North Ossetia–Alania
Republic of North Ossetia–Alania | |
---|---|
Республика Северная Осетия — Алания | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Ossetic | Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон/Иристон — Алани |
2021 Census)[8] | |
• Total | 687,357
|
Website | www |
North Ossetia (
Forming 68.1% of the republic’s population as of 2021, the
The
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the republic experienced internal conflict like in much of the North Caucasus. In 1992, a brief ethnic war between Ossetians and the predominantly Muslim Ingush population in the Prigorodny District took place. The republic has experienced spillover from the Chechen conflict, most notably in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege.[18] Proposals for Russia to annex South Ossetia in order to incorporate the two as one entity exist to this day.
Ossetian cuisine is distinguished as an integral aspect of Ossetian culture. Ossetian-style pies such as Fydzhin (a meat pie) are a quintessential component of Ossetian cuisine. The "three pies" concept holds special symbolic significance, and representing the Sun, Earth, and water.[19]
Name
In the last years of the Soviet Union, as nationalist movements swept throughout the Caucasus, many intellectuals in the North Ossetian ASSR called for the revival of the name of Alania, a medieval kingdom of the Alans.
The term "Alania" quickly became popular in Ossetian daily life through the names of various enterprises, TV channels, political and civic organizations, publishing house, football team, etc. In November 1994, the name "Alania" was officially added to the republic’s title (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania).[20]
Geography
The republic is located in the North Caucasus. The northern part of the republic is situated in the Stavropol Plain. 22% of the republic’s territory is covered by forests.
- Area: 8,000 square kilometers (3,100 sq mi)
- Borders:
- internal: Kabardino-Balkaria (W/NW/N), Stavropol Krai (N), Chechnya (NE/E), Ingushetia (E/SE)
- international: Georgia (including South Ossetia; Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti and Shida Kartli) (SE/S/SW)
- Highest point: Mount Kazbek (5,033 meters (16,512 ft))
- Maximum north–south distance: 130 kilometers (81 mi)
- Maximum east–west distance: 120 kilometers (75 mi)
Rivers
All of the republic’s rivers belong to the
- Terek River(~600 km)
- Urukh River(104 km)
- Ardon River(101 km)
- Kambileyevka River(99 km)
- Gizeldon River(81 km)
- Fiagdon River
- Sunzha River(278 km)
Mountains
All of the mountains located on the territory of the republic are a part of the Caucasus.
Natural resources
Natural resources include minerals (
.Climate
The climate is moderately continental.
- Average January temperature: −5 °C (23 °F)
- Average July temperature: +24 °C (75 °F)
- Average annual precipitation: 400–700 millimeters (16–28 in) in the plains; over 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in the mountains.
History
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2017) |
Early history: Kingdom of Alania and Middle Ages
The territory of North Ossetia was first inhabited by Caucasian tribes. Some
Alania greatly profited from the Silk Road which passed through its territory.
After the
Russian imperial rule (1806–1917)
Conflicts between the
The Russians’ rule led to rapid development of industry and railways which overcame its isolation. The first books from the area came during the late 18th century, and became part of the Terskaya Region of Russia in the mid-19th century.
Soviet period (1917–1990)
Natural resources, agriculture, and industry
The most widespread resources are zinc- and lead-containing complex ores. There are deposits of limestone, dolomites, marble, and touchstone. There is also a large availability of construction materials, such as clay, sand, and gravel. The local oil deposit reserves are estimated at 10 million metric tons.[25]
The agricultural sector is varied and specializes in the cultivation of wheat, corn, and sunflowers; horticulture; viticulture; and cattle and sheep breeding.[29][30]
North Ossetia’s industry is mainly concentrated in Vladikavkaz. Major companies located here include Elektrotsink, Gazoapparat, an instrument-making plant, Elektrokontraktor, a factory producing automotive electrical equipment, a large-panel construction complex, and companies in the food industry. The Sadonsky industrial center has grown around the mining and forest industries.[30]
Tourism
Despite the proximity to Chechnya, North Ossetia is making efforts to develop its tourist industry.
There are more than 250 therapeutic, mineral, and freshwater springs in the republic with estimated daily reserves of 15,000 cubic meters. Besides providing the basis for health spas, these mineral waters also have the potential to be bottled and sold. North Ossetian mineral waters are known for their unique qualities, as well as special mineral composition.[30][31]
Infrastructure
In terms of its infrastructure, North Ossetia–Alania ranks second in the Southern Federal District and 10th in the nation.[25] The republic has some of the most extensive telecommunication networks in the North Caucasus region and in Russia. It ranks first in terms of its telecom network installations in the Southern Federal District.
The republic ranks fourth in Russia in terms of its paved roads, and its expanding transport and logistics complex provides communication networks between Russia and the South Caucasus, as well as Central Asia. The complex includes two federal highways (
Demographics
Population: 687,357 (
2019 | 2021 | |
---|---|---|
Average: | 75.8 years | 72.5 years |
Male: | 70.5 years | 68.1 years |
Female: | 80.6 years | 76.5 years |
-
Life expectancy with calculated differences
-
Life expectancy in North Ossetia in comparison with neighboring regions of the country
Settlements
Largest cities or towns in North Ossetia–Alania
2023 Estimation of Rosstat | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Administrative Division | Pop. | |||||||
Vladikavkaz Mozdok |
1 | Vladikavkaz | City of republic significance of Vladikavkaz | 292,886 | |||||
2 | Mozdok | Mozdoksky District | 35,662 | ||||||
3 | Beslan | Pravoberezhny District | 36,011 | ||||||
4 | Alagir | Alagirsky District | 21,315 | ||||||
5 | Ardon |
Ardonsky District | 18,915 | ||||||
6 | Elkhotovo | Kirovsky District | 12,690 | ||||||
7 | Sunzha | Prigorodny District | 11,068 | ||||||
8 | Nogir | Prigorodny District | 11,947 | ||||||
9 | Digora | Digorsky District | 9,994 | ||||||
10 | Kizlyar | Mozdoksky District | 10,970 |
Vital statistics
[38] | Average population (per 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 554 | 9,731 | 3,964 | 5,767 | 17.6 | 7.2 | 10.4 | |
1975 | 575 | 10,368 | 4,664 | 5,704 | 18.0 | 8.1 | 9.9 | |
1980 | 598 | 10,135 | 5,821 | 4,314 | 16.9 | 9.7 | 7.2 | |
1985 | 617 | 11,598 | 6,047 | 5,551 | 18.8 | 9.8 | 9.0 | |
1990 | 649 | 10,967 | 6,166 | 4,801 | 16.9 | 9.5 | 7.4 | 2.23 |
1991 | 679 | 10,985 | 6,694 | 4,291 | 16.2 | 9.9 | 6.3 | 2.09 |
1992 | 683 | 10,048 | 7,125 | 2,923 | 14.7 | 10.4 | 4.3 | 1.89 |
1993 | 661 | 8,251 | 7,872 | 379 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 0.6 | 1.67 |
1994 | 666 | 8,806 | 8,329 | 477 | 13.2 | 12.5 | 0.7 | 1.79 |
1995 | 674 | 8,781 | 8,574 | 207 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 0.3 | 1.78 |
1996 | 680 | 8,043 | 8,514 | −471 | 11.8 | 12.5 | −0.7 | 1.62 |
1997 | 681 | 7,758 | 8,378 | −620 | 11.4 | 12.3 | −0.9 | 1.56 |
1998 | 683 | 7,767 | 8,188 | −421 | 11.4 | 12.0 | −0.6 | 1.56 |
1999 | 689 | 7,195 | 8,412 | −1,217 | 10.4 | 12.2 | −1.8 | 1.43 |
2000 | 699 | 7,179 | 8,626 | −1,447 | 10.3 | 12.3 | −2.0 | 1.39 |
2001 | 707 | 7,317 | 8,205 | −888 | 10.3 | 11.6 | −1.3 | 1.39 |
2002 | 709 | 7,874 | 8,753 | −879 | 11.1 | 12.3 | −1.2 | 1.47 |
2003 | 709 | 7,978 | 8,952 | −974 | 11.3 | 12.6 | −1.4 | 1.48 |
2004 | 707 | 7,893 | 8,663 | −770 | 11.2 | 12.2 | −1.1 | 1.46 |
2005 | 706 | 7,894 | 8,654 | −760 | 11.2 | 12.3 | −1.1 | 1.46 |
2006 | 706 | 8,308 | 8,138 | 170 | 11.8 | 11.5 | 0.2 | 1.53 |
2007 | 706 | 9,556 | 7,806 | 1,750 | 13.5 | 11.1 | 2.5 | 1.76 |
2008 | 708 | 9,981 | 7,975 | 2,006 | 14.1 | 11.3 | 2.8 | 1.83 |
2009 | 710 | 10,017 | 7,987 | 2,030 | 14.1 | 11.3 | 2.9 | 1.84 |
2010 | 712 | 10,303 | 7,748 | 2,555 | 14.5 | 10.8 | 3.7 | 1.88 |
2011 | 715 | 10,375 | 7,720 | 2,655 | 14.5 | 10.8 | 3.7 | 1.88 |
2012 | 708 | 10,801 | 7,525 | 3,276 | 15.3 | 10.6 | 4.7 | 1.96 |
2013 | 705 | 10,760 | 7,394 | 3,366 | 15.3 | 10.5 | 4.8 | 1.98 |
2014 | 705 | 10,798 | 7,554 | 3,244 | 15.3 | 10.7 | 4.6 | 2.01 |
2015 | 704 | 10,341 | 7,558 | 2,783 | 14.6 | 10.7 | 3.9 | 1.93 |
2016 | 704 | 9,916 | 7,296 | 2,620 | 14.1 | 10.3 | 3.8 | 1.89 |
2017 | 702 | 8,992 | 7,151 | 1,841 | 12.8 | 10.2 | 2.6 | 1.75 |
2018 | 9,120 | 7,145 | 1,975 | 13.0 | 10.2 | 2.8 | 1.83 | |
2019 | 8,589 | 7,220 | 1,369 | 12.3 | 10.3 | 2.0 | 1.75 | |
2020 | 8,157 | 8,361 | -204 | 11.7 | 12.0 | -0.3 | 1.72 | |
2021 | 8,091 | 9,784 | -1,693 | 11.7 | 14.1 | -2.4 | 1.71 | |
2022 | 7,470 | 7,885 | -415 | 10.9 | 11.5 | -0.6 | 1.59 | |
2023 | 7,187 | 6,767 | 420 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 0.7 |
Ethnic groups
The majority of the population of North Ossetia are Christians who belong to the
According to the
Ethnic group |
1926 Census1 | 1939 Census | 1959 Census | 1970 Census | 1979 Census | 1989 Census | 2002 Census | 2010 Census | 2021 Census2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Ossetians | 141,723 | 49.6% | 165,616 | 50.3% | 215,463 | 47.8% | 269,326 | 48.7% | 299,022 | 50.5% | 334,876 | 53.0% | 445,310 | 62.7% | 459,688 | 65.1% | 439,949 | 68.1% |
Russians | 68,192 | 23.8% | 122,614 | 37.2% | 178,654 | 39.6% | 202,367 | 36.6% | 200,692 | 33.9% | 189,159 | 29.9% | 164,734 | 23.2% | 147,090 | 20.8% | 122,240 | 18.9% |
Ingush | 23,851 | 8.3% | 6,106 | 1.9% | 6,071 | 1.3% | 18,387 | 3.3% | 23,663 | 4.0% | 32,783 | 5.2% | 21,442 | 3.0% | 28,336 | 4.0% | 24,285 | 3.8% |
Kumyks | 3,153 | 1.1% | 85 | 0.0% | 3,921 | 0.9% | 6,363 | 1.2% | 7,610 | 1.3% | 9,478 | 1.5% | 12,659 | 1.8% | 16,092 | 2.3% | 18,054 | 2.8% |
Armenians | 9,185 | 3.2% | 8,932 | 2.7% | 12,012 | 2.7% | 13,355 | 2.4% | 12,912 | 2.2% | 13,619 | 2.2% | 17,147 | 2.4% | 16,235 | 2.3% | 11,668 | 1.8% |
Georgians | 6,057 | 2.1% | 6,312 | 1.9% | 8,160 | 1.8% | 10,323 | 1.9% | 11,347 | 1.9% | 12,284 | 1.9% | 10,803 | 1.5% | 9,095 | 1.3% | 6,756 | 1.0% |
Ukrainians | 19,101 | 6.7% | 7,063 | 2.1% | 9,362 | 2.1% | 9,250 | 1.7% | 10,574 | 1.8% | 10,088 | 1.6% | 5,198 | 0.7% | 3,251 | 0.4% | 925 | 0.1% |
Others | 14,690 | 5.1% | 12,477 | 3.8% | 16,938 | 3.8% | 23,210 | 4.2% | 26,182 | 4.4% | 30,141 | 4.8% | 32,982 | 4.6% | 26,636 | 3.8% | 22,418 | 3.5% |
1 The results of the 1926 census refer to the present territory, which is a combination of the North Ossetian AO, the city of Vladikavkaz and adjacent areas.[41]
2 41,062 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[42] |
Languages
There are two official languages in North Ossetia:
Religion
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,
Education
The most important facilities of higher education include
Politics
During the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three people; the first secretary of the North Ossetia Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.
The Charter of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the fundamental law of the region. The
The head of government in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the Head of the Republic. The current head of the republic is
Culture
There are six professional theaters in North Ossetia–Alania, as well as Ossetian State Philharmonia.
Gallery
-
Sculpture in honor of Uastyrdzhi Uastyrdzhi
-
Necropolis near settlement Dargavs
-
North Ossetian landscape
-
Mineral lake in the gorge of the river Ardon River
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Russian: Республика Северная Осетия — Алания, romanized: Respublika Severnaya Osetiya — Alaniya, Russian pronunciation: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ˈsʲevʲɪrnəjə ɐˈsʲetʲɪjə ɐˈlanʲɪjə]; Ossetian: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон/Иристон — Алани, romanized: Respublikæ Cægat Iryston/Iriston — Alani, IPA: [resˈpublikə t͡səˈgät iɾɨˈʃton/iɾiʃton äˈläni] ⓘ; Ingush: Республика Гӏинбухера Хӏирийче — Аланойче, romanized: Republika Ghinbukhera Hiriyche — Alanoyche
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ Law #520A
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Article 64
- ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Article 7
- ^ Doroshenko, Ekaterina (9 April 2021). "Sergey Menyailo left the post of plenipotentiary representative of the President of Russia". Vesti Omsk (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Article 15
- 1936 Soviet Constitution
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service.
- ISBN 9780755618453.
- ^ a b c d "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
- ^ "WHKMLA : History of Northern Ossetia". www.zum.de. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ a b Chappell, Bill (13 April 2017). "'Serious Failings' By Russia In Deadly Beslan School Siege, European Court Says". NPR. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ "The history of the origin of the Ossetian pie. Key travel destinations". boned.ru. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ^ Shnirelman, Victor (2006). The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus. Acta Slavica Iaponica 23, pp. 37–49.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - )
- ^ Solnick, Steven (29 May 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2019.
- ^ Moscow News. 18 September 2008. Archived from the originalon 4 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
- ^ Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения Федеральная служба государственной статистики
- ^ a b "Republic of North Ossetia–Alania: Introduction". Russia: All Regions Trade & Investment Guide. CTEC Publishing LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
- ^ Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "North Ossetia–Alania". Microsoft Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ^ a b c "Republic of North Ossetia". Kommersant. 11 March 2004. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- ^ a b "Republic of North Ossetia". Russia Profile. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- Federal State Statistics Service.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ В 2008 году естественный прирост населения Северной Осетии составил более 2 тыс. человек – Новости России – ИА REGNUM. Regnum.ru (26 February 2009). Retrieved on 18 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Демографический ежегодник России" [The Demographic Yearbook of Russia] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении" [Life expectancy at birth]. Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- ^ "Russian Federal State Statistics Service". 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015.
- ^ "Fed Stat". Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ "Национальный состав населения". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ население северной осетии. Ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru. Retrieved on 18 August 2012.
- ^ Перепись-2010: русских становится больше Archived 25 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Perepis-2010.ru (19 December 2011). Retrieved on 18 August 2012.
- ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. Archived.
- ^ "Regional government to quit over Beslan tragedy: president". ABC News. 8 September 2004.
Sources
- Парламент Республики Северная Осетия — Алания. Закон №520А от 24 ноября 1994 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Северная Осетия — Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 31 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия — Алания "О государственном гимне Республики Северная Осетия — Алания"». Опубликован: Газета "Северная Осетия". (Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. Law #520A of 14 November 1994 On the State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of 31 July 2006 On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania "On the State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania". ).
- Верховный Совет Республики Северная Осетия. 12 ноября 1994 г. «Республика Северная Осетия-Алания. Конституция.», в ред. Конституционного Закона №5-РКЗ от 4 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». Вступил в силу 7 декабря 1994 г. Опубликован: брошюрой "Конституция Республики Северная Осетия–Алания". (Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia. November 12, 1994 Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Constitution., as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-RKZ of December 4, 2013 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Effective as of December 7, 1994.).
- ISBN 9780755618453.
External links
- Official website of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- (archived) Official website of the Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (in Russian)
- North Ossetia–Alania travel guide from Wikivoyage