Northeast China

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Northeast China
Location of Northeast China
CountryChina
Area
 • Total791,826 km2 (305,726 sq mi)
Population
[1]
98,514,948
 • Density124/km2 (320/sq mi)
GDP2022[2]
 - Total¥5.795 trillion
$861.514 billion
 - Per Capita¥58,824
$8,746 (excluding Inner Mongolia)

Northeast China (

Argun, and Ussuri Rivers; from Korea to the south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers; and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River
.

Due to the

Xilin Gol, are also formally defined as regions of the Northeast.[8]

Names

Further information:
Etymology of Manchuria

The name

Manchu") of Japanese origin and was not used by the Manchus or Chinese people.[9] The geographical term Manchuria was first used in the 18th or 19th century by Japan. "Manchuria "variations of which arrived in European languages through Dutch, is a calque from Latin of the Japanese placename Manshū (満州, "Region of the Manchus"), which dates from the 18th century.[10] The toponym has since become associated with Japanese colonialism. Its use is considered controversial by some historians such as Mark C. Elliott, Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi who question its legitimacy.[11][12] In China, areas once considered part of Manchuria are referred to as the Northeast.[13][14]

The area was historically referred to by various names. During the

Nurgan.[15] The Qing dynasty used names such as Guandong (simplified Chinese: 关东; traditional Chinese: 關東; pinyin: Guāndōng),[note 1] East of the Pass) or the Three Provinces (東三省; 东三省; Dōngsānshěng) referring to Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Fengtian since 1683 when Heilongjiang was split from Jilin.[16]

Administrative divisions

GB[17]
 ISO No.[18] Province Chinese Name Capital Population Density Area (km2)
Abbr.
Liáo 21 Liaoning 辽宁省
Liáoníng Shěng 		Shenyang 43,746,323 299.83 145,900 LN 辽
Jí 22 Jilin 吉林省
Jílín Shěng 		Changchun 27,462,297 146.54 191,126 JL 吉
Hēi 23 Heilongjiang 黑龙江省
Hēilóngjiāng Shěng 		Harbin 38,312,224 84.38 454,800 HL 黑

Cities with urban area over one million in population

Provincial capitals in bold.
# City Urban area[19] District area[19] City proper[19] Prov. Census date
1 Shenyang 5,718,232 6,255,921 8,106,171 LN 2010-11-01
2 Harbin 4,933,054 5,878,939 10,635,971 HL 2010-11-01
3 Dalian 3,902,467 4,087,733 6,690,432 LN 2010-11-01
4 Changchun 3,411,209 4,193,073 7,674,439 JL 2010-11-01
5 Anshan 1,504,996 1,544,084 3,645,884 LN 2010-11-01
6 Jilin 1,469,722 1,975,121 4,413,157 JL 2010-11-01
7 Daqing 1,433,698 1,649,825 2,904,532 HL 2010-11-01
8 Fushun 1,318,808 1,431,014 2,138,090 LN 2010-11-01
9 Qiqihar 1,314,720 1,553,788 5,367,003 HL 2010-11-01
10 Benxi 1,000,128 1,094,294 1,709,538 LN 2010-11-01

History

Main article: History of Manchuria
A wooden Bodhisattva statue from the Jin dynasty now housed in Shanghai Museum

Northeast China was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including the

Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai), Sushen, Xianbei, and Mohe. The Han Chinese have settled in Northeast China at several points in history, with the first Chinese kingdom to enter the area being the state of Yan. The region came under the rule of various states throughout history, including Yan, Gija Joseon, Wiman Joseon, Buyeo, Western Han, Goguryeo, Xin dynasty, Eastern Han, Gongsun Yan, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Former Yan, Former Qin, Later Yan, Tang dynasty, Wu Zhou, Balhae, Liao dynasty, Jin dynasty, Eastern Liao, Later Liao, Eastern Xia, Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty, Northern Yuan, Ming dynasty, Qing dynasty, and Republic of China
.

During the late Qing dynasty, Northeast China came under influence of the

Chinese Communists
, who were victorious in 1949 and have been controlling this region since.

Demographics

Northeast China has a total population of about 107,400,000 people, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The overwhelming majority of the population in the Northeast is

Qing Dynasty, who then set up Willow Palisades during the reign of Shunzhi Emperor and prohibited any settlement of Han Chinese into the region. Despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement, by the 18th century the Qing decided to settle Han into the Northeast so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in the region by the 1780s.[20][21][22][23][24] Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, the path linking Jinzhou, Fengtian, Tieling, Changchun, Hulun, and Ningguta was settled by Han Chinese during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese were the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800.[25][26]
This resulted in the local Han Chinese population growing to over 20 million before the
People's Republic of China at the end of the Chinese Civil War
, further immigrations were organized by the Central Government to "develop the Great Northern Wilderness" (开发北大荒), eventually peaking the population at over 100 million people.

Because most people in Northeast China trace their ancestries back to the migrants from the Chuang Guandong era, Northeastern Chinese were more culturally uniform compared to other geographical regions of China. People from the Northeast would first identify themselves as "Northeasterners" (东北人) before affiliating to individual provinces and cities/towns.

Ethnic

ethnic Koreans make up roughly 35% of the population.[27]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Northeast China

Taoism and Chinese Buddhism coexist alongside predominating Chinese folk religions led by local shamans. The region has also a strong presence of folk religions and Confucian churches.

Economy

The Northeast was one of the earliest regions to

Revitalize the Northeast campaign to counter this problem, and established the Northeast Summit to improve policy coordination and integration. The region has experienced difficulty distancing itself from a planned economy, a legacy that began in 1905 with the establishment of the Japanese sphere of influence there. The region's once-abundant raw materials have also depleted and the economy has suffered from bureaucratic inefficiency and protectionist politics.[28]

The region is, on the whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and Anshan, all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since the Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages.

The Northeast is an important

fisheries
, and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang.

Northeast China is the country's traditional

automobile, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The Anshan Iron and Steel Works was the most important industrial enterprise in northeast China until the discovery of the Daqing oil field in 1959.[29]
: 38 

In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant.[30][needs update]

Culture

Dalian Hotel at Zhongshan Square in Dalian

In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong, the hometowns of most of the Han Chinese who migrated into Northeast China during the Chuang Guandong. Northeast China also takes cultural inspiration from the Tungusic peoples.

Dialects

There are two main varieties of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China.

The most widely spoken

Standard Mandarin, though with unique phonological and syntactic features,[32] and has noticeable vocabulary differences, with some terms originating from Russian.[33]
There are enough differences from Mandarin to give dongbeihua its own distinctive characteristics.

The second variety is

Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong. It is phonologically more different to Standard Mandarin than Northeastern Mandarin.[34]

Ethnic

Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian
tongues as well as Mandarin.

Cuisine

Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity, blending Northern Han, Manchu and Korean cooking styles. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage, which is called "suan cai", is preserved and used for cooking.[35] Different from other parts of Northern China, rice is consumed more in Northeast China. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are the main attraction of a meal.

Folk dance and sports

Errenzhuan, yangge, Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. "Northeastern Cradle Song" is an example of the folk songs of this region.

Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports. Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China.

Film, music, and literature

In 2019, the term Dongbei renaissance was coined by the rapper Gem to describe a revival in interest in the culture of the Northeast after his song Yelang Disco went viral. Artwork associated with the Dongbei renaissance often incorporates nostalgia for the "corny" aesthetics of the 1970s boom period of the Northeast, self-deprecating humor, and speculations on the decline and potential future of the economically depressed region. Notable works associated with the movement include Shuang Xuetao's fiction collection Moses on the Plain and the Diao Yinan film Black Coal, Thin Ice.[36]

Major universities

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Not to be confused with the unrelated Guangdong.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021.
  2. ^ GDP-2022 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS.
  3. ^ "The nine nations of China: Rust Belt". Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
  4. ^ "China Has Its Own Rust Belt, And It's Getting Left Behind As The Country Prospers". Forbes.
  5. ^ "Northeast China: Still Waiting for Regionalism". The Diplomat.
  6. ^ "China's rust belt population plummeted in last decade, exacerbating regional economic divide". South China Morning Post. 14 May 2021.
  7. ^ "China census reveals the true scale of the Northeast's decline". andrewbatson. 12 May 2021.
  8. ^ "Northeast Revitalization Plan (2007)". State Council of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  9. ^ Giles 1912, p. 8.
  10. ISBN 9789004154162"The use of the term 'Manchuria' as a place-name had begun with the Japanese in the eighteenth century, and it was later introduced to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold
    " [1796–1866].
  11. ^ Tamanoi 2000 Archived 2 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, p. 249.
  12. ^ Smith 2012 Archived 16 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, p. 219.
  13. University of Hawaii Press
    . p. 10.
    • Nishimura, Hirokazu; Kuroda, Susumu (2009). A Lost Mathematician, Takeo Nakasawa: The Forgotten Father of Matroid Theory. Springer. p. 15.
  14. ISBN 978-0-8248-2293-4
    .
  15. ^ Crossley 1999 Archived 16 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, p. 55.
  16. ^ Clausen 1995, p. 7
  17. ^ GB/T 2260 codes for the provinces of China
  18. ^ ISO 3166-2:CN (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of China)
  19. ^
    ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6
    .
  20. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 504.
  21. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 505.
  22. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 506.
  23. ^ Scharping 1998, p. 18.
  24. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 507.
  25. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 508.
  26. ^ Reardon-Anderson 2000, p. 509.
  27. ^ Andrei Lankov (June 3, 2013). "The 'third Korea' Yanbian in decline". THEAsiaN. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022.
  28. ^ Chan, Elaine (2019-05-06). "China's Northeastern rust belt was once 'eldest son', now struggling as runt of the litter". China Economy. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  29. ISBN 978-0-674-26022-1
    .
  30. ^ Li Yongfeng (24 September 2015). "Central Planning Got the Northeast in Trouble – and Won't Save It". Caixin. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  31. ^ Li, Rong (2012). 中國語言地圖集.
  32. ^ Li, Yingzi (2008). "东北方言研究综述". 语言应用研究 (10).
  33. ^ Yin, Shichao; Li, Rong (1997). 哈爾濱方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社.
  34. ^ Qian, Cengyi; Zhang, Shuzheng; Luo, Futeng (2001). 山东方言研究. 齊鲁書社.
  35. ISBN 9781439849040
    .
  36. ^ Tone, Sixth (July 31, 2023). "As China's Economy Wobbles, Its Rust Belt Is Having a Moment". #SixthTone. Retrieved 2023-08-30.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flora of China Northeast and Geography of China Northeast.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Northeast China.

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