Northrop Grumman X-47B

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

X-47B UCAS-D
An X-47B demonstrator over the
U.S. Navy's Atlantic Test Range
Role
National origin United States
Manufacturer Northrop Grumman
First flight 4 February 2011
Status Active
Primary user United States Navy
Number built 2
Developed from Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus
Developed into Northrop Grumman X-47C

The Northrop Grumman X-47B is a

DARPA's J-UCAS program, and subsequently became part of the United States Navy's Unmanned Combat Air System Demonstration (UCAS-D) program. The X-47B is a tailless jet-powered blended-wing-body aircraft capable of semi-autonomous operation and aerial refueling.[1]

The X-47B first flew in 2011, and as of 2015[update], its two active demonstrators have undergone extensive flight and operational integration testing, having successfully performed a series of land- and carrier-based demonstrations.[2][3] In August 2014, the US Navy announced that it had integrated the X-47B into carrier operations alongside manned aircraft,[4] and by May 2015 the primary test program was declared complete.[5][6][7] The X-47B demonstrators themselves were intended to become museum exhibits after completing flight testing, but the Navy later decided to maintain them in flying condition pending further development.[8][9]

Design and development

Origins

Video of aerial refueling of an X-47B in April 2015

The US Navy did not commit to practical UCAS efforts until 2000, when it awarded contracts of US$2 million each to

electromagnetic-interference environment. The Navy was interested in using UCAVs for reconnaissance, to penetrate protected airspace and identify targets for follow-on attacks.[11]
Northrop Grumman's proof-of-concept
Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, on 16 December 2008. Its first flight was planned for November 2009, but the project fell behind schedule. On 29 December 2009, Northrop Grumman oversaw towed taxi tests of the aircraft at the Palmdale facility, with it taxiing under its own power for the first time in January 2010.[13]

Flight testing

The X-47B's first takeoff at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 4 February 2011
An X-47B with folded wings on the aircraft elevator of George H.W. Bush on 14 May 2013
An X-47B launches from George H.W. Bush on 14 May 2013
An X-47B makes a successful arrested landing on George H.W. Bush on 10 July 2013

The first flight of the X-47B demonstrator, designated Air Vehicle 1 (AV-1), took place at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on 4 February 2011.[17][18] It first flew in cruise configuration with its landing gear retracted on 30 September 2011.[19] A second X-47B demonstrator, designated AV-2, conducted its maiden flight at Edwards Air Force Base on 22 November 2011.[20]

The two X-47Bs were initially planned to have a three-year test program with 50 tests at Edwards AFB and

remote control system, designed to allow ground crews to steer the X-47B while on the carrier deck.[24]

In May 2012, AV-1 began high-intensity

electronic warfare systems.[25] In June 2012, AV-2 arrived at Patuxent River to begin a series of tests, including arrested landings and catapult launches, to validate its ability to conduct precision approaches to an aircraft carrier.[26] Its first land-based catapult launch was conducted successfully on 29 November 2012.[27][28]

On 26 November 2012, the X-47B began its carrier-based evaluation aboard the

catapulted off an aircraft carrier.[32][33] On 17 May 2013, another first was achieved when it performed touch-and-go landings and take-offs from George H.W. Bush while underway.[34]

On 10 July 2013, the X-47B launched from Patuxent River and landed on the deck of George H.W. Bush, conducting the first ever arrested landing of a UAV on a carrier at sea.[3] It subsequently completed a second successful arrested landing on George H.W. Bush, but a third attempt was diverted to the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia due to a technical issue.[35] One of the UAV's three navigational sub-systems failed, which was identified by the other two sub-systems and indicated to the operator, who followed procedures to abort the landing. The Navy stated that the problem's detection demonstrated the X-47B's reliability and ability to operate autonomously.[36]

On 15 July 2013, the second X-47B, designated 501, was forced to abort another planned landing on George H.W. Bush due to technical issues.[37][38] Officials asserted that the program only required one successful at-sea landing, though testers were aiming for three, while two out of four were achieved.[38] The Navy continued flying the two X-47Bs through 2014, after it was criticised for prematurely retiring them.[39] The Navy subsequently deployed the X-47Bs to carriers for three further test phases between 2013 and 2015, with the intent of demonstrating that UAVs could seamlessly work with a 70-plane carrier air wing.[40]

On 18 September 2013, the X-47B flew the 100th flight for the UCAS-D program. The program objectives were completed in July, which included a total of 16 precision approaches to the carrier flight deck, including five tests of wave-off functions, nine touch-and-go landings, two arrested landings, and three catapult launches.

jet-blast deflector on deck for the first time, enabling takeoff without impacting operations behind it.[43]

On 10 April 2014, the X-47B performed its first night flight.

KC-707 tanker over the coast of Maryland.[1][47] This marked the completion of all primary demonstration tasks required of it.[8]

In February 2016, the Navy decided to repurpose the X-47B from a surveillance and strike aircraft into a reconnaissance and aerial refuelling drone with "limited strike capability". The change followed a top-level review and restructuring of the now-defunct unmanned carrier-launched airborne surveillance and strike (UCLASS) project, with later budgets instead funding the

MQ-25 Stingray carrier-based aerial refuelling system (CBARS).[48]

Costs

The project was initially funded under a US$635.8 million contract awarded by the Navy in 2007. By January 2012, the X-47B's total program cost had grown to an estimated $813 million.[49] Government funding for the X-47B UCAS-D program was to run out at the end of September 2013, with the close of the fiscal year.[38] However, in June 2014 the Navy provided an additional $63 million for "post-demonstration" development of the X-47B.[50]

End of program

In February 2015, the Navy stated that the competition for private tenders for constructing the UCLASS fleet would begin in 2016, with the aircraft expected to enter service in the early 2020s.[7] Reportedly, despite the X-47B's success in test flights, officials were concerned that it would be too costly and insufficiently stealthy for the needs of the UCLASS project.[7] In April 2015, it was reported that the X-47B demonstrators would become museum exhibits upon completing flight testing.[8][51] In June 2015, United States Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus stated that the X-47B program should continue but that Northrop-Grumman should not gain an unfair advantage in the competition for the UCLASS contract.[52] In July 2015, the Navy stated that the X-47Bs would remain in flying condition rather than being converted to museum exhibits, allowing for a variety of follow-on evaluations.[9]

In January 2017, the first X-47B departed NAS Patuxent River, Md. for Northrop Grumman's manufacturing plant in Palmdale, Calif.[53] In August 2017, Aviation Week published photos of a modified X-47B as a testbed for Northrop Grumman's MQ-25 bid. [54] On 25 October 2017, the company announced its withdrawal from the MQ-25 competition, saying it would be unable to operate under the terms of the service's request for proposals.[55] A modified Deck Handling System demonstration was planned, but efforts were suspended. One X-47B performed a required upkeep static engine run in spring 2019. The other remained stored in a hangar. The older X-47A Pegasus Air Vehicle was also kept in a covered open air hangar at Palmdale. The general public can not enter the Palmdale facility.

Awards

In March 2014, the X-47B won the 57th Annual Laureate Award for "extraordinary achievements" in aeronautics and propulsion hosted by

Aviation Week.[56] On 9 April 2014, the National Aeronautic Association selected Northrop Grumman, the United States Navy, and the X-47B's development team as the joint recipients of the 2013 Collier Trophy for excellence in aeronautic technology.[57]

Derivative development

The Navy used software from the X-47B to demonstrate unmanned aerial refueling capabilities. On 28 August 2013, a Calspan-flown Learjet 25 refueled from a Boeing 707 tanker while flying autonomously as a surrogate aircraft uploaded with the X-47B's technology.[58] The test was to demonstrate that unmanned and optionally manned aircraft can have an automated aerial refueling capability, significantly increasing their range, persistence, and flexibility.[58] Plans to further demonstrate autonomous aerial refueling were reportedly cut in the Navy's fiscal 2014 budget,[59] but the X-47B nonetheless conducted a successful autonomous refuelling demonstration in April 2015.[1]

Variants

X-47A

Original proof-of-concept prototype with a 27.8-foot (8.5 m) wingspan, first flown in 2003.

X-47B

Demonstrator aircraft with a 62-foot (19 m) wingspan, first flown in 2011.

X-47C

Proposed larger version intended for the Navy's

UCLASS
project.

Specifications (X-47B)

Plan diagram of the Northrop Grumman X-47B, with a human to scale

Data from [60][61][62]

General characteristics

  • Crew: None aboard (semi-autonomous operation)
  • Length: 38 ft 2 in (11.63 m)
  • Wingspan: 62.1 ft (18.9 m) extended; 30.9 ft (9.4 m) folded [61]
  • Height: 10 ft 5 in (3.10 m)
  • Wing area: 953.6 sq ft (88.59 m2)
  • Empty weight: 28,837 lb (13,080 kg) zero fuel weight [60]
  • Max takeoff weight: 44,501 lb (20,185 kg) [60]
  • Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney F100-220U turbofan

Performance

  • Range: 2,400 mi (3,900 km, 2,100 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 42,000 ft (12,800 m)
  • Cruise speed: Mach 0.9+ (high subsonic)[63][64]

Armament

  • 2 weapon bays, providing for up to 4,500 lb (2,000 kg) of ordnance[62]

Avionics

  • Provisions for EO/IR/SAR/ISAR/GMTI/MMTI/ESM[62]

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northrop Grumman X-47B.
External videos
video icon Video of X-47B land catapult launch
video icon Video of X-47B carrier catapult launch
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