led the opposition against both Mudafar Syah and the Dutch. He ignored the Dutch trade monopoly agreement by selling spices to Javanese and Makassar traders. The resistance offered by him and his successors, and by the Muslim vassal state Hitu on Ambon, led to a long series of wars up to the 1650s where the VOC subjugated Ambon with Ternate's assistance.[29]
Meanwhile, the Sultanate of Tidore succeeded in preventing direct Dutch interference in their territory and remained independent until the end of the 18th century. Over the 17th century Tidore built up its positions in south-east Halmahera and
Modern era
The
After the Japanese surrendered, the Dutch regained control of the region, before handing it over to the Indonesian government in 1949. In 1957, the
During the administration of President B. J. Habibie, the idea emerged to accelerate development in several potential regions by forming new provinces. Maluku was one of the potential areas for accelerating development through the parttion of the province, mainly because of the pace of development between the northern and southern regions and or between the middle and southeast regions were uneven. On that basis, the government established North Maluku Province (with the temporary capital in Ternate) which was confirmed by Law Number 46 of 1999 concerning the division of North Maluku Province, Buru Regency and Tanimbar Islands Regency.[39]
North Maluku was also the site of the Maluku sectarian conflict. Although the area was more peaceful than the neighbouring Maluku province, there were several clashes between Christians and Muslims in Ternate and Halmahera. Several people were killed in Kao, Halmahera as residents of both faiths and Makianese Muslim migrants fought for three days, the violence had started with the invasion of Sosol, one of the two villages destroyed by the Makianese gang.[40][41] A team of leaders was tasked with securing peace by the regional government, however no modifications were made to the redistricting decision and tension remained.[41] The conflict spread from Halmahera to neighbouring Ternate and Tidore. On 6 November 1999, a several-hundred strong Muslim gang, led by local Makianese political elite and thought to be mostly Makianese refugees, raged through Ternate attacking the Christian minority there.[42] The police forces of Ternate were only able to guard their own institutions from attack, yet the traditional guards of the Sultan of Ternate, mostly composed of local Ternate Muslims, were particularly effective at protecting the local Christian population from attack.[43] The Sultan's guard had both established secure perimeters around areas of the city, including the mostly Chinese-owned business district, and physically stood between the mobs and possible victims in some cases and were later commended for preventing a potential massacre. At least 4 people died, however, and the Indonesian Navy later evacuated the several thousand Christian residents of both islands to Bitung and Manado in North Sulawesi.
The conflict was resolved after the Malino II Accord was signed by both parties.
Geography
The islands of North Maluku are mostly of volcanic origin, with the volcanoes of Dukono on Halmahera and Gamalama on Ternate still active and the whole of Tidore consisting of a large stratovolcano.
The largest of the 1,474 islands are
The North Maluku Islands are formed by the movement of three tectonic plates, namely Eurasia, the Pacific and Indo-Australia which have occurred over geological ages. This movement formed the volcanic archipelago that stretched from north to south in western Halmahera, including Ternate Island, Tidore Island, Moti Island, Mare Island and Makian Island. Halmahera Island itself is a volcanic island even though volcanic activity occurs only in a part of its territory.
The islands have a tropical rainforest climate (Af).
Ecology
The
The endemic mammals found here include the
Most of the natural forest remains on these mountainous islands, although much of the coastal and lowland areas have been cleared for clove-planting since the sixteenth century, especially on the islands of Ternate and Tidore. Logging has occurred more recently on Halmahera and Morotai.
The
Administrative divisions
In 1999, the northern part of Maluku, then comprising the North Maluku (Maluku Utara) Regency, the
Kode Wilayah |
Name of City or Regency |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n 2010 Census |
Pop'n 2020 Census |
Pop'n mid 2023 Estimate |
No. of Districts |
No. of Villages |
No. of Islands |
Capital | HDI[46] 2022 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
82.01 | West Halmahera Regency (Halmahera Barat) |
2,239.11 | 100,424 | 132,349 | 137,543 | 8 | 169 | 139 | Jailolo | 0.662 (Medium) |
82.02 | Central Halmahera Regency (Halmahera Tengah) |
2,276.84 | 42,815 | 56,802 | 60,480 (a) |
10 | 61 | 43 | Weda | 0.664 (Medium) |
82.03 | North Halmahera Regency (Halmahera Utara) |
3,404.27 | 161,847 | 197,638 | 203,213 | 17 | 196 | 83 | Tobelo | 0.683 (Medium) |
82.04 | South Halmahera Regency (Halmahera Selatan) |
8,779.32 | 198,911 | 248,395 | 255,384 | 30 | 249 | 355 | Labuha | 0.650 (Medium) |
82.05 | Sula Islands Regency (Kepulauan Sula) |
5,213.55 | 85,215 | 104,082 | 105,095 | 12 | 78 | 32 | Sanana | 0.647 (Medium) |
82.06 | East Halmahera Regency (Halmahera Timur) |
6,515.74 | 73,109 | 91,707 | 97,895 | 10 | 102 | 41 | Maba | 0.679 (Medium) |
82.07 | Morotai Island Regency (Pulau Morotai) |
2,336,60 | 52,697 | 74,436 | 80,566 | 5 | 88 | 31 | Daruba |
0.638 (Medium) |
82.08 | Taliabu Island Regency (Pulau Taliabu) |
1,507.41 | 47,309 | 58,047 | 64,885 | 8 | 71 | 54 | Bobong | 0.616 (Medium) |
82.71 | Ternate City | 162.20 | 185,705 | 205,001 | 204,920 | 7 | 77 | 10 | - | 0.808 (Very High) |
82.72 | Tidore Islands City | 1,703.32 | 90,055 | 114,480 | 118,613 | 8 | 89 | 11 | - | 0.715 (High) |
Total Province | 34,138.36 | 1,038,087 | 1,282,937 | 1,328,594 | 115 | 1,180 | 781 | 0.694 (Medium) |
Notes: (a) The Regency-level BPS publication for mid 2023 shows a population figure of 96,977 for Central Halmahera which is wildly different from the Provincial-level publication figures given above. Note several of the figures for areas also show great disparity between the BPS figires published by the Province and those published by the Regencies, although both sets are "official".
Economy
In the 2010s, efforts were undertaken to further develop the province. Governor Abdul Ghani Kasuba designated South Halmahera as a tourism region for the province,[47] inaugurating the Widi International Fishing Tournament for that purpose.[48] Kasuba also successfully negotiated with the China-based Jinchun Group to build a nine-trillion rupiah nickel smelter in the Obi Islands.[49]
Demographics
Population
The population of North Maluku at the 2020 Census was 1,282,937 people[4] spread across eight regencies and two cities, but by mid 2023 this was officially estimated to have reached 1,328,594.[1] South Halmahera Regency is the regency that has the largest population, with 255,384 people in mid 2023 or 19.22% of the province's total population, followed by Ternate city with 204,920 people in 2023, or 15.42%, while the regency that has the smallest population is Central Halmahera Regency with 60,480 people or just 4.55%. The average annual population growth rate in North Maluku was 2.07% between 2010 and 2020; Morotai Island Regency was the region with the highest annual population growth rate of 3.40% per year, while the area with the lowest annual population growth rate was Ternate with 0.96% per year. With an area of 34,138.36 km2 and a population of 1,328,694 in 2023, the population density in North Maluku was 39 per km2 in 2023; the area with the highest density was Ternate with a density of 1,263 per km2, while the region with the lowest density was East Halmahera Regency with a density of only 15 per km2.
Ethnic groups
North Maluku has a very diverse population. In total there are around 28 ethnic groups and languages in North Maluku. They are divided into two families of languages based on the language used, namely Austronesian and Papuan. Austronesian groups live in the central and eastern parts of Halmahera. They include the Buli, Maba, Patani, Sawai and Weda peoples. North and West Halmahera are dominated by Papuan-speaking ethnic groups, i.e. Galela, Tobelo, Loloda, Tobaru, Modole, Togutil, Pagu, Waioli, Ibu, Sahu, Ternate and Tidore. In the Sula Islands, there are several ethnic groups such as the Kadai, Mange and Siboyo peoples. Most people in this area have a command of Ternate Malay.
Religion
Most of the population in North Maluku is Muslim, with Christians (mostly Protestants) a significant minority. Hinduism, Buddhism, and various other religions are practiced by a small part of the population. According to data in 2017, the composition of religion in this province is Islam 75.34%, Protestant 23.96%, Catholic 0.68%, Hinduism 0.01%, Buddhism 0.01%.[51]
Tourism
Maritime tourism in North Maluku is based on the area's islands and beaches with marine parks and various types of ornamental fish.[citation needed] There are also tourist forests as well as national parks with endemic species ranked 10th in the world.[citation needed][clarification needed] The nature reserve area consists of several types, both on land and in marine waters such as the Sibela Mountain Reserve on Bacan Island, Nature Reserve on Obi Island, Taliabu Nature Reserve on Taliabu Island and Nature Reserve on Seho Island. Cultural Heritage Areas that have archaeological historical values scattered in the North Maluku Province include cultural reserves in Ternate City, Tidore City, West Halmahera.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Maluku Utara Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.82)
- ISBN 978-9814519878.
- ^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987 Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Rijksmuseum te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 18.
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. I, p. 18.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993 The world of Maluku. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 47.
- ISBN 978-94-011-8772-5.
- ISBN 978-94-017-7133-7.
- ISBN 978-6024241667.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 50.
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. II, p. 1-2.
- ^ Muridan Widjojo 2009 The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c. 1780-1810. Leiden: Brill, p. 47-8.
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. I, p. 32.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 147.
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. II, p. 4.
- ^ Annie Nugraha 2017 "Tidore dalam balutan sejarah"
- ^ P.J.B.C. Robidé van der Aa 1879 Reizen naar Nederlandsch Nieuw-Guinea. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, p. 18.[1]
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 130-2.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 55, 115-6
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. I, p. 38.
- ^ P.A. Tiele 1879-1887 "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 25-36, Part II:1, p. 9-10.
- ^ Georg Schurhammer 1980 Francis Xavier: His Life, his times - vol. 3: Indonesia and India, 1545-1549. Rome: The Jesuits Historical Institute, p. 39-40.[2]
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 130.
- ^ P.A. Tiele 1877-1887, Part IV:5, p. 442.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 132-7.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 140-1.
- ^ Peter Borschberg 2015 Journals, memorials and letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Singapore: NUS Press, p. 87-9.
- ^ J. Keuning 1988 "Ambonese, Portuguese and Dutchmen: the history of Ambon to the end of the seventeenth century", in M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz et al. (eds), Dutch authors on Asian history. Dordrecht: Foris, p. 379-92.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 169-74.
- ^ Leonard Andaya 1993, p. 167, 185-6; Muridan Widjojo 2009, p. 56.
- ^ Muridan Widjojo 2009, p. 57-89.
- ^ C.F. van Fraassen 1987, Vol. I, p. 57-62.
- ^ a b Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 102.
- ^ "The Last Last Soldier?", Time, January 13, 1975, archived from the original on February 1, 2009.
- ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 134.
- ^ a b c Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 147.
- ^ Conboy & Morrison 1999, p. 161.
- ^ Lembaran Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 174, Tambahan Lembaran Negera Nomor 3895
- JSTOR 3351319.
- ^ a b Braithwaite & Dunn 2010, pp. 200–201
- ^ Braithwaite & Dunn 2010, pp. 202–203
- ^ Braithwaite & Dunn 2010, p. 214
- ^ "Halmahera Rain Forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ^ Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
- ^ "Metode Baru Indeks Pembangunan Manusia". www.bps.go.id. Badan Pusat Statistik. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
- ^ Widi Islands to be the Future of North Maluku Tourism. Tempo, 21 May 2017. Accessed 18 September 2017.
- ^ Aria Cindyara, N Maluku to boost maritime sector through fishing tourism. Antara, 24 August 2017. Accessed 30 August 2017.
- ^ China's Jinchun to in vest Rp9 trillion in North Maluku. Antara, 16 July 2016. Accessed 18 September 2017.
- ^ "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
Muslim 241 Million (87), Christianity 29.1 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.69 million (1.7), Buddhist 2.02 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 192.311 (0.1), Total 277.749.673 Million
- ^ "Provinsi Maluku Utara Dalam Angka 2018"
Bibliography
- Braithwaite, John; Dunn, Leah (2010). "3. Maluku and North Maluku" (PDF). Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding. The Australian National University. pp. 147–243. ISBN 978-1-921666-22-3.
- Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1999). Feet to the Fire CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958. Annapolis: ISBN 1-55750-193-9.