Northern lapwing

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Northern lapwing

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Charadriidae
Genus: Vanellus
Species:
V. vanellus
Binomial name
Vanellus vanellus
Global map of sightings reported on eBird
  Year-Round Range
  Summer Range
  Winter Range
Synonyms[3]
  • Tringa vanellus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Vanellus cristatus Meyer[2]
  • Vanellus vulgaris Bechstein[2]

The northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), also known as the peewit or pewit, tuit or tewit, green plover, or (in

Eurosiberia
.

Taxonomy

The northern lapwing was

monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[6]

The name lapwing has been variously attributed to the "lapping" sound its wings make in flight, from the irregular progress in flight due to its large wings (the Oxford English Dictionary derives this from an Old English word meaning "to totter"),[8] or from its habit of drawing potential predators away from its nest by trailing a wing as if broken. The names peewit, pewit, tuit or tew-it are onomatopoeic and refer to the bird's characteristic call.[9]

Description

Display calls, Surrey, England

The northern lapwing is a 28–33 cm (11–13 in) long bird with a 67–87 cm (26–34 in) wingspan and a body mass of 128–330 g (4.5–11.6 oz).[10] It has rounded wings and a crest. It is also the shortest-legged of the lapwings. It is mainly black and white, but the back is tinted green. The male has a long crest and a black crown, throat and breast contrasting with an otherwise white face. Females and young birds have shorter crests, and have less strongly marked heads, but plumages are otherwise quite similar.

This is a vocal bird in the breeding season, with constant calling as the crazed tumbling display flight is performed by the male. The typical contact call is a loud, shrill "pee-wit" from which they get their other name of peewit.[8] Displaying males usually make a wheezy "pee-wit, wit wit, eeze wit" during their display flight; these birds also make squeaking or mewing sounds.

Behaviour

It is highly migratory over most of its extensive range, wintering further south as far as North Africa, northern India, Nepal, Bhutan and parts of China. It migrates mainly by day, often in large flocks. Lowland breeders in westernmost areas of Europe are resident. It occasionally is a vagrant to North America, especially after storms, as in the Canadian sightings after storms in December 1927 and in January 1966.[11]

A northern lapwing mobbing a Western marsh harrier near its nest

It is a wader that breeds on cultivated land and other short vegetation habitats. 3–4 eggs are laid in a ground scrape. The nest and young are defended noisily and aggressively against all intruders, up to and including horses and cattle.

In winter, it forms huge flocks on open land, particularly arable land and mud-flats.

It feeds primarily on insects and other small invertebrates. This species often feeds in mixed flocks with golden plovers and black-headed gulls, the latter often robbing the two plovers, but providing a degree of protection against predators.

Like the golden plovers, this species prefers to feed at night when there is moonlight.

The northern lapwing is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (

AEWA
) applies.

  • In some years the species is more sociable and gathers in large flocks after breeding. In the picture, part of a large flock estimated at around 3,000 individuals on September 24, 2017 in Ystad.
    In some years the species is more sociable and gathers in large flocks after breeding. In the picture, part of a large flock estimated at around 3,000 individuals on September 24, 2017 in Ystad.
  • Flying
    Flying
  • Alarmed in flowery meadow on Texel, the Netherlands
  • Chick in the Netherlands
    Chick in the Netherlands
  • Egg – MHNT
    Egg –
    MHNT
  • A large flock flying by
    A large flock flying by

Population decline

National surveys of

Environmental Stewardship Scheme. The organisation suggests an option within this scheme called 'Fallow plots for ground-nesting birds'. Uncropped plots at least 2 ha (4.9 acres) in size provide nesting habitat and are located in suitable arable fields, which provide additional foraging habitat. Locating the plots within 2 km (1.2 mi) of extensively grazed grassland will provide additional foraging habitat. The plots are cultivated in the spring to produce a rough fallow, which is retained without the input of fertiliser or pesticides.[13] In addition to agricultural intensification and land-use change, predation of nests and chicks contributes to wader declines, including of lapwing. By radio-tagging lapwing chicks, and using automatic radio tracking systems, the timing of chick predation can be revealed, which provides additional insights in to the importance of different predators. Lapwing chicks are predated both in the day and at night, with mammalian predators having the greatest impact.[14]

In

European golden-plover killed in unsustainable and unnecessary numbers.[16]

Cultural significance

Lapwing Incubating Its Eggs—A photograph for which in 1895 R. B. Lodge received from the Royal Photographic Society the first medal ever presented for nature photography. Eric Hosking and Harold Lowes stated their — incorrect — belief that this was the first photograph of a wild bird.[17] However, Ottomar Anschütz had photographed wild white storks (Ciconia ciconia) in 1884.[18]

Harvesting eggs

"

fertiliser and climate change, causing the growth of grass needed for egg laying to occur earlier.[23]

In Ireland

King Philip II with a feather in his cap.

The northern lapwing was declared the

King of Ireland 1554–58), who often wore a feather in his cap.[27]

Mythology

The bird referred to in English translations of Ovid's Metamorphoses, book 6, as lapwing[28] is probably the northern lapwing. Tereus is turned into an epops (6.674); Ovid presumably had the hoopoe in mind, whose crest indicates his royal status and whose long, sharp beak is a symbol of his violent nature.

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693949A111044786.en
    . Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Vanellus vanellus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Northern Lapwing". Species Inventory. The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Vanellus vanellus". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 148.
  5. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 48, Vol. 5, p. 94.
  6. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  7. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  8. ^ a b "Lapwing". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ "Peewit". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  10. ^ "Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus". oiseaux-birds.com. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  11. ISBN 978-0-660-10758-5
    .
  12. ^ "Lapwing Vanellus vanellus". Breeding Birds in the Wider Countryside. British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Lapwings thrive on fallow plots". BTO News (269): 17. March–April 2007.
  14. doi:10.1111/ibi.12523
    .
  15. ^ "Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in Armenia". Armenian Bird Census, TSE NGO.
  16. ^ "WorldWaders". 3 May 2013.
  17. Wikidata Q108533626
  18. ^ Cox, Rosamund Kidman, ed. (2014). Wildlife Photographer of the Year. Firefly Books.
  19. ^ Walinga, Ruurd (17 March 2005). "Dertig jaar juridische strijd om kievitseieren" [Thirty year legal battle for plover's eggs] (in Dutch). Friesch Dagblad. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  20. ^ Stichting De Faunabescherming and Nederlandse Vereniging tot bescherming van Vogels vs. het college van gedeputeerde staten van Fryslân, [ECLI:NL:RBLEE:2005:AT0660 03/518 BESLU & 03/547 BESLU] (Rechtbank Leeuwarden 16 March 2005).
  21. ^ "Eerste kievitsei van 2008 gevonden" [First plover egg of 2008 found] (in Dutch). Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  22. ^ "Dutch spring heralded by lapwing egg". Radio Netherlands / Equi Parvi. 8 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  23. ^ "Vinddatum eerste kievitsei in Friesland" [Dates of Discovery of the First Plover's Eggs in Friesland] (in Dutch). Compendium voor de Leefomgeving. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  24. ^ Reilly, Jerome (23 October 2016). "Lapwing's tricolour feathers fit the bill". Irish Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  25. ^ "National Bird of Ireland – Northern Lapwing – Light Future Art".
  26. ISBN 9780244110734
    – via Google Books.
  27. ^ Fitzgerald, Ann (25 March 2017). "Opinion: Connecting with nature a sure-fire way to bolster your wellbeing". Farming Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  28. ^ Garth, Sir Samuel; Dryden, John; et al. "'Metamorphoses' by Ovid".

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vanellus vanellus.
Wikispecies has information related to Vanellus vanellus.
New International Encyclopedia article "Lapwing
".
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