Luzon

Coordinates: 16°N 121°E / 16°N 121°E / 16; 121
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Northern Luzon
)
This article is about the Philippine island. For other uses, see Luzon (disambiguation).

Luzon
Luzon satellite image captured by Sentinel-2 in 2016
Map
Geography
LocationSoutheast Asia
Coordinates16°N 121°E / 16°N 121°E / 16; 121
ArchipelagoPhilippines
Adjacent to
Major islands
Area109,965 km2 (42,458 sq mi)[1]
Area rank15th
Coastline3,249.6 km (2019.21 mi)[1]
Highest elevation2,928 m (9606 ft)
Highest pointMount Pulag
Administration
Philippines
Regions
List
Provinces
List
Largest settlement
Aeta
  • Bicolano
  • Bolinao
  • Gaddang
  • Ibanag
  • Igorot

    • Luzon (

    land area
    .

    Luzon may also refer to one of the three primary island groups in the country. In this usage, it includes the Luzon Mainland, the Batanes and Babuyan groups of islands to the north, Polillo Islands to the east, and the outlying islands of Catanduanes, Marinduque and Mindoro, among others, to the south.[5] The islands of Masbate, Palawan and Romblon are also included, although these three are sometimes grouped with another of the island groups, the Visayas.

    Etymology

    Bangkang pinawa, an ancient Philippine mortar and pestle

    The name Luzon is thought to derive from ᜎᜓᜐᜓᜅ᜔ lusong, a Tagalog word referring to a particular kind of large wooden mortar used in dehusking rice.[6][7] A 2008 research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a lusong, explaining:

    Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.[8]

    In old Latin, Italian, and Portuguese maps, the island is often called "Luçonia" or "Luconia."[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

    Luções, [luˈsõjʃ] (also Luzones in Spanish) was a demonym[17] used by Portuguese sailors in Malaysia[18] during the early 1500s, referring to the Kapampangan and Tagalog people who lived in Manila Bay, which was then called Lusong (Kapampangan: Lusung, Portuguese: Luçon), from which Luzon was also derived.[19][20][21][18] The term was also used for Tagalog settlers in Southern Tagalog region, where they created intensive contact with the Kapampangans.[22] Eventually, the term "Luzones" would refer to the settlers of Luzon island, and later on, would be exclusive to the peoples of Central Luzon.

    History

    Further information:
    Rajahnate of Maynila, Ma-i, and Caboloan

    Before European colonization

    Luzon was originally inhabited by

    Indochina, Bengal, Korea, Okinawa, Japan
    and China.

    Before 1000 CE, the

    Rajahs
    , by whom tributes were extracted and taxes were levied.

    There was also a Buddhist polity known as Ma-i or Maidh, described in Chinese and Bruneian records in the 10th century AD, although its location is still unknown and scholars are divided on whether it is in modern-day Bay, Laguna or Bulalacao, Mindoro.[24][25]

    Detail of an illustration from Jean Mallat's Les Philippines (1846), showing "a Tagalog couple pounding rice." The mortar depicted is known as a "lusong",[8]: 44  which was also the Old Tagalog name of the Pasig River delta.[26]

    According to sources at the time, the trade in large native

    Ilocos
    are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.

    In the early 1300s the Chinese annals, Nanhai zhi, reported that Hindu Brunei invaded or administered

    Butuan, Sulu, and in Luzon: Ma-i (Mindoro) and Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-day Manila); Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon or Zamboanga), Yachen 啞陳 Oton (Part of the Madja-as Kedatuan), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day Mindanao),[29] which would regain their independence at a later date.[30]

    During the 1360s, the

    Manila) and Solot (Sulu). Eventually, the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit after the 1365 Battle of Manila. Sulu also reestablished independence and in vengeance assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni (Brunei) before a fleet from the capital drove them out.[31]

    In 1405, the

    voyages.[32][33] China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.[34] China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.[35]

    Afterwards, some parts of Luzon were

    Wangdom of Pangasinan. It had remained a tributary state of China and was a largely Sinified kingdom, which maintained trade with Japan.[37] The Polity of Cainta
    also existed as a fortified city-state, armed with walls and canons.

    Interactions with the Portuguese

    The

    Luções.[38] Edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was "discovered" in 1521.[7]

    Many people from Luzon were employed within Portuguese Malacca. For example, the

    medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines.[40][41] His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja.[42]

    Fernão Mendes Pinto noted that a number of Luções in the Islamic fleets went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.[43] Antonio Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521.[44] However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.[43]

    On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Luções warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.[45] Luções military and trade activity reached as far as Sri Lanka in South Asia where Lungshanoid pottery made in Luzon were discovered in burials.[46]

    Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides.[19][20][21]

    Spanish Colonial Era

    万国来朝图

    The Spanish arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Luções people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of the Las Islas Filipinas with its capital Cebu, which was moved to Manila following the defeat of the local Rajah Sulayman in 1570. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as the Nueva Castilla or the New Castile.

    In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. The

    spices, which were then exported back to the Americas. The Chinese valued Luzon so much, in that when talking about Spain and the Spanish-Americas, they preferred to call it as "Dao Lusong" (Greater Luzon) while the original Luzon was referred to as "Xiao (Small) Lusong" to refer to not only Luzon but the whole Philippines.[47]

    Luzon also became a focal point for global migration. The walled city of

    Cainta, Rizal
    .

    Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (from Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing Indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.[52] There was also continuous immigration of Tamils and Bengalis into the rural areas of Luzon: Spanish administrators, native nobles, and Chinese businessmen imported them as slave labor during this period.[53]

    People from the Philippines, primarily from Luzon, were recruited by

    Saigon.[54]

    After Spanish colonization

    After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform, the

    Malolos, Bulacan. In the meantime, Spain sold the Philippines to the United States and the First Philippine Republic resisted the United States in the Philippine–American War which the Republic's forces lost due to its diplomatic isolation (no foreign nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of the American military.[57] The Americans then set up the cool mountain city of Baguio as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases in Olongapo and Angeles City.[58]

    U.S. Navy ships under attack while entering Lingayen Gulf, January 1945

    During the

    Bataan Peninsula.[59]

    A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific Commander

    campaign to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island of Leyte was the first objective of the campaign, which was captured by the end of December 1944. This was followed by the attack on Mindoro and later, Luzon.[59]

    Further information: Battle of Luzon

    The end of the World War necessitated decolonization due to rising nationalist movements across the world's many colonies. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator, Ferdinand Marcos, gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in the United States, Hong Kong, Singapore and Saudi Arabia. Eventually, the People Power Revolution led by Corazon Aquino and Cardinal Jaime Sin, removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled to Hawaii where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into the more isolated provinces of the Visayas and Mindanao.

    Geography

    Further information: Geography of Luzon
    Satellite image of Luzon

    Luzon island alone has an area of 109,964.9 square kilometres (42,457.7 sq mi),

    Bicol Peninsula
    protruding to the southeast.

    Luzon is roughly divided into four sections; Northern Luzon, Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, and Southeastern Luzon.

    Regions Six divisions Four divisions Three divisions Two divisions
    Ilocos Region
    Ilocandia
    		 Northern Luzon North and Central Luzon North and Central Luzon
    Cagayan Valley
    Cordillera Administrative Region Cordilleras
    Central Luzon Central Luzon
    National Capital Region Metro Manila Southern Luzon
    Calabarzon Southern Tagalog Southern Luzon Southern Luzon
    Mimaropa
    Bicol Region
    Bicolandia

    Physical

    Northern Luzon

    The northwestern portion of the island, which encompasses most of the

    Cordillera Central mountains
    .

    The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture of

    montane rainforests, and is the site of the island's highest mountain, Mount Pulag, rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides the upland headwaters of the Agno River, which stretches from the slopes of Mount Data, and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains of Pangasinan
    .

    The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with the Sierra Madre, the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the large Cagayan Valley. This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as the basin for the Cagayan River, the longest in the Philippines.

    Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-known Caraballo Mountains. These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from the Central Luzon plains.[60]

    Image gallery

    Central Luzon

    The Central Luzon plain with Mount Arayat in the background

    The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzon plain, the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi) in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers; the Cagayan to the north, and the Pampanga to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitary Mount Arayat.

    The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to the

    Bataan Peninsula. The peninsula encloses Manila Bay, a natural harbor
    considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location.

    The

    Bicol Peninsula
    .

    Southern Luzon

    "Southern Luzon" redirects here. For the historical region, see Southern Tagalog. For the current regions, see Calabarzon and Mimaropa.
    Mindoro Island
    9
    		Lamon Bay

    Southern Luzon is dominated by Laguna de Bay (Old Spanish, "Lake of Bay town"), the largest lake in the country. The 949-square-kilometre (366 sq mi) lake is drained into Manila Bay by the Pasig River, one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center of Metro Manila.

    Located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Laguna de Bay is Taal Lake, a crater lake containing the Taal Volcano, the smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form the upland Tagaytay Ridge, which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province of Cavite and the whole of Batangas province.

    South of Laguna Lake are two solitary mountains, Mount Makiling in Laguna and Batangas provinces, and Mount Banahaw, the highest in the region of Calabarzon.

    Southeastern Luzon

    The southeastern portion of Luzon is dominated by the

    Mayon Volcano in Albay province. The Sierra Madre range has its southern limits at Quezon province. Ultra-prominent mountains dot the landscape, which include Mount Isarog and Mount Iriga in Camarines Sur, and Mount Bulusan in Sorsogon
    .

    The peninsula's coastline features several smaller peninsulas, gulfs and bays, which include Lamon Bay, San Miguel Bay, Lagonoy Gulf, Ragay Gulf, and Sorsogon Bay.

    Mayon Volcano and the city of Legazpi in Albay
    province

    Outlying islands

    Several outlying islands near mainland Luzon are considered part of the Luzon island group. The largest include

    Romblon and Polillo
    .

    Further information: Island groups of the Philippines

    Administrative divisions

    The island is covered by 8 administrative regions, 30 provinces and, as of 2014, 68 cities (8 regions, 38 provinces and 71 cities if associated islands are included).

    Region
    (designation)     		Location Population
    (2020)[2]     		Area[i][61][62] Density Regional
    center
    Ilocos Region
    (Region I)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos Region 5,301,139
    (4.9%)     		13,012.60 km2
    (5,024.19 sq mi)     		410/km2
    (1,100/sq mi)
    San Fernando
    (La Union)
    Cagayan Valley
    (Region II)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting Cagayan Valley 3,685,744
    (3.4%)     		28,228.83 km2
    (10,899.21 sq mi)     		130/km2
    (340/sq mi)     		Tuguegarao
    Central Luzon
    (Region III)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting Central Luzon 12,422,172
    (11.4%)     		22,014.63 km2
    (8,499.90 sq mi)     		560/km2
    (1,500/sq mi)
    San Fernando
    (Pampanga)
    Calabarzon
    (Region IV-A)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting Calabarzon 16,195,042
    (14.9%)     		16,873.31 km2
    (6,514.82 sq mi)     		960/km2
    (2,500/sq mi)     		Calamba
    Southwestern Tagalog Region[ii]
    (Mimaropa)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting MIMAROPA 3,228,558
    (3.0%)     		29,620.90 km2
    (11,436.69 sq mi)     		110/km2
    (280/sq mi)     		Calapan
    Bicol Region
    (Region V)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting the Bicol Region 6,082,165
    (5.6%)     		18,155.82 km2
    (7,010.00 sq mi)     		330/km2
    (850/sq mi)     		Legazpi
    Cordillera
    Administrative
    Region
    (CAR)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting Cordillera Administrative Region 1,797,660
    (1.6%)     		19,422.03 km2
    (7,498.89 sq mi)     		93/km2
    (240/sq mi)     		Baguio
    National Capital
    Region
    (NCR)     		Map of the Philippines highlighting the National Capital Region 13,484,462
    (12.4%)     		611.39 km2
    (236.06 sq mi)     		22,000/km2
    (57,000/sq mi)     		Manila

    Table note(s):

    1. ^ Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces (and/or independent cities), derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board (Philippine Statistics Authority) official website.
    2. ^ The list includes the associated islands of Luzon (provinces of Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon, Batanes, Catanduanes and Masbate).

    Tectonics

    Main article: Philippine Mobile Belt
    Lake Pinatubo in Zambales

    Luzon is part of the

    Eurasian plate
    , subducts under western Luzon along the Manila Trench.

    The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slip

    Quezon province and Bicol to the northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone near Mindoro
    island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading.

    Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat,

    Catanduanes Island blocks.[64]
    Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100 mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia.

    Demographics

    Population census of Luzon
    YearPop.±% p.a.
    1903 4,101,516—    
    1918 5,397,401+1.85%
    1939 8,165,778+1.99%
    1948 9,876,263+2.14%
    1960 14,061,448+2.99%
    1970 19,688,100+3.42%
    1975 22,790,274+2.98%
    1980 26,080,694+2.73%
    1990 33,357,887+2.49%
    1995 38,249,776+2.60%
    2000 42,822,686+2.45%
    2007 49,799,956+2.10%
    2010 52,362,999+1.84%
    2015 57,470,097+1.79%
    2020 62,196,942+1.57%
    Source: National Statistics Office[3][65][a]

    As of the 2015 census, the population of Luzon Island is 57,470,097 people,[3][a] making it the 4th most populated island in the world.

    Cities

    A view of Quezon City in September 2017, the largest city in Luzon island

    11th most populous in the world. as of 2007, census data showed it had a population of 11,553,427, comprising 13% of the national population.[66] Including suburbs in the adjacent provinces (Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal) of Greater Manila, the population is around 21 million.[66][67]

     
    Largest cities in Luzon
    Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
    Quezon City
    Quezon City
    Manila
    Manila     		1 Quezon City National Capital Region 2,960,048 11 San Jose del Monte Central Luzon 651,813 Caloocan
    Caloocan
    Antipolo
    Antipolo
    2 Manila National Capital Region 1,846,513 12 Makati National Capital Region 629,616
    3 Caloocan National Capital Region 1,661,584 13 Las Piñas National Capital Region 606,293
    4 Antipolo Calabarzon 887,399 14 Muntinlupa National Capital Region 543,445
    5 Taguig National Capital Region 886,722 15 Calamba Calabarzon 539,671
    6 Pasig National Capital Region 803,159 16 Imus Calabarzon 496,794
    7 Valenzuela National Capital Region 714,978 17 Angeles Central Luzon 462,928
    8 Dasmariñas Calabarzon 703,141 18 Marikina National Capital Region 456,059
    9 Parañaque National Capital Region 689,992 19 General Trias Calabarzon 450,583
    10 Bacoor Calabarzon 664,625 20 Pasay National Capital Region 440,656
    Map of Luzon island group showing the most populous cities and municipalities in Luzon (2015)
    Quezon City
    Quezon City
    Manila
    Manila
    Caloocan
    Taguig
    Antipolo
    Pasig
    Parañaque
    Dasmariñas
    Valenzuela
    Bacoor
    Las Piñas
    Makati
    San Jose del Monte
    Muntinlupa
    Calamba
    Marikina
    Pasay
    Angeles
    Angeles
    Imus
    Mandaluyong
    Rodriguez
    Malabon
    Santa Rosa
    Baguio
    Baguio
    Tarlac City
    Tarlac City
    Biñan
    Lipa
    Lipa
    Batangas City
    Batangas City
    San Pedro
    Cainta
    Taytay
    General Trias
    Cabuyao
    San Fernando
    Cabanatuan
    Cabanatuan
    Binangonan
    Lucena
    Lucena
    San Pablo
    San Pablo
    Santa Maria
    Puerto Princesa
    Puerto Princesa
    San Mateo
    Malolos
    Mabalacat
    Mabalacat
    Navotas
    Silang
    Olongapo
    Olongapo
    Tanza
    Marilao
    Meycauayan
    Legazpi
    Legazpi
    Naga
    Naga
    San Carlos
    San Carlos
    Santo Tomas
    Tanauan
    Dagupan
    Dagupan
    Sorsogon City
    Sorsogon City
    Lubao
    Trece Martires
    General Mariano Alvarez
    Mexico
    Concepcion
    San Miguel
    Tuguegarao
    Tuguegarao
    Baliuag
    Sariaya
    Ilagan
    Ilagan
    San Jose
    San Jose
    Capas
    San Jose
    San Jose
    Santiago
    Santiago
    Nasugbu
    Nasugbu
    Calapan
    Calapan
    Tabaco
    Tabaco
    Arayat
    Urdaneta
    Urdaneta
    Malasiqui
    Hagonoy
    Cauayan
    Cauayan
    La Trinidad
    La Trinidad
    Mariveles
    Mariveles
    Daraga
    Floridablanca
    Talavera
    Talavera
    Porac
    San Juan
    San Fernando
    San Fernando
    Bocaue
    Guimba
    Guimba
    Bayambang
    Bayambang
    Tanay
    Tanay
    Santa Cruz
    Santa Cruz
    Candelaria
    Guagua
    Rosario
    Angono
    Magalang
    Los Baños
    Iriga
    Iriga
    Candaba
    Naic
    Ligao
    Ligao
    Norzagaray
    Norzagaray
    Laoag
    Laoag
    Rosario
    Tabuk
    Tabuk
    Gapan
    Gapan
    Calumpit
    Libmanan
    Libmanan
    San Juan
    Apalit
    Plaridel
    Dinalupihan
    Mangaldan
    Daet
    Daet
    Subic
    San Ildefonso
    Lingayen
    Naujan
    Naujan
    Cavite City
    Labo
    Labo
    Bulan
    class=notpageimage|
    Largest cities and municipalities in the Luzon island group
    (2015 Census, 100,000+ inhabitants)[68]

    Ethnic groups

    An Ifugao warrior with some of his trophies, Cordillera Mountains, c. 1912

    Seven major

    Bicol Peninsula, while Bicolanos populate the Bicol peninsula. Visayans, such as Masbateños, Romblomanons, Waray Sorsogonons, Cuyunons, mainly populate in the southern Bicol peninsula and island provinces of Masbate, Romblon, and Palawan
    .

    Other ethnic groups lesser in population include the

    Igorot/Cordillerans of the Cordilleras
    , etc.

    Further information:
    Ethnic groups of the Philippines

    Due to historical centuries-old migrations, populations of ethnic

    Latino) descent (Mostly in Cavite and Manila).[70] Most Americans have settled in Central Luzon's highly urbanized cities of Angeles and Olongapo due to the former presence of the U.S. air and naval bases (Clark & Subic) there, while a majority of the Koreans and Japanese have mainly settled in the major cities and towns like Koreatown in Angeles City and Baguio and Subic
    .

    Languages

    Main article: Languages of the Philippines
    Dominant languages per administrative region

    Almost all of the languages of Luzon belong to the

    Bicolano, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan
    .

    American occupation of the Philippines
    . Almost inexistent among the general populace, Spanish is still used by the elderly of some families of great tradition (Rizal, Liboro...).

    Paoay

    Religion

    Main article: Religion in the Philippines

    Like most of the Philippines, the major religion in Luzon is

    Roman Catholicism being the major denomination. Other major sects includes Jehovah's Witnesses, Protestantism, the Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayans), the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), and the Iglesia ni Cristo.[71]
    Indigenous traditions and rituals, though rare, are also present.

    There are also sizable communities of

    Chinese
    to the island.

    EDSA, a major thoroughfare in Metro Manila

    Economy

    The economy of the island is centered in

    Metrobank are based in the business hubs of Makati Central Business District, Ortigas Center, and Bonifacio Global City. Industry is concentrated in and around the urban areas of Metro Manila while agriculture predominates in the other regions of the island producing crops such as rice, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, pineapple, and coffee.[72]
    Other sectors include livestock raising, tourism, mining, and fishing.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ a b Figure composed of the eight administrative regions excluding the island provinces of Batanes, Catanduanes, and Masbate and the region MIMAROPA.

    References

    1. ^ a b c "Islands of Philippines". Island Directory Tables. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
    2. ^ a b Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
    3. ^ a b c Census of Population (2015). Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
    4. ISBN 9783319519265. Archived
      from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
    5. ^ Zaide, Sonia M. The Philippines, a Unique Nation. p. 50.
    6. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Archived
      from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
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    Further reading

    External links

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