Northern fulmar
| Northern fulmar | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Procellariiformes |
| Family: | Procellariidae |
| Genus: | Fulmarus |
| Species: | F. glacialis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761)
| |
| Subspecies | |
|
Fulmarus glacialis glacialis | |
| |
| Range of F. glacialis Breeding range Wintering range
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Procellaria glacialis Linnaeus, 1761 | |
The northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), fulmar,
The northern fulmar and its sister species, the
The northern fulmar was first described as Fulmarus glacialis by Carl Linnaeus in 1761, based on a specimen from within the Arctic Circle, on Spitsbergen.[3] The Mallemuk Mountain in Northeastern Greenland is named after the northern fulmar (Danish: Mallemuk).
Taxonomy
The northern fulmar was
Three subspecies are recognised:[11]
- F. g. glacialis (North Atlantic
- F. g. auduboni North Atlantic
- F. g. rodgersii Alaskan Peninsula
Description
The northern fulmar has a wingspan of 102 to 112 cm (40–44 in)
Like other
| Location | Breeding population | Winter population | Breeding trend |
|---|---|---|---|
| Faroe Islands | 600,000 pairs | 500,000–3,000,000 individuals | stable |
| Greenland | 120,000–200,000 pairs | 10,000–100,000 individuals | stable |
| France | 1,300–1,350 pairs | 100–500 individuals | increasing |
| Germany | 102 pairs | increasing | |
| Iceland | 1,000,000–2,000,000 pairs | 1,000,000—5,000,000 individuals | decreasing |
| Ireland | 33,000 pairs | increasing | |
| Denmark | 2 pairs | 200–300 individuals | increasing |
| Norway | 7,000–8,000 pairs | increasing | |
| Svalbard | 500,000–1,000,000 pairs | increasing | |
| Russia (Europe) | 1,000–2,500 pairs | ||
| United Kingdom | 506,000 pairs | ||
US |
2,600,000–4,200,000 pairs | ||
| Total (adult individuals) | 15,000,000–30,000,000 | increasing |
Behaviour
Feeding
This fulmar will feed on shrimp, fish, squid, plankton, jellyfish, and carrion, as well as refuse.[3][6][18][19] When eating fish, they will dive up to several feet deep to retrieve their prey.[15]
Breeding
The northern fulmar starts breeding at between six and twelve years old. It is
Social behaviour
The mating ritual of this fulmar consists of the female resting on a ledge and the male landing with his bill open and his head back. He commences to wave his head side to side and up and down while calling.[6]
They make grunting and chuckling sounds while eating and guttural calls during the breeding season.[18][19]
Conservation
The northern fulmar is estimated to have between 15,000,000 and 30,000,000 mature individuals that occupy an occurrence range of 28,400,000 km2 (11,000,000 sq mi) and their
Anthropogenic impact
Northern fulmars' stomach contents are a hallmark indicator of marine debris in marine environments because of their high abundance and wide distribution.[25] A study of 143 northern fulmars from 2008 to 2013 found 89.5% of them containing microplastics within their gastrointestinal tracts. A mean score of 19.5 pieces of plastic and 0.461 g per individual was calculated.[26] This is considerably higher than in past studies on northern fulmars, possibly implying increasing plastic debris in marine ecosystems and shorelines. However, more research is needed to substantiate such conclusion. Long-term data from the Netherlands dating back to the 1980s show an increase in consumer plastics and a decrease in industrial plastics in the stomach contents of fulmars.[25] The increased plastic ingestion can occur through biomagnification: their diet consists of such invertebrates like plankton that have shown an increase of consumption of microplastics entering the ocean. By going deeper into the food web of marine life, it is evident that fulmars could be indirectly affected through tropic transfer and biomagnification, and similarly could also affect their predators ingestion of plastic pollution. With the increase in freshwater pollution of plastic debris, there may be a further rise in microplastic content of seabird gastrointestinal tracts.
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ BirdLife International 2009b
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Maynard 2003
- ^ "A new bird for New Zealand – northern fulmar". 14 March 2016.
- ^ Double 2003
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ehrlich, Dobkin & Wheye 1988
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1761). Fauna svecica: sistens animalia sveciae regni: mammalia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species, cum differentiis specierum, synonymis auctorum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium, descriptionibus insectorum (in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 51.
- ^ Martens, Friderich (1675). Spitzbergische oder Groenlandische Reise Beschreibung gethan im Jahr 1671 (in German). Hamburg. p. 68, Plate N fig. C. A translation of Martens' work was published in 1855 by the Hakluyt Society: Martens, Friderich (1855). "A Voyage into Spitzbergen and Greenland". In White, Adam (ed.). A Collection of Documents on Spitzbergen and Greenland. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Issue 18. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. pp. 2–140 [75].
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 62.
- ^ Stephens, James Francis (1826). Shaw, George (ed.). General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Vol. 13, Part 1. London: Kearsley et al. p. 236.
- ^ Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Petrels, albatrosses". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ a b Sibley 2000
- ^ a b Floyd 2008
- ^ a b c Harrison & Greensmith 1993
- ^ Strøm 2011
- ^ a b c Peterson 1961
- ^ a b c d e Bull & Farrand 1993
- ^ a b c d Udvarty & Farrand 1994
- ^ Dunn & Alderfer 2006
- ^ BirdLife International 2004
- ^ BirdLife International 2009a
- PMID 35386403.
- ISBN 978-0-226-05781-1.
- ^ PMID 21737191.
- PMID 28063702.
Sources
- BirdLife International (2004). "Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- BirdLife International (2009a). "Northern Fulmar". BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
- BirdLife International (2009b). The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources.
- Bull, John; Farrand, John Jr. (June 1993) [1977]. "Open Ocean". In Opper, Jane (ed.). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. The Audubon Society Field Guide Series. Vol. Birds (Eastern Region) (1st ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 314. ISBN 0-394-41405-5.
- del Hoyo, Joseph, ed. (1992). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1. ISBN 84-87334-10-5.
- Double, M.C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathan (2006). "Shearwaters, Petrels (Family Procellariidae)". In Levitt, Barbara (ed.). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 82. ISBN 978-1426208287.
- Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 14, 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Floyd, Ted (2008). "Tubenoses: Albatrosses, Shearwaters & Petrels, and Storm-petrels". In Hess, Paul; Scott, George (eds.). Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America (First ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-06-112040-4.
- ISBN 1-56458-295-7.
- Maynard, B.J. (2003). "Shearwaters, petrels, and fulmars (Procellariidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 123–133. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- ISBN 0-395-13692-X.
- ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
- Strøm, Hallvard (2011). "Northern Fulmar". Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14.
- ISBN 0-679-42851-8.
External links
- BirdLife species factsheet for Fulmarus glacialis
- "Fulmarus glacialis". Avibase.
- "Northern fulmar media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Northern fulmar photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Audio recordings of Northern fulmar on Xeno-canto.
