Northern Ontario
Northern Ontario Nord de l'Ontario ( 2021) | |
---|---|
Highest point | Ishpatina Ridge (693 m) |
Longest river | Albany River (980 km) |
Government of Ontario
List of MPs |
Northern Ontario is a primary geographic and quasi-administrative region of the
The statistical region has a land area of 806,000 km2 (310,000 mi2) and constitutes 88 percent of the land area of Ontario, but with just 780,000 people, it contains only about six percent of the province's population.[3] The climate is characterized by extremes of temperature, with very cold winters and hot summers. The principal industries are mining, forestry, and hydroelectricity.
For some purposes, Northern Ontario is further subdivided into Northeastern and Northwestern Ontario. When the region is divided in that way, the three westernmost districts (Rainy River, Kenora and Thunder Bay) constitute "Northwestern Ontario," and the other districts constitute "Northeastern Ontario." Northeastern Ontario contains two thirds of Northern Ontario's population.
In the early 20th century, Northern Ontario was often called "New Ontario" although that name has fallen into disuse because of its colonial connotations. (In French, however, the region may still be referred to as Nouvel-Ontario although le Nord de l'Ontario and Ontario-Nord are now more commonly used.)
Territorial evolution
Those areas which formed part of New France in the Pays d'en Haut, essentially the watersheds of the Ottawa River, Lake Huron and Lake Superior, had been acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris (1763) and became part of Upper Canada in 1791, and then the Province of Canada between 1840 and 1867.
At the time of Canadian Confederation in 1867, the portion of Northern Ontario lying south of the Laurentian Divide was part of Ontario, whilst the portion north of the divide was part of the separate British territory of Rupert's Land. The province's boundaries were provisionally expanded northward and westward in 1874, whilst the Lake of the Woods region remained subject to a boundary dispute between Ontario and Manitoba. The region was confirmed as belonging to Ontario by decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884,[4] and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which set the province's new northern boundary at the Albany River.
The remaining northernmost portion of the province, from the Albany River to
Judicial and administrative divisions
The Province of Canada began creating judicial districts in sparsely populated Northern Ontario with the establishment of Algoma District and Nipissing District in 1858. These districts had no municipal function; they were created for the provision of judicial and administrative services from the district seat. Nipissing had no district seat until 1895. Up until that date, registry office and higher court services were available at Pembroke in Renfrew County. Nipissing Stipendiary Magistrate and land registrar William Doran established his residence at North Bay in 1885. Following the hotly contested district town election in 1895, North Bay earned the right to become the district seat in the new Provisional District of Nipissing. After the creation of the province of Ontario in 1867, the first district to be established was Thunder Bay in 1871 which until then had formed part of Algoma District. The Ontario government was reluctant to establish new districts in the north, partly because the northern and western boundaries of Ontario were in dispute after Confederation. Ontario's right to Northwestern Ontario was determined by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1884 and confirmed by the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. By 1899 there were seven northern districts: Algoma, Manitoulin, Muskoka, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. Five more northern districts were created between 1907 and 1922: Cochrane, Kenora, Sudbury, Temiskaming and Patricia. The Patricia District was then merged into the Kenora District in 1927.
Unlike the
Statistically, the districts in Northern Ontario (which appear in red on the location map) are
A portion of the Nipissing District which lies south of the geographic dividing line between Northern and Southern Ontario is considered administratively and statistically part of Northern Ontario because of its status as part of Nipissing. As well, for administrative purposes, the districts of
All of Northeastern Ontario is within the Eastern (UTC −5) time zone; Northwestern Ontario is split between the Eastern and Central (UTC −6) time zones.
Communities
Cities
Northern Ontario has nine cities. In order of population as of the
Name of city | Population | CMA/CA population | CA
|
---|---|---|---|
Greater Sudbury | 166,004 | 170,605 | CMA |
Thunder Bay | 108,843 | 123,258 | CMA |
Sault Ste. Marie | 72,051 | 76,731 | CA |
North Bay | 52,662 | 71,736 | CA |
Timmins | 41,145 | 41,145 | CA |
Kenora | 14,967 | 14,967 | CA |
Elliot Lake | 11,372 | 11,372 | CA |
Temiskaming Shores | 9,634 | N/A | |
Dryden | 7,388 | N/A |
It is important to note that in the Province of Ontario there are no requirements to become a city and the designation is voluntary. As a result, there are four towns in Northern Ontario that have a larger population than its smallest city Dryden.
Until the City of Greater Sudbury was created in 2001, Thunder Bay had a larger population than the old city of Sudbury, but the Regional Municipality of Sudbury was the larger Census Metropolitan Area as Sudbury had a much more populous suburban belt (including the city of Valley East, formerly the region's sixth-largest city.) However, as the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury is now governed as a single city, it is both the region's largest city and the region's largest CMA.
Towns
Other municipalities in Northern Ontario include:
Name of Town | Population (2021) | Population (2016) | Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021 |
---|---|---|---|
West Nipissing | 14,583 | 14,364 | 1.5 |
Kapuskasing | 8,057 | 8,292 | -2.8 |
Kirkland Lake | 7,750 | 7,981 | -2.9 |
Fort Frances | 7,466 | 7,739 | -3.5 |
Parry Sound | 6,879 | 6,408 | 7.4 |
Oliver Paipoonge | 6,035 | 5,922 | 1.9 |
Cochrane | 5,390 | 5,321 | 1.3 |
Sioux Lookout | 5,839 | 5,272 | 10.8 |
Hearst | 4,794 | 5,070 | -5.4 |
Espanola | 5,185 | 4,996 | 2.7 |
Greenstone | 4,309 | 4,636 | -7.1 |
Iroquois Falls | 4,418 | 4,537 | -2.6 |
Red Lake | 4,094 | 4,107 | -0.3 |
Economy
Sudbury is the dominant city in Northeastern Ontario, and Thunder Bay is the dominant city in Northwestern Ontario. These two regions are quite distinct from each other economically and culturally, and although the two regions are adjacent, their population centres are quite distant from each other. As a result, Sudbury and Thunder Bay are each the primary city in their part of the region but neither city can be said to outrank the other as the principal economic centre of Northern Ontario as a whole.
In fact, each city has a couple of distinct advantages that the other city lacks — Sudbury is at the centre of a larger economic sphere due to the city's, and Northeastern Ontario's, larger population but Thunder Bay is advantaged by air, rail and shipping traffic due to its prime location along major continental transportation routes. The Thunder Bay International Airport is the third busiest airport in Ontario after Toronto Pearson International Airport and Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport, carrying some 600,000 passengers in 2004 with over 100 domestic flights and four international flights daily. Sudbury's economy, in which the largest sectors of employment are government-related fields such as education and health care, is somewhat more diversified than Thunder Bay's, which is still based primarily on natural resources and manufacturing. Yet, in the era of government cutbacks, Thunder Bay's economy has been less prone to recession and unemployment. Sudbury trades more readily into Southern Ontario, whereas Thunder Bay has closer trade ties to Manitoba and Minnesota.
Under the staples thesis of Canadian economic history, Northern Ontario is a "hinterland" or "periphery" region, whose economic development has been defined primarily by providing raw natural resource materials to larger and more powerful business interests from elsewhere in Canada or the world.[3]
Northern Ontario has had difficulty in recent years maintaining both its economy and its population. All of the region's cities declined in population between the censuses of 1996 and 2001. (This coincides with the discontinuation of the operation of the subsidized government airline
The cities have, by and large, been very dependent on government-related employment and investment for their economic diversification.
As well, many of Northern Ontario's major tourist attractions (e.g.
Over the past several years, there has been a renewed interest in mining exploration. McFaulds Lake in the James Bay Lowlands has attracted the attention of junior mining exploration companies. Since the 2003 investigation of the area for diamonds, some 20 companies have staked claims in the area, forming joint ventures. While still in the exploration phase, there have been some exciting finds that could bring prosperity to the region and the First Nations communities in that area. New mining sites have also been investigated and explored in Sudbury, Timmins, Kirkland Lake, Elliot Lake and the Temagami area. In Chapleau, Probe Mines Limited is in the advanced stage of exploration and was recognized in 2013 with the Ontario Prospectors Association 2013 Ontario Prospector Award.[7]
Politics
Northern Ontario has generally been one of the weakest areas in all of Canada for both the federal
Two Premiers of Ontario, William Hearst (1914–1919) and Mike Harris (1995–2002), represented Northern Ontario constituencies in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. However, Harris himself was the only Conservative candidate elected in a true Northern Ontario riding in either the 1995 or 1999 elections (if the definition of Northern Ontario includes the Parry Sound District, then Harris was joined by Ernie Eves in Parry Sound—Muskoka). Following Eves' retirement from politics, Norm Miller was also elected in Parry Sound—Muskoka in a by-election in 2001, and was re-elected in the 2003 and 2007 elections.
Former Ontario New Democratic Party leader Howard Hampton and former Ontario Liberal Party leader Lyn McLeod also represented Northern Ontario ridings in the provincial legislature; the six months in 1996 between Hampton's accession to the NDP leadership in June and McLeod's departure as Liberal leader in December marked the first and only time in Ontario's history that all three parties in the legislature were simultaneously led by Northern Ontario MPPs.
The riding of Algoma East was represented federally by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson from 1948 to 1968. Pearson was not from the district, however, but represented the district because it had been chosen as a safe seat for him to run in a 1948 by-election following the appointment of Thomas Farquhar to the Senate of Canada.
In the
Major political issues in recent years have included the economic health of the region, the extension of
In the redistribution of provincial
Due to the region's relatively sparse population, federal and provincial electoral districts in the region are almost all extremely large geographically. The federal electoral district of Sudbury and the provincial electoral districts of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie are the only ones that are comparable in size to an electoral district in Southern Ontario, while at the other extreme the districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay are both geographically larger than the entire United Kingdom. One consequence of this, for example, is that a politician who represents a Northern Ontario riding in the House of Commons of Canada or the Legislative Assembly of Ontario must typically maintain a much higher budget for travel and office expenses than one who represents a small urban district does.[8]
Secession movements
Ongoing high
In 1966, a committee of mayors from the region, comprising Max Silverman of Sudbury, G. W. Maybury of Kapuskasing, Ernest Reid of Fort William, Leo Del Villano of Timmins, Merle Dickerson of North Bay and Leo Foucault of Espanola, formed to study the feasibility of Northern Ontario forming a new province.[10]
In the late 1970s, North Bay businessman and city councillor Ed Deibel formed the
In 1999 the Northeastern Ontario Municipal Association, a committee consisting of the mayors of 14 Northern Ontario municipalities, wrote a letter to Prime Minister
More recently, some residents of the city of Kenora have called for the city or the wider region to secede from Ontario and join Manitoba.[16] A few residents throughout the region continue to suggest splitting all or part of the region into a separate province. The latter movement, known as the Northern Ontario Secession Movement, has begun to attract attention and support; most notably by the mayors of Kenora and Fort Frances. The crisis in the Ontario forest industry, and the perceived inaction by the provincial government, has in particular spurred support for the idea of secession. In particular, many residents feel that the industrial energy rate is too high to allow the industry to remain competitive.
While also stopping short of advocating for full independence, Sudbury's Northern Life community newspaper published a number of editorials in the 2010s calling on the province to create a new level of supraregional government that would give the Northern Ontario region significantly more autonomy over its own affairs within the province.[17] In the 2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership race, candidate Glen Murray similarly proposed a distinct level of supraregional government for Northern Ontario.[18]
Education
The region is home to five universities:
The region also has six colleges:
A large distance education network, Contact North, also operates from Sudbury and Thunder Bay to provide educational services to small and remote Northern Ontario communities.
In the early 2000s, the provincial government announced funding for the
Culture
Outdoor recreation is popular in the region year-round. In summer, fishing, boating, canoeing, ATVing, and camping are enjoyed by residents. Hunting remains popular in autumn, especially for moose, whitetail deer, and grouse, although goose hunting is exceptionally popular near James Bay. Group hunting for moose is a favourite social outing. In winter, snowmobiling, ice fishing, outdoor shinny, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing are popular activities. The region boasts extensive snowmobiling trails and many lakes are dotted with ice hut villages throughout the winter.
The region is home to numerous major cultural events, including Sudbury's
As of 2017, LGBT pride events take place in Sudbury (Sudbury Pride), Thunder Bay (Thunder Pride), Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Timmins, Elliot Lake and Kenora.[21]
There is no single regional culinary dish. Fish and wild game, such as walleye (pickerel) and moose, can be considered regional favourites. Roadside chip trucks are popular choices for meals for locals and tourists alike, and almost every community has at least one. Poutine, which originated in Quebec with early adoption in Northern Ontario, is a core dish at these and many other restaurants.
Italian cuisine has had an influence on the culture of Northeastern Ontario, with porchetta considered a culinary signature of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie,[22] while Thunder Bay's food culture is distinctively Finnish, with the Hoito restaurant known internationally for its Finnish-style pancakes and other traditional Finnish dishes.[23]
Chinese Canadian restaurants have been common in every city and many smaller settlements in Northern Ontario since the early 20th century, satisfying "the ubiquitous Northern demand for Chinese food,"[24] albeit often heavily Westernized.[25][26][27]
Although maple syrup is not produced in most of Northern Ontario, it is still made in some areas near North Bay, Sudbury, Manitoulin Island, and Sault Ste. Marie. St. Joseph Island near Sault Ste. Marie is noted for the large quantity of maple syrup produced there.[28]
Since the demise of
Sports
Although many sports are played in the region, ice hockey and curling are the most popular. Almost every community is home to both a hockey and curling rink. In fact, Northern Ontario is the only provincial or territorial subregion in Canada that sends its own teams to the
The North Bay Battalion, Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds and Sudbury Wolves play in the Ontario Hockey League.
The
Also, the Thunder Bay Chill soccer teams play in North America's USL League Two.
Northern Ontario has hosted the 1981
In 2018, the Sudbury Five were launched in the National Basketball League of Canada.
Media
As of 2017, only the
Daily
Noted magazines published in the region include HighGrader, Northern Ontario Business and Sudbury Living.
Most commercial radio stations in Northern Ontario are owned by the national radio groups
Cable television service is provided by
In December 1951, CFCL went to air, broadcasting from Timmins. The first French-language radio station in Ontario, reached listeners from Kirkland Lake to Hearst, showcasing local talent and creating a sense of community among the widely dispersed francophone population of Northern Ontario. Until then greeted with enthusiasm by Franco-Ontarians who until then had heard limited programming in French over the airwaves.
Demographics
The mining boom of the early twentieth century attracted many
The government of Canada provides French and English equally in all matters. In 2011, 10.2% of people in Northern Ontario spoke French most often at home, mostly in Northeastern Ontario.
The 2016 Canadian Census found that the population of Northern Ontario was 780,140. During the Canada 2011 Census, data was not included from 17 incompletely enumerated Indian Reserves across the region. Four reserves were not counted due to permission not being given, and another 13 in Northwestern Ontario were not counted due to evacuations caused by forest fires. The census was later adjusted with the figures for these reserves showing a total population of 11,435. The median age for Northern Ontario in 2011 was 43.9. There were 43,670 immigrants in 2011, representing 5.8% of the population, down from 6.8% in 2006.
The region also has a significant
In 2016, Northwestern Ontario was 71% white, 26.2% indigenous and 2.8% visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups in the region were South Asian (0.5%), Black (0.4%), Chinese (0.4%), Filipino (0.4%) and Southeast Asian (0.3%)[37] Northeastern Ontario was 82.5% white, 15% indigenous and 2.5% visible minorities. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (0.6%), Black (0.6%) and Chinese (0.4%).[38]
A 2001 census showed
The languages that had at least 1,000 native speakers (single mother-tongue response) in Northern Ontario in 2006 were:
2011 | % | 2006 | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | English | 533,980 | 73.94% | 525,230 | 70.98% |
2. | French | 125,675 | 17.40% | 131,450 | 17.76% |
3. | Italian | 11,245 | 1.56% | 14,560 | 1.97% |
4. | Ojibwe | 10,570 | 1.46% | 10,655 | 1.44% |
5. | Oji-Cree | 6,325 | 0.88% | 6,120 | 0.83% |
6. | Finnish | 5,615 | 0.78% | 7,130 | 0.96% |
7. | German | 5,125 | 0.71% | 6,275 | 0.85% |
8. | Cree | 3,485 | 0.48% | 3,150 | 0.43% |
9. | Polish | 2,700 | 0.37% | 3,655 | 0.49% |
10. | Ukrainian | 2,475 | 0.34% | 3,950 | 0.53% |
11. | Chinese | 1,620 | 0.22% | 1,945 | 0.26% |
12. | Dutch | 1,400 | 0.19% | 1,790 | 0.24% |
13. | Spanish | 1,140 | 0.16% | 1,035 | 0.14% |
14. | Portuguese | 1,100 | 0.15% | 1,395 | 0.19% |
15. | Croatian | 945 | 0.13% | 1,160 | 0.16% |
Ethnic Origin (2016)[39][40] | Population | Percent |
---|---|---|
Canadian
|
287,835 | 36.9% |
French | 204,775 | 26.2% |
English | 185,075 | 23.7% |
Irish | 142,055 | 18.2% |
Scottish | 138,470 | 17.7% |
First Nations | 104,945 | 13.5% |
German | 74,195 | 9.5% |
Italian | 62,405 | 8.0% |
Ukrainian | 42,795 | 5.5% |
Métis
|
37,290 | 4.8% |
Finnish | 33,490 | 4.3% |
Polish | 28,160 | 3.6% |
Dutch (Netherlands) | 23,340 | 3.0% |
Swedish | 15,905 | 2.0% |
British Isles, n.i.e. | 13,340 | 1.7% |
Welsh | 11,145 | 1.4% |
Norwegian | 10,075 | 1.3% |
Religion in Northern Ontario at the 2001 census
Religion | People | % |
---|---|---|
Total | 729,210 | 100 |
Catholic | 370,305 | 50.8 |
Protestant | 241,145 | 33.2 |
No Religion | 95,610 | 13.2 |
Other Christians | 11,825 | 1.6 |
Other Religions* | 3,540 | 0.5 |
Christian Orthodox | 3,425 | 0.5 |
Muslim | 990 | 0.1 |
Buddhist | 820 | 0.1 |
Hindu | 535 | 0.1 |
Jewish | 505 | 0.1 |
Eastern Religions | 455 | 0.1 |
Sikh | 65 | 0.0 |
Note: Other religions mostly native spirituality
Out-migration from Northern Ontario especially of young and working-age adults, either intraprovincially to Southern Ontario or interprovincially especially to Western Canada, has been a prominent public issue since the 1990s.[41]
Fiction set in Northern Ontario
Novels
- Shut Up and Eat Your Snowshoes (1970), by Jack Douglas
- Bear (1976), by Marian Engel
- La Vengeance de l'orignal (1980), by Doric Germain
- Le Trappeur du Kabi (1981), by Doric Germain
- Loon (1992) and Freddy Dimwhistle's Northcountry Sketchbook (1997), by A. W. (Bill) Plumstead
- Logan in Overtime (1990), by Paul Quarrington
- Bastion Falls (1995), by Susie Moloney
- No Great Mischief (1999), by Alistair MacLeod
- Forty Words for Sorrow, The Delicate Storm, Blackfly Season, and By the Time You Read This (2000–2006), by Giles Blunt
- Crow Lake (2002) and The Other Side of the Bridge (2006), by Mary Lawson
- The Neanderthal Parallax (2002–2003), trilogy by Robert J. Sawyer
- Three Day Road (2005), by Joseph Boyden
- Someone Comes to Town, Someone Leaves Town (2005), by Cory Doctorow
- Voyageurs (2003), by Margaret Elphinstone
- Indian Horse (2012), by Richard Wagamese
- The City Still Breathing (2013), by Matthew Heiti
- We're All in This Together (2017) by Amy Jones
- Surfacing (1972) by Margaret Atwood
Plays
- 1932, la ville du nickel by Jean-Marc Dalpé and Brigitte Haentjens (1984)
- Le Chien by Jean-Marc Dalpé (1987)
- The Rez Sisters by Tomson Highway (1988)
- Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kapuskasing by Tomson Highway (1989)
- Wildcat by Charlie Angus and Brit Griffin (1998)
- The (Post) Mistress by Tomson Highway (2009)
Films
- Captains of the Clouds - 1942
- Between Friends - 1973
- Roadkill - 1989
- Termini Station - 1989
- Highway 61 - 1991
- Dance Me Outside - 1994
- Mum's the Word (Maman et Ève) - 1996
- Men with Brooms - 2002
- Looking for Angelina - 2002
- Phil the Alien - 2003
- Shania: A Life in Eight Albums - 2005
- That Beautiful Somewhere - 2006
- Snow Cake - 2006
- Sleeping Giant - 2015
- Indian Horse - 2017
- Castle in the Ground - 2019
North Bay inventor Troy Hurtubise was the subject of the documentary film Project Grizzly (1996).
Television series
- The Forest Rangers (1963–1965, CBC)
- Adventures in Rainbow Country (filmed 1969, first aired 1970–1971, CBC)
- Spirit Bay (1984–1987, CBC)
- The Rez (1995–1998, CBC)
- Wind at My Back (1996–2001, CBC)
- Teletoon)
- Météo+ (2008–2011, TFO)
- Les Bleus de Ramville (2012–2014, TFO)
- TVOntario)
- St. Nickel (2016, Unis)
- Cardinal (2017–2020, CTV)
- HBO Canada)
- Shoresy (2022, Crave)
Television series
Comics
In the comic strip
References
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- ^ "Northern Ontario Districts | Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation". Archived from the original on 2017-03-17. Retrieved 2017-03-17.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Political Wilderness; Northern Ontario has a long history of alienation. Now, a growing chorus is calling on the North to take control of its economic and political future". Ottawa Citizen, October 6, 2007.
- ^ ONTARIO-MANITOBA BOUNDARY CASE ""Ontario-Manitoba Boundary Case." Volume V 2148-2151: The Labrador Boundary Dispute Documents". Archived from the original on 2012-10-04. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
- ^ a b "Muskoka moves to Southern Ontario". The Globe and Mail, May 27, 2004.
- ^ "Why Northern Ontario is creeping southward". The Globe and Mail, May 15, 2000.
- ^ "Probe Mines Honoured with Ontario Prospectors Association 2013 Ontario Prospector Award". yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ^ "Queen's Park's biggest spenders revealed"[usurped]. Toronto Sun, June 1, 2011.
- Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry. Archived from the originalon 2011-08-22. Retrieved 2011-08-26.
- ^ "Split Ontario: 11th province studied". The Globe and Mail, August 22, 1966.
- ^ "Heritage Party wants better deal for North; officially recognized". The Globe and Mail, October 20, 1977.
- ^ "Northern Ontario separatists lose party". The Globe and Mail, August 20, 1985.
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- Sudbury Star, August 4, 2016.
- ^ a b "Anger at Tories fuels separatist drive in Northern Ontario: Federal government asked to forward rules for secession". Ottawa Citizen, March 11, 1999.
- ^ "So, how does Kenora, Man., sound to you?", Toronto Star, April 1, 2006.
- Northern Life, November 6, 2006.
- ^ "Liberal candidate calls for new Northern Ontario government" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail, December 9, 2012.
- ^ "Architecture school planned for Sudbury's Laurentian University" Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. Toronto Star, May 24, 2011.
- ^ "Lakehead wins approval to launch law school" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail, July 5, 2011.
- ^ "Pride festivals catching on in northern Ontario" Archived 2014-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. CBC Sudbury, August 20, 2014.
- ^ "Sudbury's signature dish is porketta" Archived 2012-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. Toronto Star, January 9, 2012.
- ^ "Finnish Pancakes With a Side of Canada's Labor History" Archived 2017-10-18 at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times, May 12, 2015.
- . Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ^ Lévesque, Daphnée (5 December 2022). "I thought real Chinese food could help me reconnect with my roots". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ^ "Northern Ontario Chinese Food". highway11.ca. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ^ Hui, Ann (17 July 2019). "The Canadian Town Where Chinese Food Comes With a Side of Curling". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- Sudbury Living, Spring 2010.
- Northern Ontario Business, September 9, 2013.
- Northern Ontario Business, April 2, 2014.
- ^ "Ale earns medal for city brewery". The Chronicle-Journal, June 11, 2015.
- Kenora Daily Miner and News, March 26, 2015.
- Northern Ontario Business, July 30, 2015.
- ^ "What's on tap this fall for northwestern Ontario's craft breweries?". CBC.ca, September 28, 2016.
- ^ Andrew Autio, "Big year for local beer". Timmins Today, August 23, 2017.
- ^ "Northern Ontario defends "province" status at the Brier" Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. The Sports Network, March 12, 2010.
- ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census Northwest [Economic region], Ontario". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census Northeast [Economic region]". Statistics Canada. 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census Northeast [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Northwest [Economic region], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
- ^ White, Erik (4 May 2017). "Youth out migration a problem in northern Ontario towns, cities and First Nations". CBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2022.