Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Northern Province
வட மாகாணம் උතුරු පළාත | ||
---|---|---|
Provincial council 14 November 1987 | | |
Capital | Jaffna | |
Largest City | Vavuniya | |
Districts | ||
Government | ||
• Type | Governor Jeevan Thiagarajah | |
• MPs | List
| |
Area axis axis) | ||
Website | www |
The Northern Province (Tamil: வட மாகாணம் Vaṭa Mākāṇam; Sinhala: උතුරු පළාත Uturu Paḷāta) is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka.[4] The province has an area of 8,884 km2, making it the 3rd largest province by area, and a population of 1,061,315, making it the least populated province. The city of Jaffna is the capital city of the province.
Between 1988 and 2006, the province was temporarily
History
Parts of present-day Northern Province were part of the pre-colonial
The
On 14 November 1987 the
The proclamations were only meant to be a temporary measure until a referendum was held in the Eastern Province on a permanent merger between the two provinces. However, the referendum was never held and successive Sri Lankan presidents issued proclamations annually extending the life of the "temporary" entity.[16]
The merger was bitterly opposed by
Much of the Northern Province was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the
While the Northern province has seen an era of peace after the end of the war, the scars left by the war still remain. Despite the large amount of infrastructure projects undertaken by the Mahinda Rajapaksa government, at the cost of over $3 billion, the projects have been unable to create new jobs and as a result the province is suffers from extreme levels of unemployment.[17]
In late 2014, then-incumbent President Mahinda Rajapaksa imposed a travel ban to prevent foreigners from traveling to the former war zone in the province. The ban was lifted three months later by the newly elected president Maithripala Sirisena.[18]
Geography
Northern Province is located in the north of Sri Lanka and is just 22 miles (35 km) from India. It is connected with Indian mainland by Adam's Bridge (also known as Sethu Paalam or Rama's Bridge). It has an area of 8,884 square kilometres (3,430 sq mi).[1]
The province is surrounded by the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay to the west, Palk Strait to the north west, the Bay of Bengal to the north and east and the Eastern, North Central and North Western provinces to the south.
The province is divided into two distinct geographic areas:
The province has a number of
Most of the
Northern Province is covered in tropical forests, with numerous rivers flowing through them. The north-west coast is part of the deep
Climate and weather
Sri Lanka enjoys a typical tropical monsoonal climate. The Northern Province tends to be hot and dry in the dry season (February to September), and moderately cool and wet in the wet season (October to January). The province's climate is of the tropical kind, and therefore during monsoons there is always the chance of a deluge. In the lowlands, the climate is typically tropical with the average temperature is around 28°C to 30°C throughout the year. January is typically the coolest month and May is the hottest month. Relative humidity varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night. The Dry Zone of the Sri Lanka is the north and east of the island, this region is affected by the north east monsoon (December to March) and southwest monsoon (June to October). It is thought to be dry because most of the rains fall during the north-east monsoon.
Annual rainfall is less than 1250 mm in the north west and south east of the Inland. It has two rainy seasons South West Monsoon- May to August, North East Monsoon- November to February.[19]
Administrative divisions
Districts
The Northern Province is divided into five districts, 34 divisional secretariats and 921 Grama Niladhari divisions.
District | Capital | District Secretary
|
DS
Divisions |
GN Divisions |
Total Area (km2)[1] |
Land Area (km2)[1] |
Population | Population Density (/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaffna District | Jaffna | N. Vethanayagam | 15 | 435 | 1,025 | 929 | 583,378 | 569 |
Kilinochchi District | Kilinochchi | S. Arumainayaham | 4 | 95 | 1,279 | 1,205 | 112,875 | 88 |
Mannar District | Mannar | M. Y. S. Deshapriya | 5 | 153 | 1,996 | 1,880 | 99,051 | 50 |
Mullaitivu District | Mullaitivu | R. Ketheeswaran | 6 | 136 | 2,617 | 2,415 | 91,947 | 35 |
Vavuniya District | Vavuniya | M. K. Bandula Harischandra | 4 | 102 | 1,967 | 1,861 | 171,511 | 87 |
Total | 34 | 921 | 8,884 | 8,290 | 1,058,762 | 119 |
Major cities and towns
City/town | District | Population (2012 est)[20] |
---|---|---|
Vavuniya | Vavuniya | 99,653 |
Jaffna | Jaffna | 88,138 |
Chavakacheri |
Jaffna | 41,407 |
Mannar | Mannar | 35,817 |
Point Pedro | Jaffna | 31,351 |
Valvettithurai | Jaffna | 27,210 |
Demographics
The population of the northern province was 1,058,762 in 2012.
The population of the province, like that of the Eastern Province, was heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people.[21] Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to Western countries during the war.[22] Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital city Colombo. Most of the Sri Lankan Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the province fled to other parts of Sri Lanka, though most of them have returned to the province since the end of the civil war.
Ethnicity
Year | Tamil[a]
|
Muslim[b] | Sinhalese | Other | Total No. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
1881 Census | 289,481 | 95.70% | 10,416 | 3.44% | 1,379 | 0.46% | 1,224 | 0.41% | 302,500 |
1891 Census | 304,355 | 95.32% | 11,831 | 3.71% | 1,922 | 0.60% | 1,188 | 0.37% | 319,296 |
1901 Census | 326,379 | 95.73% | 11,862 | 3.48% | 1,555 | 0.46% | 1,140 | 0.33% | 340,936 |
1911 Census | 352,698 | 95.41% | 12,818 | 3.47% | 2,890 | 0.78% | 1,245 | 0.34% | 369,651 |
1921 Census | 356,801 | 95.19% | 13,095 | 3.49% | 3,795 | 1.01% | 1,138 | 0.30% | 374,829 |
1946 Census | 449,958 | 93.82% | 18,183 | 3.79% | 9,602 | 2.00% | 1,829 | 0.38% | 479,572 |
1963 Census | 689,470 | 92.93% | 30,760 | 4.15% | 20,270 | 2.73% | 1,410 | 0.19% | 741,910 |
1971 Census | 799,406 | 91.07% | 37,855 | 4.31% | 39,511 | 4.50% | 996 | 0.11% | 877,768 |
1981 Census | 1,021,006 | 92.03% | 50,991 | 4.60% | 35,128 | 3.17% | 2,279 | 0.21% | 1,109,404 |
2000 Estimate | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,085,478 |
2001 Estimate[c] | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,111,741 |
2002 Estimate | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,109,182 |
2003 Estimate | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,118,753 |
2004 Estimate | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,131,854 |
2005 Estimate | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,206,326 |
2006 Estimate | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 1,350,961 |
2007 Estimate | 1,277,567 | 97.39% | 20,583 | 1.57% | 13,626 | 1.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,311,776 |
2008 Estimate[d] | 1,022,431 | 96.90% | 19,184 | 1.82% | 13,492 | 1.28% | 50 | 0.00% | 1,055,157 |
2009 Estimate[e] | 943,312 | 95.68% | 26,304 | 2.67% | 16,240 | 1.65% | 0 | 0.00% | 985,856 |
2011 Enumeration | 942,824 | 94.49% | 32,659 | 3.27% | 21,860 | 2.19% | 411 | 0.04% | 997,754 |
2012 Census | 993,741 | 93.86% | 32,364 | 3.06% | 32,331 | 3.05% | 326 | 0.03% | 1,058,762 |
Religion
Year | Hindu | Christian[f] | Muslim | Buddhist | Other | Total No. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
1981 Census | 860,281 | 77.54% | 169,004 | 14.19% | 54,534 | 4.92% | 25,281 | 2.28% | 304 | 0.03% | 1,109,404 |
2011 Enumeration | 755,066 | 75.68% | 187,663 | 18.81% | 33,185 | 3.33% | 20,451 | 2.05% | 1,389 | 0.14% | 997,754 |
2012 Census | 789,362 | 74.56% | 204,005 | 19.27% | 34,040 | 3.22% | 30,387 | 2.87% | 968 | 0.09% | 1,058,762 |
-
TheNagadeepa Purana Viharaya, one of the 16 Solosmasthana
Governance and politics
Sri Lankan Parliament
First elected representation at provincial level to a legislative came about after the Second Manning Reforms of the
Provincial council
Until 1978, the administration of the provinces in Sri Lanka where mainly carried out by the
The 13th
On 1 March 1990, just as the IPKF were preparing to withdraw from Sri Lanka, Permual moved a motion in the North-East Provincial Council declaring an independent Eelam.[31]
Since the early 1990s parts of the north-east provinces were controlled by the
Following the end of the civil war,
Major
Economy
The majority of the people earn their livelihood as
The Northern Province's contribution the gross domestic product is the lowest among the nine provinces representing only 3.5% of the overall GDP in 2015 however the provincial gross domestic product nominal growth rate was 12.1% in 2015 and is the fastest growing province alongside the North Central Province.[37][38]
Northern Province being an agricultural dominant province, where agricultural sector is 25.9% and trade sector comes next to it is 19.3%. Most of the people engaged in service sector covering 31.2% of the total.[39]
Gross State Domestic Product in Rs. Crores and Current Prices[39]
Year | GSDP | Change | Share of Sri Lanka |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | 29,490 | % | 2.37% |
2002 | 37,400 | % | 2.67% |
2003 | 43,123 | % | 2.76% |
2004 | 52,988 | % | 2.94% |
2005 | 64,004 | % | 3.05% |
2006 | 72,722 | % | 2.93% |
Transport
Transport infrastructure in the province is poorly developed and limits economic activity. Most people still use bullock carts for transportation.
Road
Major roads in Province are divided into two categories:
- A Class roads or National Highways - Maintained and controlled by Central Government.
- B Class roads or Provincial Highways - Maintained and controlled by Provincial Government.
There are number of underdeveloped C and D Class roads in the province.
Rail
Most of the railways were developed during the British colonial period.
The railway lines between Vavuniya, Jaffna, and Kankesanthurai and between Medawachchiya and Talaimannar were destroyed during the civil war. For a time during reconstruction the Northern Line operated south of Pallai, while the Mannar Line operates between Medawachchiya and Madhu Road, but by 2015 it was reconstructed past Jaffna to its terminus at Kankesanthirai. Both lines are under reconstruction to restore the original network and upgrade the operating technology used.[40][41]
Air
Airways and airports are underdeveloped in this province. Jaffna International Airport is the primary airport in the province, once an international airport that had regular passenger flight service to Colombo and Tiruchirappalli, India. It had been under the control of the Sri Lanka Navy and now has been turned into an international airport again with the help of India.[42] Daily flights between Colombo and Chennai, India and Jaffna are available. There are a few small airports and airstrips in Vavuniya and Iranamadu.
Education
The Northern Province has one
Districts | No. of Schools (1981) | No. of Schools (2006) |
---|---|---|
Jaffna | 488 | 410 |
Kilinochchi | 85 | 96 |
Mannar | 105 | 95 |
Vavuniya | 183 | 188 |
Mullaitivu | 100 | 103 |
Media
The first newspaper in Jaffna, Uthayatharakai (Morning Star) was published in 1841 by
Few newspapers are published in the province now in the principal language of Tamil. None in English and Sinhala. Before the Civil war commenced dozens of newspapers and magazines were published. Press freedom is limited and mostly censored by Government and Pro-government paramilitaries.[45] Now most of the Tamil, English, Sinhala magazines come from Colombo and Chennai, India.
See also
Notes
- Sri Lankan Tamil and Indian Tamil.
- ^ Sri Lankan Moors and Indian Moors.
- ^ 2001 Census was only carried out partially in the Northern province.
- Thunukkaidivisions - no data available.
- Puthukudiyiruppudivisions - no data available.
- Roman Catholicand Other Christian.
References
- ^ a b c d "Area of Sri Lanka by province and district" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b c d "A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
- ^ a b "A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
- ^ "Provinces of Sri Lanka". Statoids.
- ^ "A trip to Sri Lanka's Tamil country". BBC News. 22 August 2009.
- IBN Live. 23 May 2014. Archived from the originalon 26 May 2014.
- ^ Chambers, Geoff (10 July 2014). "Asylum seekers returned home by Australian naval vessels complain the authorities took their iPhones, credit cards and cameras". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney).
- ^ de Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xvii.
- ^ Mills, Lennox A. (1933). Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
- ^ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. pp. 39–40.
- ^ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. p. 84.
- ^ "Indo Sri Lanka Agreement, 1987". Tamil Nation.
- ^ "Provincial Councils". Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07.
- ^ "The Constitution". Government of Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17.
- ^ a b c "North-East merger illegal: SC". LankaNewspapers.com. 20 October 2022.
- ^ Sambandan, V. S. (14 November 2003). "Sri Lanka's North-East to remain united for another year". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2004.
- ^ "Papal Visit Rekindles Hopes in Former War Zone". 15 January 2015.
- ^ "Sri Lanka Scraps Ban on Foreigners Visiting Northern Former War Zone". New York Times. Reuters. Jan 16, 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Climate and Seasons in Sri Lanka". www.info.lk. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009.
- ^ "Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer.[dead link]
- ^ "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC News (Australia). 20 May 2009.
- ^ Harrison, Frances (23 July 2003). "Twenty years on - riots that led to war". BBC News.
- ^ a b "Enumeration of Vital Events 2011 - Northern Province" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
- ^ "Statistical Information 2010" (PDF). Northern Provincial Council.
- ^ "Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
- ^ a b The Manning Constitutional Reforms (1920). Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ How Did The Provincial Councils Become White Elephants?
- ^ Hand book on Provincial councils
- ^ Ethnic Conflict of Sri Lanka: Time Line - From Independence to 1999, ICES Archived 2009-12-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Sri Lanka" The Untold Story by K T Rajasingham (via Asia Times)
- ^ "I'm no traitor, says Perumal, Sunday Island 10 September 2000". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
- ^ Kulatunga, K.M.H.C.B. (30 November 2014). "Opposition campaign under unholy alliance". Sunday Observer. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ Commissioner of Elections Announces Nomination Dates For North, Central and North Western Provincial Councils
- ^ G A Chandrasiri re-appointed as NP Governor
- ^ Wigneswaran receives CM appointment letter
- ^ a b "Is Sri Lanka's peace dividend finally within reach?".
- ^ "Provincial Gross Domestic Product – 2015" (PDF).
- ^ "New businesses to add over 1,300 jobs in northern Sri Lanka". economynext.com. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
- ^ a b http://www.np.gov.lk/pdf/development.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Bhattacharjya, Satarupa (17 January 2010). "Indian Railways makes a beeline for the Lankan tracks". The Sunday Times.
- ^ "Agreement for supply and installation of Signaling & Telecommunication system for Northern railway network". Asian Tribune. 18 August 2011.
- ^ "Palali airport to be upgraded to int'l level". 15 March 2013.
- ^ "History".
- ^ "The Hindu : The first Madras graduate". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
- ^ Wholesale attack on Tamil newspapers, Journalist kidnapped
Bibliography
- Peninsular Jaffna from ancient to medieval times, Its significant historical and settlement aspects, Fernando, A. D. N., Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1987
- Ancient Jaffna, Being a research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period, Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar C., Asian Educational Services (AES), New Delhi, 1984
- The laws and customs of the Tamils of Jaffna, Tambiah, H. W., Women's Education and Research Centre, Colombo, 2004
- the Essential guide for Jaffna and its region, Fabry, Philippe; Lisa Fabry-Bewley, Alexandra Fabry & Emmanuel Fabry, Viator Publications (Pvt) Ltd, Negombo, 2003
- Notes on Jaffna, Chronological, historical, biographical, Martyn, John H., Asian Educational Services (AES), New Delhi, 2003
- Jaffna and Colombo, A century of relationships in three plays, Ludowyk, E. F. C. & Ernest MaCintyre, Vijitha Yapa Publications, Colombo, 2006