North India
North India
Northern India / The North | |
---|---|
Country | India |
States and territories[1][2][3] | |
Other states sometimes included[n 1] | |
Largest city | Delhi |
Most populous cities (2011) | |
Official languages |
North India, also called Northern India or simply the North, is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of
The term North India has varying definitions. The Ministry of Home Affairs in its Northern Zonal Council Administrative division included the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan and Union Territories of Chandigarh, Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.[1][13] The Ministry of Culture in its North Culture Zone includes the state of Uttarakhand but excludes Delhi[2] whereas the Geological Survey of India includes Uttar Pradesh and Delhi but excludes Rajasthan and Chandigarh.[3] Other states sometimes included are Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
The
Definitions
Different authorities and sources define North India differently.
Government of India definitions
The
The Ministry of Culture established the North Culture Zone in Patiala, Punjab on 23 March 1985. It differs from the North Zonal Council in its inclusion of Uttarakhand and the omission of Delhi.[2]
In contrast, the Geological Survey of India (part of the Ministry of Mines) included Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in its Northern Region, but excluded Rajasthan and Chandigarh, with a regional headquarters in Lucknow.[3]
Wider definition
Indian press definition
The Hindu newspaper puts Bihar, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh related articles on its North pages.[4] Articles in the Indian press have included the states of Bihar,[5] Gujarat,[8][7] Jharkhand,[11] Madhya Pradesh,[6] and West Bengal[9][10] in North India as well.
Latitude-based definition
The
Anecdotal usage
In Maharashtra, the term "North Indian" is sometimes used to describe migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term bhaiya (which literally means 'elder brother') along with it in a derogatory sense.[17][18] However within Uttar Pradesh (literally meaning "North Province" in Hindustani) itself, "the cultural divide between the east and the west is considerable, with the purabiyas (easterners) often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners."[19][20] The Government of Bihar official site places the state in the eastern part of India.[21] Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are largely considered as being a part of north India, however.[22][18][23]
History
Ancient Era
By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or
Vedic Era
Between 2000 BC and 1500 BC, several waves of Indo-Aryan migrations from Central Asia occurred and these migrants settled in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The
In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the
In North India, by the 4th and 5th centuries, the
Medieval Era
The Indian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 AD, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.[49] When Harsha of Kannauj, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan.[50] When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal.[50] No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond their core region.[49] During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.[51] The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.[51]
In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language.[52] They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent.[52] Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well.[53] Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation.[53] By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia.[54] Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.[54]
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using
Early modern era
In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,
By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English
In 1833, the three presidencies of
Modern India
Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of
The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.[91] There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines,[92] and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.[93] There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.[94] The railway network provided critical famine relief,[95] notably reduced the cost of moving goods,[95] and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.[94]
After World War I, in which approximately
Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a secular and democratic republic.
Geography
North India lies mainly on continental India, north of peninsular India.[
The predominant geographical features of North India are:
- the Indo-Gangetic plain, which spans the states and union territories of Chandigarh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand.
- the Himalayas and sub-Himalayan belt, which lie in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal;
- the Thar desert, which lies mainly in the state of Rajasthan.
The states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir also have a large forest coverage.[110]
General climate
North India lies mainly in the north
Though cool or cold winters, hot summers and moderate monsoons are the general pattern. North India is one of the most climatically diverse regions on Earth. During summer, the temperature often rises above 35 °C across much of the Indo-Gangetic plain, reaching as high as 50 °C in the Thar desert, Rajasthan and up to 49 in Delhi. During winter, the lowest temperature on the plains dips to below 5 °C, and below the freezing point in some states. Heavy to moderate snowfall occurs in Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, J&K and Uttarakhand. Much of North India is notorious for heavy fog during winters.Extreme temperatures among inhabited regions have ranged from −45 °C (−49 °F) in Dras, Ladakh[113] to 50.6 °C (123 °F) in Alwar, Rajasthan. Dras is claimed to be the second-coldest inhabited place on the planet (after Siberia), with a recorded low of −60 °C.[114][115][116]
Precipitation
The region receives heavy rain in plains and light snow on Himalayas precipitation through two primary weather patterns: the Indian
Traditional seasons
Northern Indian tradition recognises six distinct seasons in the region: summer (grishma or garmi(jyesth- ashadh), May–June), rainy (varsha (shravan-bhadra), July–August), cool (sharad (ashivan-kartik), September–October, sometimes thought of as 'early autumn'), autumn (hemant(margh-paush), November–December, also called patjhar, lit. leaf-fall), winter (shishir or sardi(magh-phagun),January–February) and spring (vasant(chaitra-baishakh), March–April). The literature, poetry and folklore of the region uses references to these six seasons quite extensively and has done so since ancient times when Sanskrit was prevalent.[123][124][125] In the mountainous areas, sometimes the winter is further divided into "big winter" (e.g. Kashmiri chillai kalaan) and "little winter" (chillai khurd).[126]
Demographics
The people of North India mostly belong to the
Religion
Hinduism is the dominant religion in North India. Other religions practiced by various ethnic communities include Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Baháʼí, Christianity, and Buddhism. Hindus constitutes more than 80 percent of the North India's population. National capital of India (New Delhi) is overwhelming Hindu-majority with Hindus constituting nearly 90% of the capital city's population. The states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh are overwhelmingly Hindu-majority. Uttar Pradesh is also majority Hindu, but it boasts a large Muslim minority as well. The union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh have a slight Muslim plurality. The state of Punjab has a Sikh majority of 57% and is the birthplace of Sikh religion.
Languages
Linguistically, North India is dominated by
.Several
Culture
The composite culture of North India is known as Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, a result of the amicable interaction of Hindus and Muslims there.[14]
Dance
Dance of North India too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known
Clothing
Each state of North India has its own regional forms of clothing:
- Uttar Pradesh: Chikan Suit, Salwar kameez , Kurta dhoti, Sari .
- Jammu: Kurta/Dogri suthan and kurta/churidar pajama and kurta.
- Phiran and poots.
- Himachal Pradesh: Shalwar kameez, Kurta, Churidar, Dhoti, Himachali cap and angarkha.
- Punjabi Ghagra
- Uttarakhand: Rangwali Phichora
Flora and fauna
North Indian vegetation is predominantly Tropical evergreen and Montane . Of the evergreen trees
There are around 500 varieties of mammals, 2000 species of birds, 30,000 types of insects and a wide variety of fish, amphibians and reptiles in the region. Animal species in North India include
.Reptiles are represented by a large number of
The region has a wide variety of birds, including
Wildlife parks and reserves
Important national parks and tiger reserves of North India include:
Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers National Park: Located in West Himalaya, in the state of Uttarakhand, these two national parks constitute a biosphere reserve that is in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2004. The Valley of Flowers is known for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora, this richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals.
Dachigam National Park: Dachigam is a higher altitude national reserve in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that ranges from 5,500 to 14,000 feet above sea level. It is home to the hangul (a red deer species, also called the Kashmir stag).
Great Himalayan National Park: This park is located in Himachal Pradesh and ranges in altitude from 5,000 to 17,500 feet. Wildlife resident here includes the snow leopard, the Himalayan brown bear and the musk deer.
Desert National Park: Located in Rajasthan, this national reserve features extensive sand dunes and dry salt lakes. Wildlife unique to the region includes the desert fox and the great Indian bustard.
Places of interest
Nature
The Indian
Pilgrimage
North India encompasses several of the holiest pilgrimage centres of Hinduism (
Historical
North India includes some highly regarded historical, architectural and archaeological treasures of India. The
Universities
North India has several universities, including
- Agra University
- Alakh Prakash Goyal University
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Allahabad University
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Ashoka University
- Avadh University
- Baba Farid University of Health Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Bahra University
- Banaras Hindu University
- Bhagat Phool Singh Mahila Vishwavidyalaya
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Central University of Punjab
- Central University of Rajasthan
- Chandigarh University
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University
- Chaudhary Charan Singh University
- CT University
- DAV University
- Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology
- Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University
- Delhi University
- Delhi Technological University
- Desh Bhagat University
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University
- Gautam Buddha University
- GNA University
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology
- Gurukul Kangri University
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
- Haryana Agricultural University
- Himachal Pradesh University
- Himachal Pradesh National Law University
- Jai Narain Vyas University
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- Jiwaji University
- Kanpur University
- Kumaon University
- Kurukshetra University
- Lovely Professional University
- Maharaja Ganga Singh University
- Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology
- National Law University, Sonipat
- O. P. Jindal Global University
- Panjab University
- Punjabi University
- Punjab Agricultural University
- Punjab Technical University
- South Asian University
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
- SRM University, Haryana
- Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
- Thapar University
- University of Jammu
- University of Kashmir
- University of Kota
- University of Lucknow
- University of Rajasthan
- Uttarakhand Technical University
- Vardhaman Mahaveer Open University
- World University of Design
The
Economy
The economy of North India is predominantly agrarian, but is changing fast with rapid economic growth that has ranged above 8% annually. Several parts of North India have prospered as a consequence of the Green Revolution, including Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, and have experienced both economic and social development.[149][150][151] The eastern areas of East Uttar Pradesh, however, have lagged[152][153] and the resulting disparity has contributed to a demand for separate statehood in West Uttar Pradesh (the Harit Pradesh movement).[154][155]
In 2004, the state with the highest GDP per capita in North India was Punjab followed by Haryana.[156] Chandigarh has the highest per-capita State Domestic Product (SDP) of any Indian union territory.[157] The National Capital Region of Delhi has emerged as an economic power house with rapid industrial growth along with adjoining areas of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan.
According to a 2009–10 report, a large number of unskilled and skilled workers have moved to
Cuisine
Popular dishes
The best-known[160] North-Indian food items are:
See also
- Northern South Asia
- India
- Northeast India
- East India
- South India
- Western India
- Central India
- Administrative divisions of India
Notes
References
- ^ a b c "Genesis | ISCS". interstatecouncil.gov.in. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ a b c "North Zone Cultural Centre". culturenorthindia.com. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ a b c "Northern Region – Geological Survey of India". Geological Survey of India, MOI, Government of India. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^ a b c "The Hindu (NOIDA Edition)". Dropbox. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ a b c "Marriages last the longest in north India, Maharashtra; least in northeast". The Times of India. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Can North India overtake 'arrogant' South in growth?". Firstpost. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "North Indians in Coimbatore". The Hindu. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Hot spell continues in North". The Hindu. 22 May 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c "Earthquake jolts North India". Bhaskar. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c The Hindu (26 January 2016). "-Intense cold in North eight die in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c Ali, Amin (25 December 2019). "'Jharkhand is a North Indian state and for BJP to get decimated there is a statement in itself'". The Times of India Blog. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-19-154419-4.
The central feature of North India is the gigantic Indo-Gangetic plain, together with all of the sacred rivers that flow into it.
- ^ a b "The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Act No.37 of 1956)" (PDF). interstatecouncil.nic.in. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ a b Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 27.
The composite culture of northern India , known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.
- ^ a b c "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ Ram Nath Dubey, "Economic Geography of India", Kitab Mahal, 1961. ... The Tropic of Cancer divides India roughly into two equal parts: the Warm Temperate and Tropical ...
- ^ Dutta, Prabhash K. "Who is a Bhaiya?". India Today.
These 'bhaiyas' were identified with the migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who were working in Maharashtra.
- ^ a b "Thackerays are 'infiltrators' in Maharashtra from Bihar: Lalu Prasad". Deccan Herald. 9 September 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
Lalu said the Thackerays have always been indulging in a campaign against North Indians, mostly Biharis.
- ^ "Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988". Indrani Mazumdar, Archives of Indian Labour. Archived from the original on 1 April 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ISBN 0-8493-2842-X. ... Maharashtra, in North India, has kala masala in many versions ...
- ^ "Government of Bihar". Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-351-98589-5.
The north Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the highest percentages of rural populations, with 18.6 and 11.1 percent of people living in villages, respecively, as per the 2011 census. These states are also the largest migrant-sending states. Substantial flows of labour migrants relocate from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Haryana, Gujarat, and other states across northern and central India.
- ^ Magazine, Aancha (7 March 2023). "Concern over north Indian workers in Tamil Nadu: What the numbers say about India's migrants". The Indian Express. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-19-879357-1.
The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.
- ^ a b Petraglia & Allchin 2007, p. 10 , "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."
- ^ Dyson 2018, p. 1 , "Modern human beings—Homo sapiens—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. ... it is virtually certain that there were Homo sapiens in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."
- ^ Fisher 2018, p. 23 , "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the Homo sapiens range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."
- ^ a b Coningham & Young 2015, pp. 104–105.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 21–23.
- ^ a b Singh 2009, p. 181.
- ^ Possehl 2003, p. 2.
- ^ Singh 2009, pp. 186–187.
- ^ Witzel 2003, pp. 68–69.
- ^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 255.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 41–43.
- ^ Singh 2009, pp. 260–265.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Singh 2009, pp. 312–313.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 54–56.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 21.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Singh 2009, p. 300.
- ^ Singh 2009, p. 319.
- ^ Singh 2009, p. 367.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 63.
- ^ Kulke & Rothermund 2004, pp. 89–91.
- ^ a b c Singh 2009, p. 545.
- ^ Stein 1998, pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, p. 132.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, pp. 121–122.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, p. 123.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, p. 124.
- ^ a b Stein 1998, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Ludden 2002, p. 68.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 47.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 6.
- ^ Ludden 2002, p. 67.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 53.
- ^ Robb 2001, p. 80.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 164.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 115.
- ^ Robb 2001, pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 17.
- ^ a b c Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 152.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 158.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 169.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 186.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 256.
- ^ a b Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 286.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 44–49.
- ^ Robb 2001, pp. 98–100.
- ^ Ludden 2002, pp. 128–132.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 51–55.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 68–71.
- ^ Asher & Talbot 2008, p. 289.
- ^ Robb 2001, pp. 151–152.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 94–99.
- ^ Brown 1994, p. 83.
- ^ Peers 2006, p. 50.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 100–103.
- ^ Brown 1994, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 239.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 103–108.
- ^ Robb 2001, p. 183.
- ^ Sarkar 1983, pp. 1–4.
- ^ Copland 2001, pp. ix–x.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 123.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 260.
- ^ Stein 2010, p. 245: An expansion of state functions in British and in princely India occurred as a result of the terrible famines of the later nineteenth century, ... A reluctant regime decided that state resources had to be deployed and that anti-famine measures were best managed through technical experts.
- ^ Stein 1998, p. 258.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 126.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 97.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 163.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 167.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 195–197.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 203.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 231.
- ^ "London Declaration, 1949". Commonwealth. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Role of Soviet Union in India's industrialisation: a comparative assessment with the West" (PDF). ijrar.com.
- ^ "Briefing Rooms: India", Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2009, archived from the original on 20 May 2011
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 265–266.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 266–270.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 253.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 274.
- ^ a b Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 247–248.
- ^ Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 304.
- ^ "Forest Survey of India – State of Forest Report 2003". Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ISSN 1027-5606.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (direct: Final Revised Paper - ISBN 978-81-89611-15-6,
... The Tropic of Cancer divides India into almost two equal parts. It makes the southern half of India in the Tropical Zone and the northern half in the Temperate zone ...
- ^ "Dras, India Travel Weather Averages". Weatherbase.
- ISBN 1-74059-421-5.
- ISBN 9788173870866,
... With its altitude of 10000 ft. above the sea, Dras is considered to be the second coldest inhabited place in the world after Siberia where mercury sinks as low as -40 °C during winter, though it has also recorded a low of −60 °C ...
- ISBN 9780916890865,
... the bleak village of Dras, reportedly the second coldest place in Asia with recorded temperatures of −80 °F (−62 °C) ...
- ISBN 81-210-0245-1.
- ^ Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.
- ^ "Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India". The Hindu Business Line. 17 November 2005. Retrieved 20 October 2008.
- ^ ISBN 3-540-40610-7.
- ^ R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.
- ^ A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", Meteorological Applications, 11, pp 129–139, Royal Meteorological Society, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- ISBN 9788189611859, ... The sequence of the six traditional seasons is correct only for northern and central parts of India ...
- ISBN 9780520066908, ... likening the major episodes of the narrative to various features of the river and its banks, and to the appearance of the river in each of the six seasons of the North Indian year ...
- ISBN 9788180280160, ... Yet another cultural division of the year views it as six seasons ... This cycle of six seasons, while known and referred to today, is more widely recognised in Sanskrit literature ...
- ISBN 9788176487863
- ^ Sarat Chandra Roy and Ral Bahadur, "Man in India", A.K. Bose, 1996.[full citation needed]
- ^ Kumool Abbi, "Discourse of Zindaginama: A semio-anthropological critique", Harman Publishing House, 2002.
- ^ Kiran Prem, Haryana Gazetteers Organization, "Haryana District Gazetteers", Government of Haryana, 1970.
- ^ "Korwa". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
- ^ "Kodaku – Ethnologue". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
- ISBN 9788123005898. Retrieved 14 December 2019 – via Internet Archive.
- ISBN 979-8764-15-3.
- ^ a b R.L. Singh, "India: A Regional Geography", National Geographical Society of India, 1971.
- ^ Bansi Lal Kaul, "Ecodegradation of Himalayas", Vinod Publishers & Distributors, 1995.
- ISBN 81-7387-112-4. Snippet:... Important Himalayan trees are sal, chir pine, deodar, oaks, fir, spruce, rhododendrons, and the giant evergreen trees of the Eastern Himalayas ...
- ^ R.P. Sharma, "The Indian Forester", v.72:6–12 (Jan–June 1946).[full citation needed]
- ISBN 90-04-03419-6. Snippet:... the text recommends that the bark of the Himalayan birch tree (bhurja-patra) should be used for scribbling mantras ...
- ISBN 90-04-09264-1. Snippet:... Bhurja-patra, the inner bark on the birch tree grown in the Himalayan region, was a very common writing material...
- ^ Casey A. Wood, "Through Forest and Jungle in Kashmir and Other Parts of North India: The Annual Smithsonian Institution Report, 1932", Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1933.
- ^ "North India Online – India – Flora and Fauna – Animals – Trees – Birds – Mammals – Insects". Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ John Shakespear (1817), Dictionary: Hindustani and English, Taylor & Francis,
... bir bahuti: a small insect with a back of a bright red colour; the scarlet or lady fly, commonly called the "Rain insect" as it makes its appearance when the first rains have fallen ...
- ^ "India Geography – indian rivers, indian flora & fauna wildlife, national symbols in india". indianmirror.com. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- ^ "Flora & Fauna North India". Archived from the original on 18 August 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
- ^ Sharma, Tanmay (24 March 2012). "Edward Jim Corbett – Hunter who Inspired Wildlife Conservation". Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ "Largest Hindu Temple: Guinness World Records". Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ "Jama Masjid, Delhi's biggest mosque, India". asiaexplorers.com. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
- ^ Taj Mahal UNESCO " Culture " World Heritage Centre " World Heritage List
- ^ Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy, "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...
- ISBN 0-7100-0755-8.
- ^ B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.
- ISBN 0-8133-7505-3.
- ISBN 0-8039-9495-8.
- ISBN 0-7619-3519-3.
- ^ "RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms". The Tribune, Chandigarh. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
- ^ Ranade, Sudhanshu (19 August 2004). "Maharashtra, richest State". Business Line. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- ^ "Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation – Publications". Government of India. Archived from the original on 1 September 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
- ^ PTI (23 September 2009). "North India vs South India: Who is doing better? Report says South India". India Today. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ PTI (12 June 2010). "West Bengal: 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Top 20 Delicious and Irresistible North Indian Food". Crazymasalafood.com. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
External links