Picea abies

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Norway spruce
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Norway spruce

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Picea
Species:
P. abies
Binomial name
Picea abies
The Norway spruce range.[1]
Distribution map. Green: native range. Orange: introduced areas. Crosses and triangles denote isolated populations.

Picea abies, the Norway spruce[2] or European spruce,[3] is a species of spruce native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.[4]

It has

genome sequenced. The Latin specific epithet
abies means "like
Abies, Fir tree".[5]

Description

An 1885 illustration of P. abies, showing the cones and leaves.
Young female cone

Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing

seed cones are 9–17 cm long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 4–5 mm long, with a pale brown 15 mm wing.[1][8][9][10]
The tallest measured Norway spruce is 62.26 m (204 ft) tall and grows near Ribnica na Pohorju, Slovenia.[11]

Range and ecology

The Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just north of

taxa are considered subspecies), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales.[8][9][10]

Norway spruce cone scales are used as food by the

tortrix moth Cydia illutana, whereas Cydia duplicana feeds on the bark around injuries or canker
.

Taxonomy

Cones of P. obovata and Picea abies
Cones of P. obovata are short and have rounded scales.
Cones of P. abies are longer and have pointed scales.

Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as Picea abies var. acuminata, but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other parts of the range.[8][9][10]

Some botanists treat

Genetically Norway and Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related subspecies of P. abies.[12]

Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the Central Alps in eastern

Picea alpestris). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridizes extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce.[8][9][10]

Cultivation

Vogelsberg

The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe.[3] It is used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It is also widely planted for use as a Christmas tree. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of London (the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree), Edinburgh and Washington, D.C., with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the central most square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War.[13] In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted, specifically in the

Rocky Mountain states, as well as in southeastern Canada. It is naturalised in some parts of North America. There are naturalized populations occurring from Connecticut to Michigan, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere.[3] Norway spruces prefer cool-summer areas and they will grow up to USDA Growing Zone 7.[14]

Seed production begins when the tree is in its fourth decade and total lifespan is up to 300 years in its natural range in Europe. Introduced Norway spruces in the British Isles and North America have a much shorter life expectancy. As the tree ages, its crown thins out and lower branches die off.

In the northern US and Canada, Norway spruce is reported as invasive in some locations; however, it does not pose a problem in Zone 6 and up as the seeds have a significantly reduced germination rate in areas with hot, humid summers.

The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in Indiana.[3]

Cultivars

Several

illegitimate name).[15] The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[16]

  • 'Acrocona'[17] – 4 m (13 ft) tall and broad
  • 'Clanbrassiliana'[18] – 1.2 m (3.9 ft) tall by 2.4 m (7.9 ft) broad
  • 'Inversa'[19] – 9 m (30 ft) tall by 4 m (13 ft) broad
  • 'Little Gem'[20] – 0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall and broad
  • 'Nidiformis'[21] – 1.5 m (4.9 ft) tall by 4 m (13 ft) broad
    • Picea abies 'Inversa'
      Picea abies 'Inversa'
    • Picea abies 'Little Gem'
      Picea abies 'Little Gem'
    • Picea abies 'Aleksandra Fastigiata'
      Picea abies 'Aleksandra Fastigiata'
    • Picea abies 'Acrocona' 02
      Picea abies 'Acrocona' 02
    • Picea abies 'Virgata'
      Picea abies 'Virgata'

    Uses

    The Norway spruce is used in

    timber,[22] and paper
    production.

    • Picea abies trunk cross section
      Picea abies trunk cross section
    • Picea abies trunk cross section close-up
      Picea abies trunk cross section close-up

    The Norwegian company Borregaard produces the synthetic substitute for natural vanilla Vanillin using the Norwegian spruce.[23] They are currently the only company to produce wood based vanillin and is claimed by the company to be preferred by their customers due to, among other reasons, its much lower carbon footprint than petrochemically synthesized vanillin.[24]

    It is esteemed as a source of tonewood by stringed-instrument makers.[25] One form of the tree called Haselfichte [de] (Hazel-spruce) grows in the European Alps and has been recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage. This form was used by Stradivarius for instruments.[26]

    As food

    The tree is the source of spruce beer, which was once used to prevent and even cure scurvy.[27]

    Norway spruce shoot tips have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as syrup or tea) and externally (as baths, for inhalation, as ointments, as resin application or as tea) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, gastrointestinal tract and infections.[28]

    During the production of

    Mont d'Or cheese it is wrapped in a "sangle" made from the cambium of a Norway spruce (French: Épicéa commun [fr]) for about two weeks at least, which gives the cheese a unique flavour.[29]

    Longevity

    A press release from Umeå University says that a Norway spruce clone named Old Tjikko, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree".[30] The oldest individual specimen of Norway spruce discovered by tree ring dating found in 2012 in a nature reserve of Buskerud County, Norway, was found to be 532 years old.[31]

    However,

    quaking aspen clones, is estimated to be between 14,000 and one million years old.[32][33][34]

    The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". Old Tjikko is one of a series of genetically identical clones growing from a root system, one part of which is estimated to be 9,550 years old based on carbon dating. The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of

    vegetative cloning) is a Great Basin bristlecone pine over 5,000 years old (germination in 3051 BC).[35]

    Genetics

    The genome of Picea abies was sequenced in 2013, the first gymnosperm genome to be completely sequenced.

    transposable elements. Despite recent advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing, the assembly of such a large and repetitive genome is a particularly challenging task, mainly from a computational perspective.[37]

    Within populations of Picea abies there is great genetic variability, which most likely reflect populations' isolation in glacial refugia and post-glacial evolutionary history. Genetic diversity can in particular be detected when looking at how the populations respond to climatic conditions. E.g. variations in timing and length of the annual growth period as well as differences in frost-hardiness in spring and autumn. These annual growth patterns are important to recognize in order to choose the proper reforestation material of Picea abies.[38]

    Chemistry

    p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside, picein, piceatannol and its glucoside (astringin), isorhapontin (the isorhapontigenin glucoside), catechin and ferulic acid are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces.[39] Piceol[40] and astringin[41]
    are also found in P. abies.

    Research

    pancreatic lipase in vitro.[42]

    Synonyms

    Picea abies (L.) H. Karst is the accepted name of this species. More than 150 synonyms of Picea abies have been published.[43]

    Homotypic synonyms of Picea abies are:[44]

    • Pinus abies L.
    • Abies picea Mill.
    • Pinus pyramidalis Salisb.
    • Pinus abies subsp. vulgaris Voss
    • Abies abies (L.) Druce

    Some

    heterotypic synonyms
    of Picea abies are:

    • Abies alpestris Brügger
    • Abies carpatica (Loudon) Ravenscr.
    • Abies cinerea Borkh.
    • Abies clambrasiliana Lavallée
    • Abies clanbrassiliana P. Lawson
    • Abies coerulescens K. Koch
    • Abies conica Lavallée
    • Abies elegans Sm. ex J.Knight
    • Abies eremita K.Koch
    • Abies erythrocarpa (Purk.) Nyman
    • Abies excelsa (Lam.) Poir.
    • Abies extrema Th.Fr.
    • Abies finedonensis Gordon
    • Abies gigantea Sm. ex Carrière
    • Abies gregoryana H. Low. ex Gordon
    • Abies inverta R. Sm. ex Gordon
    • Abies lemoniana Booth ex Gordon
    • Abies medioxima C.Lawson
    • Abies minuta Poir.
    • Abies montana Nyman
    • Abies parvula Knight
    • Abies subarctica (Schur) Nyman
    • Abies viminalis Wahlenb.
    • Picea alpestris (Brügger) Stein
    • Picea cranstonii Beissn.
    • Picea elegantissima Beissn.
    • Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link
    • Picea finedonensis Beissn.
    • Picea gregoryana Beissn.
    • Picea integrisquamis (Carrière) Chiov.
    • Picea maxwellii Beissn.
    • Picea montana Schur
    • Picea remontii Beissn.
    • Picea rubra A. Dietr.
    • Picea subarctica Schur
    • Picea velebitica Simonk. ex Kümmerle
    • Picea viminalis (Alstr.) Beissn.
    • Picea vulgaris Link
    • Pinus excelsa Lam.
    • Pinus sativa Lam.
    • Pinus viminalis Alstr.

    See also

    References

    1. ^
      doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T42318A71233492.en
      . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
    2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
    3. ^ a b c d Sullivan, Janet (1994). "Picea abies". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
    4. ^ "Picea abies (Norway spruce) description". Conifers.org. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
    5. ISBN 978-1845337315
      .
    6. ISBN 0-00-212035-6
    7. ^ Taylor, Ronald J. (1993). "Picea abies". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
    8. ^
      ISBN 3-87429-298-3
      .
    9. ^
      ISBN 0-7470-2801-X
      .
    10. ^ a b c d e Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Picea abies". The Gymnosperm Database.
    11. ^ "Picea abies records". Monumental trees.
    12. doi:10.1038/hdy.1995.67
      .
    13. ^ British Embassy Oslo. "Oslo's Christmas tree gift to Trafalgar Square". GOV.UK. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
    14. ^ "Picea abies - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
    15. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Picea excelsa". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
    16. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    17. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Picea abies 'Acrocona'". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    18. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Picea abies 'Clanbrassiliana'". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    19. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Picea abies 'Inversa'". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    20. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Picea abies 'Little Gem'". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    21. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Picea abies 'Nidiformis'". Retrieved 25 April 2018.
    22. ^ Buckley, Michael (2005). "A basic guide to softwoods and hardwoods" (PDF). worldhardwoods.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
    23. ^ "Sustainable Vanillin from the Forests of Norway". Zanos. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
    24. ^ "Plant-based vanillin". www.borregaard.com. Retrieved 2024-03-10.
    25. ^ Paul Hostetter. "European spruce ranges, and commentary on Picea spp". Lutherie.net. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
    26. ^ "Die Haselfichte". Waldwissen.net. 2012-06-20. Archived from the original on 2017-01-19. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
    27. ^ Karellp (2012-06-11). "New Beer – Spruce Beer". The Black Creek Growler. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
    28. PMID 23770053
      .
    29. ^ "La sangle d'épicéa, secret d'un goût unique". Vacherin Mont-d'Or (in French). Retrieved 11 December 2022.
    30. ^ "World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden". Umeå University. April 16, 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
    31. ^ "The oldest spruce in Northern Europe is 532 years old". 27 October 2012.
    32. Bryce Canyon National Park Service
    33. JSTOR 1312652
      .
    34. ^ American, Scientific. "Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree". Scientific American.
    35. ^ "Old List". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
    36. PMID 23698360
      .
    37. PMID 23698863
      .
    38. ^ Skrøppa, T. (2003). "Picea abies - Norway spruce" (PDF). EUFORGEN; Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-22. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
    39. S2CID 43504838
      .
    40. PMID 2364913
      .
    41. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1992.tb01436.x
      .
    42. S2CID 22562789
      .
    43. ^ "Picea abies (L.) H. Karst". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 March 2014 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
    44. ^ "Picea abies (L.) H.Karst., Deut. Fl.: 325 (1881)". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 March 2014.

    External links

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Picea abies.
    Wikispecies has information related to Picea abies.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picea_abies&oldid=1219251337"