North White Carniolan dialect
| North White Carniolan dialect | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indo-European
|
Early forms | Southeastern Slovene dialect
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 North White Carniolan dialect | |
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
|---|
The North White Carniolan dialect (
Geographical distribution
The border between the South and North White Carniolan dialects is rather clear; it was already defined by
History
White Carniola was inhabited by Slovenes after the 13th century, and even then it was quite remote from other Slovenes on the
Accentual changes
The dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent, both on long and short vowels, which are still differentiated. It also underwent six accentual changes, which are also present in South White Carniolan: *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla, *sěnȏ / *prosȏ → *sě̀no / *pròso, *visȍk → vìsok, and *kováč → *kòvač.[7][8]
Phonology
Serbo-Croatian immigrants altered the dialect to a much lesser extent than in the South White Carniolan dialect. There are some partially altered microdialects, but most of them are more or less unaltered. All vowel changes are expected for a Slovene dialect, and vowel reduction is present. The Slovenian linguist Jože Toporišič even states that there was no early mixing with Croatian in this dialect.[6]
Alpine Slavic *ě̄ and non-final *ě̀ evolved into ḙː around Semič and into ẹː elsewhere. The vowel *ō evolved into uː. Non-final *è and *ę̀, as well as *ē and *ę̄, evolved into iːe in the west and into ẹː in the east. Similarly, *ǭ and non-final *ò and *ǫ̀ evolved into uːo in the west and into ọː in the east. Syllabic *ł̥̄ and non-final *ł̥̀ evolved into oːu̯ or uː in the west, and, apart from Metlika and north of that, where oːu̯ is pronounced, ọː in the east. Non-final *ù and *ū evolved into uː, and in the past üː was also present in the west.[7]
Newly accented e and o after the *ženȁ → *žèna shift became the diphthongs i̯eː/i̯e and u̯o/u̯a, respectively, in the west, and eː and oː/ọː, respectively, in the east.[7] Newly stressed *a and *e in the Črnomelj microdialect turned into ə, and j appeared before i.[9]
Before the stress, the vowels *i and *u evolved into e̥, and *a commonly turns into ə. Akanye is not common. After the stress, the vowel *o evolved into ȯ and *i into e̥. In Črnomelj, unstressed *i turned into ė.[9] Diphthongs *ej and *aj simplified into i.[7]
Short vowels also simplified in closed syllables, i turned into e̥, *u into ȯ, o or e̥, and a into ḁ.[7] In Črnomelj, short *i and *i followed by *r simplified into ə.[9]
Velar *ł was retained in the southeastern microdialects, and palatal consonants remained palatal in some microdialects, particularly those in the east.[7]
Morphology
The dialect retained neuter gender, but it lost dual forms. Adjectives are mainly compared periphrastically, but all suffixes are still occasionally in use. The long infinitive was replaced by the short infinitive ending in -t (both instead of -ti or -i). Participles in -č, -e, and -(v)ši are not in use anymore, and the gerund is also rarely used. The pluperfect is not in use anymore, and the preterite and future forms are expressed with biti + l-participle.[9]
The instrumental plural was replaced by locative plural forms in the eastern microdialects.[10]
Vocabulary
The vocabulary of the Črnomelj microdialect was collected by Janez Kramarič and published in Slovar črnomaljskega narečnega govora.[11]
References
- ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
- ^ a b c Logar (1996:79)
- ^ a b c "Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji" (PDF). Fran.si. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ISBN 978-953-150-971-8.
- ^ Šekli (2018:335–339)
- ^ a b Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 269.
- ^ a b c d e f Logar (1996:80–81)
- ^ Šekli (2018:337)
- ^ a b c d Špringer, Katarina (2022). Govor Črnomlja (in Slovenian). Ljubljana. p. 39.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Logar (1996:81)
- ^ Kramarič, Janez (2014). Slovar črnomaljskega narečnega govora (in Slovenian).
Bibliography
- ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. )