Norwich
Norwich | ||
---|---|---|
Norwich City Hall, Norwich Castle, St John the Baptist Cathedral | ||
County Norfolk | | |
Founded | c. 43 AD as Northwic | |
City status | 1094 | |
Admin HQ | City Hall | |
Government | ||
• Type | Non-metropolitan district council | |
• Local Authority | Norwich City Council | |
• MPs |
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Area | ||
• Urban | 20.3 sq mi (52.6 km2) | |
Population (2021) | ||
• City | 143,118 (ranked 155th) | |
• Urban | 213,166 | |
• Urban density | 10,000/sq mi (4,100/km2) | |
• Metro | 376,500 (TTWA)[1] | |
Demonym | Norvician | |
Ethnicity (2021) | ||
• Ethnic groups | ||
Religion (2021) | ||
• Religion | List
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UTC+1 (BST) | ||
Postcode | ||
Area code (IDD) | 01603 | |
Vehicle registration area code | AO, AP, AR, AS, AT, AU | |
ONS code | 33UK | |
Major railway stations | Norwich Station | |
Primary airport | Norwich Airport | |
Police | Norfolk Constabulary | |
Fire and Rescue | Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service | |
Ambulance | East of England | |
Website | www |
Norwich (
Heritage and status
Norwich claims to be the most complete medieval city in the United Kingdom.[4] It includes cobbled streets such as Elm Hill, Timber Hill and Tombland; ancient buildings such as St Andrew's Hall; half-timbered houses such as Dragon Hall, The Guildhall and Strangers' Hall; the Art Nouveau of the 1899 Royal Arcade; many medieval lanes; and the winding River Wensum that flows through the city centre towards Norwich Castle.[4]
In May 2012, Norwich was designated England's first UNESCO City of Literature.[5] One of the UK's popular tourist destinations, it was voted by The Guardian in 2016 as the "happiest city to work in the UK"[6] and in 2013 as one of the best small cities in the world by The Times Good University Guide.[7] In 2018, 2019 and 2020, Norwich was voted one of the "Best Places To Live" in the UK by The Sunday Times.[8][9]
History
Origin
The capital of the Iceni tribe was a settlement located near to the village of Caistor St Edmund on the River Tas about 5 mi (8 km) to the south of modern Norwich.[10] After an uprising led by Boudica in about 60 CE, the Caistor area became the Roman capital of East Anglia named Venta Icenorum, literally "marketplace of the Iceni".[10] This fell into disuse about 450 CE.
The Anglo-Saxons settled the site of the modern city some time between the 5th and 7th centuries,[11] founding the towns of Northwic ("North Farm"), from which Norwich takes its name,[12] and Westwic (at Norwich-over-the-Water) and a lesser settlement at Thorpe. Norwich became settled as a town in the 10th century and then became a prominent centre of East Anglian trade and commerce.[citation needed]
Early English and Norman conquest
It is possible that three separate early Anglo-Saxon settlements, one north of the river and two either side on the south, joined as they grew; or that a single Anglo-Saxon settlement, north of the river, emerged in the mid-7th century after the abandonment of the previous three. The ancient city was a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia in 1004 when it was raided and burnt by
Norwich Castle was founded soon after the Norman Conquest.[13] The Domesday Book records that 98 Saxon homes were demolished to make way for the castle.[14] The Normans established a new focus of settlement around the Castle and the area to the west of it: this became known as the "New" or "French" borough, centred on the Normans' own market place, which survives today as Norwich Market, the largest permanent undercover market in Europe.[4]
In 1096,
Middle Ages
The first recorded presence of
In 1216, the castle fell to Louis, Dauphin of France, and Hildebrand's Hospital was founded, followed ten years later by the
From 1280 to 1340 the
Early modern period (1485–1640)
Hand-in-hand with the wool industry, this key religious centre experienced a Reformation significantly different from that in other parts of England. The magistracy in Tudor Norwich unusually found ways of managing religious discord whilst maintaining civic harmony.[23]
Unusually in England, the rebellion divided the city and appears to have linked Protestantism with the plight of the urban poor. In the case of Norwich, this process was underscored later by the arrival of
Norwich has traditionally been the home of various minorities, notably
The
Civil War to Victorian era
In the English Civil War, across the Eastern Counties, Oliver Cromwell's powerful Eastern Association was eventually dominant. However, to begin with, there had been a large element of Royalist sympathy within Norwich, which seems to have experienced a continuity of its two-sided political tradition throughout the period. Bishop Matthew Wren was a forceful supporter of Charles I. Nonetheless, Parliamentary recruitment took hold. The strong Royalist party was stifled by a lack of commitment from the aldermen and isolation from Royalist-held regions.[34] Serious inter-factional disturbances culminated in "The Great Blow" of 1648 when Parliamentary forces tried to quell a Royalist riot. The latter's gunpowder was set off by accident in the city centre, causing mayhem. According to Hopper,[35] the explosion "ranks among the largest of the century". Stoutly defended though East Anglia was by the Parliamentary army, there were said to have been pubs in Norwich where the king's health was still drunk and the name of the Protector sung to ribald verse.
At the cost of some discomfort to the Mayor, the moderate
Norwich in the late 17th century was riven politically. Churchman
Writing of the early 18th century, Pound describes the city's rich cultural life, the winter theatre season, the festivities accompanying the summer assizes, and other popular entertainments. Norwich was the wealthiest town in England, with a sophisticated system of
In 1716, at a play at the New Inn, the Pretender was cheered and the audience booed and hissed every time King George's name was mentioned. In 1722 supporters of the king were said to be "hiss'd at and curst as they go in the streets," and in 1731 "a Tory mobb, in a great body, went through several parts of this city, in a riotous manner, cursing and abusing such as they knew to be friends of the government."[b] However the Whigs gradually gained control and by the 1720s they had successfully petitioned Parliament to allow all adult males working in the textile industry to take up the freedom, on the correct assumption that they would vote Whig. But it had the effect of boosting the city's popular Jacobitism, says Knights, and contests of the kind described continued in Norwich well into a period in which political stability had been discerned at a national level. The city's Jacobitism perhaps only ended with 1745, well after it had ceased to be a significant movement outside Scotland.[39] Despite the Highlanders reaching Derby and Norwich citizens mustering themselves into an association to protect the city, some Tories refused to join in, and the vestry of St Peter Mancroft resolved that it would not ring its bells to summon the defence. Still, it was the end of the road for Norwich Jacobites, and the Whigs organised a notable celebration after the Battle of Culloden.[39]
The events of this period illustrate how Norwich had a strong tradition of popular protest favouring Church and Stuarts and attached to the street and alehouse. Knights tells how in 1716 the mayoral election had ended in a riot, with both sides throwing "brick-ends and great paving stones" at each other.[39] A renowned Jacobite watering-hole, the Blue Bell Inn (nowadays The Bell Hotel), owned in the early 18th century by the high-church Helwys family, became the central rendezvous of the Norwich Revolution Society in the 1790s.[41]
Britain's first provincial newspaper, the
Amid this metropolitan culture, the city burghers had built a sophisticated political structure. Freemen, who had the right to trade and to vote at elections, numbered about 2,000 in 1690, rising to over 3,300 by the mid-1730s. With growth partly the result of political manipulation, their numbers did at one point reach one-third of the adult male population.
In the middle of political disorders of the late 18th century, Norwich intellectual life flourished.
Despite Norwich's longstanding industrial prosperity, by the 1790s its wool trade had begun facing intense competition, at first from Yorkshire woollens and then, increasingly, from Lancashire cotton. The effects were aggravated by the loss of continental markets after Britain went to war with France in 1793.[d] The early 19th century saw de-industrialisation accompanied by bitter squabbles. The 1820s were marked by wage cuts and personal recrimination against owners. So amid the rich commercial and cultural heritage of its recent past, Norwich suffered in the 1790s from incipient decline exacerbated by a serious trade recession.
As early in the war as 1793, a major city manufacturer and government supporter, Robert Harvey, complained of low order books, languid trade and doubling of the poor rate.[e] Like many of their Norwich forebears, the hungry poor took their complaints onto the streets. Hayes describes a meeting of 200 people in a Norwich public house, where "Citizen Stanhope" spoke.[f] The gathering "[roared its] applause at Stanhope's declaration that the Ministers unless they changed their policy, deserved to have their heads brought to the block; – and if there was a people still in England, the event might turn out to be so." Hayes says that "the outbreak of war, in bringing the worsted manufacture almost to a standstill and so plunging the mass of the Norwich weavers into sudden distress made it almost inevitable that a crude appeal to working-class resentment should take the place of a temperate process of education which the earliest reformers had intended."[48]
At this period opposition to
By 1795, it was not just the Norwich rabble who were causing the government concern. In April of that year, the Norwich Patriotic Society was founded, its manifesto declaring "that the great end of civil society was general happiness; that every individual had a right to share in the government."[50] In December the price of bread reached a new peak, and in May 1796, when William Windham was forced to seek re-election after his appointment as war secretary, he only just held his seat.[g] Amid the disorder and violence that was such a common feature of Norwich election campaigns, it was only by the narrowest margin that the radical Bartlett Gurney ("Peace and Gurney – No More War – No more Barley Bread") failed to unseat him.[51]
Though informed by issues of recent national importance, the bipartisan political culture of Norwich in the 1790s cannot be divorced from local tradition. Two features stand out from a political continuum of three centuries. The first is a dichotomous power balance. From at least the time of the Reformation, Norwich was recorded as a "two-party city". In the mid-16th century, the weaving parishes fell under the control of opposition forces, as Kett's rebels held the north of the river, in support of poor clothworkers. Indeed there seems to be a case for saying that with this tradition of two-sided disputation, the city had steadily developed an infrastructure, evident in its many cultural and institutional networks of politics, religion, society, news media and the arts, whereby argument could be managed short of outright confrontation. Indeed, at a time of hunger and tension on the Norwich streets, with alehouse crowds ready to have "a Minister's head brought to the block", the Anglican and Dissenting clergy exerted themselves to conduct a collegial dialogue, seeking common ground and reinforcing the well-mannered civic tradition of earlier periods.
In 1797 Thomas Bignold, a 36-year-old wine merchant and banker founded the first Norwich Union Society. Some years earlier, when he moved from Kent to Norwich, Bignold had been unable to find anyone willing to insure him against the threat from highwaymen. With the entrepreneurial thought that nothing was impossible, and aware that in a city built largely of wood the threat of fire was uppermost in people's minds, Bignold formed the "Norwich Union Society for the Insurance of Houses, Stock and Merchandise from Fire". The new business, which became known as the Norwich Union Fire Insurance Office, was a "mutual" enterprise. Norwich Union would later become the country's largest insurance giant.
From earliest times, Norwich was a textile centre. In the 1780s the manufacture of Norwich
Norwich's geographical isolation was such that until 1845, when a railway link was established, it was often quicker to travel to
20th century
In the early 20th century, Norwich still had several major manufacturing industries. Among them were the large-scale and bespoke manufacture of shoes (for example the
Norwich also has a long association with chocolate making, mainly through the local firm of Caley's, which began as a manufacturer and bottler of mineral water and later diversified into chocolate and
Pubs and brewing
The city had a long tradition of brewing.
It was stated by Walter Wicks in his book that Norwich once had "a pub for every day of the year and a church for every Sunday". This was in fact significantly under the actual amount: the highest number of pubs in the city was in the year 1870, with over 780 beer-houses. A "Drink Map" produced in 1892 by the Norwich and Norfolk Gospel Temperance Union showed 631 pubs in and around the city centre. By 1900, the number had dropped to 441 pubs within the City Walls. The title of a pub for every day of the year survived until 1966, when the Chief Constable informed the Licensing Justices that only 355 licences were still operative, with the number still shrinking: over 25 had closed in the last decade.[61] In 2018, about 100 pubs remained open around the city centre.
Second World War
Norwich suffered extensive bomb damage during
229 citizens were killed in the two Baedeker raids with 1,000 others injured, and 340 by bombing throughout the war — giving Norwich the highest air raid casualties in Eastern England. Out of the 35,000 domestic dwellings in Norwich, 2,000 were destroyed, and another 27,000 suffered some damage.[62] In 1945 the city was also the intended target of a brief V-2 rocket campaign, though all these missed the city itself.[63][64]
Post-war redevelopment
As the war ended, the city council revealed what it had been working on before the war. It was published as a book – The City of Norwich Plan 1945 or commonly known as "The '45 Plan"[65] – a grandiose scheme of massive redevelopment which never properly materialised. However, throughout the 1960s to early 1970, the city was completely altered and large areas of Norwich were cleared to make way for modern redevelopment.
In 1960, the inner-city district of Richmond, between Ber Street and King Street, locally known as "the Village on the Hill", was condemned as slums and many residents were forced to leave by compulsory purchase orders on the old terraces and lanes. The whole borough demolished consisted of some 56 acres of existing streets, including 833 dwellings (612 classed as unfit for human habitation), 42 shops, four offices, 22 public houses and two schools.[66] Communities were moved to high-rise buildings such as Normandie Tower and new housing estates such as Tuckswood, which were being built at the time. A new road, Rouen Road, was developed instead, consisting mainly of light industrial units and council flats. Ber Street, a once historic main road into the city, had its whole eastern side demolished. About this time, the final part of St Peters Street, opposite St Peter Mancroft Church, were demolished along with large Georgian townhouses at the top of Bethel Street, to make way for the new City Library in 1961.[62] This burnt down on 1 August 1994 and was replaced in 2001 by The Forum.
A controversial plan was implemented for Norwich's inner ring-road in the late 1960s. In 1931, the city architect Robert Atkinson, referring to the City Wall, remarked that "in almost every position are slum dwellings put up during the last 50 years. It would be a great adventure to clear them all out and open up the road following the wall which has always been a natural highway. Do this, and you will have a wonderful circulating boulevard all around the city and its cost would be comparatively nothing."
Other housing developments in the private and public sector took place after the Second World War, partly to accommodate the growing population of the city and to replace condemned and bomb-damaged areas, such as the Heigham Grove district between Barn Road and Old Palace Road, where some 200 terraced houses, shops and pubs were all flattened. Only St Barnabas church and one public house, The West End Retreat, now remain. Another central street bulldozed during the 1960s was St Stephens Street. It was widened, clearing away many historically significant buildings in the process, firstly for Norwich Union's new office blocks and shortly after with new buildings, after it suffered damage during the Baedeker raids. In Surrey Street, several grand six-storey Georgian townhouses were demolished to make way for Norwich Union's office. Other notable buildings that were lost were three theatres (the Norwich Hippodrome on St Giles Street, which is now a multi-storey car park, the Grosvenor Rooms and Electric Theatre in Prince of Wales Road) The Norwich Corn Exchange in Exchange Street (built 1861, demolished 1964), the Free Library in Duke Street (built 1857, demolished 1963) and the Great Eastern Hotel, which faced Norwich Station. Two large churches, the Chapel Field East Congregational church[70] (built 1858, demolished 1972) was pulled down, as well as the 100-foot (30 m) tall Presbyterian church in Theatre Street, built in 1874 and designed by local architect Edward Boardman. It has been said that more of Norwich's architecture was destroyed by the council in post-war redevelopment schemes than during the Second World War.
Other events
In 1976 the city's pioneering spirit was on show when Motum Road in Norwich, allegedly the scene of "a number of accidents over the years", became the third road in Britain to be equipped with
From 1980 to 1985 the city became a frequent focus of national media due to squatting in Argyle Street, a Victorian street that was demolished in 1986, despite being the last street to survive the Richmond Hill redevelopment. On 23 November 1981, a minor F0/T1 tornado struck Norwich as part of a record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak, causing minor damage in Norwich city centre and surrounding suburbs.[72]
Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Norwich, at district and county level: Norwich City Council and Norfolk County Council. The city council manages services such as housing, planning, leisure and tourism, and is based at City Hall overlooking Norwich Market in the city centre. The county council manages services such as schools, transport, social services and libraries across Norfolk.[73] There are no civil parishes in Norwich, with the whole city being an unparished area.[74]
Lord mayoralty and shrievalty
The ceremonial head of the city is the
Westminster
Since 1298 Norwich has returned two members of Parliament to the House of Commons. Until 1950 the city was an undivided constituency, returning two MPs. Since that date, the area has been two single-member constituencies: Norwich North and Norwich South.[80] Both proved to be marginal seats in recent elections until 2010, switching between the Labour and Conservative parties.
Norwich North, which includes some rural wards of Broadland District, was held by Labour from 1950 to 1983 when it was gained by the Conservatives. Labour regained the seat in 1997, holding it until a by-election in 2009. The current MP is the Conservative, Chloe Smith, who held the seat in the 2015 General Election.[81] Norwich South, which includes part of South Norfolk District, was held by Labour from February 1974 to 1983, when it was gained by the Conservatives. John Garrett regained the seat for Labour in 1987. Charles Clarke became Labour MP for Norwich South in 1997.[82] In the 2010 General Election, Labour lost the seat to the Liberal Democrats, with Simon Wright becoming MP.[83] At the 2015 General Election, Clive Lewis regained the seat for Labour.[84] In both the 2017 General Election and 2019 General Election, the two incumbent 2015 MPs held their seats.[85]
Demography
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[86][87] |
The 2021 United Kingdom census reported a resident population for the City of Norwich of approximately 144,000, a 8.7 per cent increase over the 2011 census.[3] The urban, built-up area of Norwich had a population of 213,166 according to the 2011 census.[88] This area extends beyond the city boundary, with extensive suburban areas on the western, northern and eastern sides, including Costessey, Taverham, Hellesdon, Bowthorpe, Old Catton, Sprowston and Thorpe St Andrew. The parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local-government districts. The population of the Norwich travel to work area (i. e. the self-contained labour-market area in and around Norwich in which most people live and commute to work) was estimated at 282,000 in 2009.[89] Norwich is one of the most densely populated local-government districts in the East of England, with 3,690 people per square kilometre (9,600 people/sq mi).[90]
In 2022 the ethnic composition of Norwich's population was 87.1%
Ethnicity
Ethnic Group | 1991[95] | 2001[96] | 2011[97] | 2021[91] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 118,843 | 98.3% | 117,701 | 96.8% | 120,375 | 90.9% | 125,421 | 87.1% |
White: British | – | – | 113,600 | 93.5% | 112,237 | 84.7% | 111,623 | 77.6% |
White: Irish | – | – | 843 | 874 | 0.7% | 885 | 0.6% | |
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | – | – | – | – | 127 | 0.1% | 214 | 0.1% |
White: Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | 214 | 0.1% |
White: Other | – | – | 3,258 | 7,137 | 5.4% | 12,485 | 8.7% | |
Asian or Asian British : Total
|
1,010 | 0.8% | 1,506 | 1.2% | 5,844 | 4.5% | 7,867 | 5.5% |
Asian or Asian British: Indian | 314 | 525 | 1,684 | 1.3% | 2,570 | 1.8% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 78 | 93 | 255 | 0.2% | 528 | 0.4% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 123 | 216 | 540 | 0.4% | 839 | 0.6% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 286 | 468 | 1,679 | 1.3% | 1,627 | 1.1% | ||
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | 209 | 204 | 1,686 | 1.3% | 2,303 | 1.6% | ||
Black or Black British: Total | 506 | 0.4% | 433 | 0.4% | 2,147 | 1.6% | 3,578 | 2.6% |
Black or Black British: Caribbean | 98 | 123 | 272 | 0.2% | 395 | 0.3% | ||
Black or Black British: African | 168 | 267 | 1,727 | 1.3% | 2,807 | 2.0% | ||
Black or Black British: Other Black | 240 | 43 | 148 | 0.1% | 376 | 0.3% | ||
Mixed or British Mixed: Total | – | – | 1,321 | 1.1% | 3,039 | 2.3% | 4,519 | 3.2% |
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | 311 | 684 | 0.5% | 939 | 0.7% | |
Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | 187 | 660 | 0.5% | 966 | 0.7% | |
Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | 391 | 876 | 0.7% | 1,287 | 0.9% | |
Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | 432 | 819 | 0.6% | 1,327 | 0.9% | |
Other: Total | 536 | 0.4% | 589 | 0.5% | 1,107 | 0.9% | 2,539 | 1.7% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | 643 | 0.5% | 900 | 0.6% |
Other: Any other ethnic group | 536 | 0.4% | 589 | 0.5% | 464 | 0.4% | 1,639 | 1.1% |
Total | 120,895 | 100% | 121,550 | 100% | 132,512 | 100% | 143,924 | 100% |
Religion
Religion | 2001[98] | 2011[99] | 2021[92] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Holds religious beliefs | 76,108 | 62.6 | 65,417 | 49.4 | 57,189 | 39.7 |
Christian | 73,428 | 60.4 | 59,515 | 44.9 | 48,399 | 33.6 |
Buddhist | 485 | 0.4 | 978 | 0.7 | 983 | 0.7 |
Hindu | 348 | 0.3 | 1,017 | 0.8 | 1,719 | 1.2 |
Jewish | 239 | 0.2 | 241 | 0.2 | 331 | 0.2 |
Muslim
|
887 | 0.7 | 2,612 | 2.0 | 4,289 | 3.0 |
Sikh | 102 | 0.1 | 168 | 0.1 | 185 | 0.1 |
Other religion | 619 | 0.5 | 886 | 0.7 | 1283 | 0.9 |
(No religion and Religion not stated) | 45,442 | 37.4 | 67,095 | 50.7 | 86,733 | 60.3 |
No religion | 33,766 | 27.8 | 56,268 | 42.5 | 76,973 | 53.5 |
Religion not stated | 11,676 | 9.6 | 10,827 | 8.2 | 9,760 | 6.8 |
Total population | 121,550 | 100.0 | 132,512 | 100.0 | 143,922 | 100.0 |
Education
Primary and secondary
The city has 56 primary schools (including 16 academies and free schools) and 13 secondary schools, 11 of which are academies.[100] The city's eight independent schools include Norwich School and Norwich High School for Girls.[100] There are five schools for children with learning disabilities.[101] The former Norwich High School for Boys in Upper St Giles Street has a blue plaque commemorating Sir John Mills, who was a pupil there.[102]
Universities and colleges
Norwich has two universities: the
Norwich has three
Culture and attractions
Historically Norwich has been associated with art, literature and publishing. This continues. It was the site of England's first provincial library, which opened in 1608, and the first city to implement the
Today the city is a regional centre for publishing, with 5 per cent of the UK's independent publishing sector based in the city in 2012.[106] In 2006 Norwich became the UK's first City of Refuge, part of the International Cities of Refuge Network (ICORN) which promotes free speech.[106] Norwich made the shortlist for the first city to be designated UK City of Culture, but in July 2010 it was announced that Derry had been selected.[108] In May 2012 Norwich was designated as England's first UNESCO City of Literature.[109]
Attractions
Norwich is a popular destination for a city break. Attractions include Norwich Cathedral, the cobbled streets and museums of old Norwich, Norwich Castle, Cow Tower, Dragon Hall and The Forum. Norwich is one of the UK's top ten shopping destinations, with a mix of chain retailers and independent stores, and Norwich Market as one of the largest outdoor markets in England.
The Forum, designed by Michael Hopkins and Partners and opened in 2002 is a building designed to house the Norfolk and Norwich Millennium Library, a replacement for the Norwich Central Library building which burnt down in 1994, and the regional headquarters and television centre for BBC East. In 2006–2013 it was the most visited library in the UK, with 1.3 million visits in 2013.[110] The collections contains the 2nd Air Division Memorial Library, a collection of material about American culture and the American relationship with East Anglia, especially the role of the United States Air Force on UK airbases throughout the Second World War and Cold War. Much of the collection was lost in the 1994 fire, but the collection has been restored by contributions from many veterans of the war, European and American. The building also provides a venue for art exhibitions, concerts and events, although the city still lacks a dedicated concert venue.
Recent attempts to shed the backwater image of Norwich and market it as a popular tourist destination, as well as a centre for science, commerce, culture and the arts, have included refurbishment of the Norwich Castle Museum and the opening of the Forum. The proposed new slogan for Norwich as England's Other City has been the subject of much discussion and controversy. It remains to be seen whether it will be adopted. Several signs at the city's approaches still display the traditional phrase: "Norwich — a fine city".
The city promotes its architectural heritage through a collection of notable buildings in Norwich called the "
and The Forum.Art and music
Each year the Norfolk and Norwich Festival celebrates the arts, drawing many visitors into the city from all over eastern England. The Norwich Twenty Group, founded in 1944, presents exhibitions of its members to promote awareness of modern art. Norwich was home to the first arts festival in Britain in 1772.[111]
Norwich hosted BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in 2015. The event was held on 23–24 May in Earlham Park.[112]
Established record labels in Norwich include All Sorted Records,[113] NR ONE,[114] Hungry Audio and Burning Shed.
The British artist Stella Vine lived in Norwich from the age of seven,[115] including for a short while in Argyle Street, Norwich and again later in life with her son Jamie. Vine depicted the city in a large painting, Welcome to Norwich a fine city (2006).[116]
Theatres
Norwich has theatres ranging in capacity from 100 to 1,300 seats and offering a wide variety of programmes. The Theatre Royal is the largest and has been on its present site for nearly 250 years, through several rebuildings and many alterations. It has 1,300 seats and hosts a mix of national touring productions including musicals, dance, drama, family shows, stand-up comedians, opera and pop.
The
The Garage studio theatre seats up to 110 in a range of layouts, or can be used for standing events for up to 180. Platform Theatre is in the grounds of the City College Norwich. Productions are staged mainly in the autumn and summer months. The theatre is raked and seats about 250. On 20 April 2012, it held a large relaunch event with an evening performance, showcasing it with previews of coming performances and scenes from past ones.[117]
The Whiffler Theatre, built in 1981, was given to the people of Norwich by the local newspaper group Eastern Daily Press. It is an open-air facility in Norwich Castle Gardens, with fixed-raked seating for up to 80 and standing for another 30 on the balcony. The stage is brick-built and has its dressing rooms set in a small building to stage left. The Whiffler mainly plays small Shakespeare productions. Sewell Barn Theatre is the smallest theatre in Norwich and has a seating capacity of just 100. The auditorium features raked seating on three sides of an open acting space. This staging helps to draw the audience closer into the performance.
Public performance spaces include the Forum in the city centre, with a large open-air amphitheatre for performances of many types throughout the year. Additionally, the cloisters of Norwich Cathedral are used for open-air performances as part of an annual Shakespeare festival.[118]
Museums
Norwich has several museums to reflect the history of the city and of Norfolk, and wider interests. The largest, Norwich Castle Museum, has extensive collections of archaeological finds from Norfolk, art (including a fine collection of paintings by the
The Museum of Norwich at the Bridewell (until 2014 the Bridewell Museum) closed in 2010 for refurbishment of the building and overhaul of the displays,[120] and re-opened in July 2012.[121][122] The several galleries and groups of displays include "Life in Norwich: Our City 1900–1945"; "Life in Norwich: Our City 1945 Onwards"; and "England's Second City" depicting Norwich in the 18th century. "Made in Norwich", "Industrious City" and "Shoemakers" have exhibits connected with historic industries of Norwich, including weaving, shoe and bootmaking, iron foundries, and manufacture of metal goods, engineering, milling, brewing, chocolate-making and other food manufacturing. "Shopping and Trading" extends from the early 19th century to the 1960s.[123]
Strangers' Hall, at Charing Cross, is one of the oldest buildings in Norwich: a merchant's house from the early 14th century. The many rooms are furnished and equipped in the styles of different eras, from the Early Tudor to the Late Victorian. Exhibits include costumes and textiles, domestic objects, children's toys and games and children's books. The last two collections are seen to be of national importance.[124]
The Royal Norfolk Regimental Museum was, until 2011, housed in part of the former Shirehall, close to the castle. Although archives and the reserve collections are still held in the Shirehall, the principal museum display there closed in September 2011 and was relocated to the main Norwich Castle Museum, reopening fully in 2013.[125] It illustrates the history of the regiment from its 17th-century origins to its incorporation into the Royal Anglian Regiment in 1964, along with many aspects of its military life. There is an extensive, representative display of medals awarded to soldiers of the regiment, including two of the six Victoria Crosses won.[126][127]
The
Formerly known as The John Jarrold Printing Museum, The Norwich Printing Museum covers the history of printing, with examples of printing machinery, presses, books and related equipment considered of national and international importance.[129] Exhibits date from the early 19th century to the present day. Some machinery and equipment are shown in use. Many items were donated by Jarrold Printing.[130] In November 2018, redevelopment plans for the museum site at Whitefriars caused uncertainty about its future.[131][132] The museum closed its Whitefriars premises on 23 October 2019, with a plan to relocate to the vacant medieval church of St Peter Parmentergate in King Street in 2020, but this site was later found to be unsuitable.[133][134] In 2021, the museum trustees were offered space at Blickling Hall, near Aylsham, and, as "The Norwich Printing Museum", it reopened there as a fully-working museum in July 2021.[135] Whilst the museum continues in its temporary home at Blickling, as at March 2023 the trustees were seeking permanent quarters in Norwich.[136]
Dragon Hall in King Street exemplifies a medieval merchants' trading hall. Mostly dating from about 1430, it is unique in Western Europe. In 2006 the building underwent restoration. Its architecture is complemented by displays on the history of the building and its role in Norwich through the ages. The Norwich Castle Study Centre at the Shirehall in Market Avenue has some important collections, including one of more than 20,000 costume and textile items built up over some 130 years and previously kept in other Norwich museums. Although not a publicly open museum in the usual sense, items are accessible to the public, students and researchers by prior appointment.[137]
Entertainment
Norwich has three cinema complexes.
Media and film
Norwich is the headquarters of BBC East, its presence in the East of England, and
Launched in 1959, Anglia Television lost its independence in 1994 with a takeover by
Despite the contraction of Anglia, television production in Norwich has by no means ended. Anglia's former network production centre at Magdalen Street has been taken over by Norfolk County Council and revamped. After a total investment of £4 million from the East of England Development Agency (EEDA) it has re-opened as Epic Studios (East of England Production Innovation Centre). Degree courses in film and video are run at the centre by Norwich University of the Arts. Epic has commercial, broadcast-quality post-production facilities, a real-time virtual studio and a smaller HD discussion studio. The main studio opened as an HD facility in November 2008, when it began concentrating on the development of new TV formats and has worked on pilot shows.
Archant publishes two dailies in Norwich, the Norwich Evening News and the regional Eastern Daily Press (EDP). It had its own television operation, Mustard TV, which closed after being bought out by the That's TV group. Mustard TV is now That's Norfolk.
The character of Alan Partridge in the sitcom I'm Alan Partridge (1997–2002) and the comedy film Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa (2013) is a Norwich broadcaster played by Steve Coogan.
Esoteric associations
Because Norwich was England's second city in the medieval and Renaissance periods, it has some little acknowledged, but significant associations with
Norwich was the residence of the physician and
The
From 1787 the congregation of the
Architecture
Norwich's medieval period is represented by the 11th-century
The 19th century saw an explosion in Norwich's size and much of its housing stock, as well as commercial building in the city centre. The local architect of the
The city continued to grow through the 20th century. Much housing, particularly in areas further from the city centre, dates from that century. The first notable building since Skipper was the
-
Norwich Cathedral lies close to Tombland in the city centre.
-
Elm Hill is an intact medieval street.
-
Cow Tower stands on the banks of the River Wensum.
-
The varying styles of architecture along Gentleman's Walk
Parks, gardens and open spaces
See also List of parks, gardens and open spaces in Norwich Chapelfield Gardens in central Norwich became the city's first
After the First World War the Corporation applied government grants to lay out a series of formal parks as a means to alleviate unemployment. Under Parks Superintendent Captain Sandys-Winsch,
As of 2015, the city has 23 parks, 95 open spaces and 59 natural areas managed by the local authority.[154] In addition there are several private gardens occasionally opened to the public in aid of charity.[155] The Plantation Garden, also private, opens daily.[156]
Sport
In 1993, the club eliminated German giants
The city's second club,
Norwich has an
Since 2015, Norwich has hosted an annual 10k athletics road race Run Norwich
Outside the city boundary, the dry ski and snowboarding slopes of Norfolk Ski Club are located at Whitlingham Lane in Trowse. Close by in the parish of Whitlingham is Whitlingham Country Park,[158] home to the Outdoor Education Centre.[159] The centre is based on the south bank of the Great Broad which is also used by scuba divers from one of the city's three diving schools, and by other water and land sports.[160]
Of Norwich's two main rowing clubs, the Yare Boat Club is the older but smaller of the two. It is based on an island on the River Yare accessed from beside the Rivergarden pub in Thorpe Road. The larger Norwich Rowing Club, in partnership with Norwich Canoe Club, UEA Boat Club, Norwich School Boat Club and Norwich High School Rowing Club, has built a boathouse alongside Whitlingham Little Broad and the River Yare. Norwich Canoe Club[161] specialises in sprint and marathon racing. It holds the highest British Canoe Union Top Club Gold accreditation,[162] and is one of the more successful clubs in the UK. Ian Wynne, 2004 Olympics K1 500m bronze medallist, is an honorary member.
Speedway racing was staged in Norwich before and after World War II at The Firs Stadium in Holt Road, Hellesdon. The Norwich Stars raced in the Northern League of 1946 and the National League Division Two between 1947 and 1951, winning it in 1951. They were later elevated to the National League and raced at the top flight until the stadium was closed at the end of the 1964 season.[163] One meet was staged at a venue at Hevingham, but without an official permit, and it did not lead to a revival of the sport in the Norwich area.
In
Norwich has a UK baseball team, the Norwich Iceni, which competes at the Single-A level of the BBF.[168] It was founded in 2015 with players from the UEA Blue Sox, who wished to carry on playing after university. The team officially joined the league in 2017 and was crowned BBF Single-A champions in its first season, going undefeated with 17 wins.[169]
Statistics
Norwich was the second city of England after London for several centuries before industrialisation, which came late to Norwich due to its isolation and lack of raw materials.[citation needed]
In November 2006 the city was voted the greenest in the UK.[170] There is currently an initiative to make it a transition town. Norwich has been the scene of open discussions in public spaces, known as "meet in the street", to cover social and political issues.[171]
Articles in the past suggested that compared with other UK cities, Norwich was top of the league by percentage of population among who use the popular Internet auction site eBay.[172] The city also unveiled the then-biggest free Wi-Fi network in the UK in July 2006.[173]
In August 2007 Norwich was listed among nine finalists in its population group for the International Awards for Liveable Communities.[174] The city eventually won a silver award in the small-city category.
Economy and infrastructure
Norwich's economy was historically manufacturing-based, including a large shoemaking industry, but it transitioned in the 1980s and 1990s into a service-based economy.[175]
The greater-Norwich economy (including Norwich, Broadland and South Norfolk government districts) as measured by GVA was estimated at £7.4 billion in 2011 (2011 GVA at 2006 prices).[176] The city's largest employment sectors are business and financial services (31%), public services (26%), retail (12%), manufacturing (8%) and tourism (7%).[177]
The proportion of working-age adults in Norwich claiming unemployment benefits is 3.3%[178] compared with 3.6% across the UK.[179]
New developments on the former
Archant, formerly Eastern Counties Newspapers (ECN), is a national publishing group that has grown out of the city's local newspapers and is headquartered in Norwich.
Norwich has long been associated with the making of mustard. The world-famous Colman's brand, with its yellow packaging, was founded in 1814 and operated from a factory at Carrow, latterly owned by Unilever. This site closed in 2019, with mustard now being made by Condimentum at Honingham, in a supply deal with Unilever.[180][181] Colman's is exported worldwide, putting Norwich on the map of British heritage brands. The Colman's Mustard Shop, which sold Colman's products and related gifts, was until 2017 located in the Royal Arcade in the centre of Norwich but closed in that year.[182]
Situated to the south-west of the city is the
Norwich's night-time economy of bars and night clubs is mainly located in Tombland, Prince of Wales Road and the Riverside area adjacent to Norwich railway station.
Norwich's location in a mainly-agricultural county provided opportunities for the supply of services to that industry. Prior to 1960, a large area below the Castle Mound was given over to Norwich Livestock Market. In that year, the Livestock Market moved from the centre of the city to a new site at Harford and, although now diminished in size, it continues to hold regular auctions of poultry, cattle, sheep and farm machinery.[183]
Retail
Norwich was the eighth most prosperous shopping destination in the UK in 2006.
The Castle Quarter, a shopping centre designed by the local practice Lambert, Scott & Innes and opened in 1993, presents an ingenious solution to the problem of accommodating retail space in a historic city-centre environment — the building is largely concealed underground and built into the side of a hill, with a public park created on its roof in the area south of the castle.
A second shopping centre,
A section of central Norwich roughly bounded by Bethel Street/Upper St Giles Street, Grapes Hill, St Benedict's and St Andrew's Hill/London Street/Castle Meadow is now known and promoted as Norwich Lanes. As a series of mostly pedestrianised lanes, alleyways and streets, it is noted for independent retailers and eating and drinking establishments. It also contains several of the city's cultural attractions, including museums, theatres and other venues. Norwich Lanes, as part of a nationwide drive to recognise the importance and maintain the character and individuality of Britain's high streets, was the Great British High Street Awards 2014 national winner in the "City" category.[188]
To the north is
Electricity supply
Temporary electric street lighting in Norwich started in 1882. The first permanent supply came in 1893 from a generating station in Duke Street. This supplied local industry and domestic users and from 1900 the Norwich Electric Tramways. In the late 1920s, a new 40 MW power station was built at Thorpe, to which was added in 1937 30 MW "high pressure" generating plant. These operated until 1975. A gas turbine plant was installed in 1964 to provide power at times of peak demand. This closed in 1986 and the entire Thorpe power station site was demolished and cleared in 1981–1982. Two tall electricity pylons stood near the site until they were dismantled in 2017. Further details appear in Norwich power stations.
Transport
Road
Norwich stands north of the A47 (bypassed to the south of the city), which connects it with Great Yarmouth to the east, and King's Lynn and Peterborough to the west. There are plans to upgrade the A47, especially sections that are still single-carriageway, prompted partly by ongoing construction of Great Yarmouth Outer Harbour.[197]
Norwich is linked to Cambridge via the A11, which leads to the M11 motorway for London and the M25. It is linked to Ipswich to the south by the A140 and to Lowestoft to the south-east by the A146.
Norwich has the UK's largest independent car club.[198]
Railway
Norwich railway station is sited in the east of the city centre and is managed by Greater Anglia, who also operate most passenger services.
It is the northern terminus of the
Hourly regional services to
Norwich is the site of Crown Point TMD, a depot that maintains the trains used in the area.[201]
Bus and coach
The main bus companies operating routes in and around Norwich are First Eastern Counties, Konectbus and Sanders Coaches; destinations throughout the city and the rest of Norfolk are served, as are Peterborough and Lowestoft.[202]
Most bus and coach services run from
The
Air
Norwich Airport (
Through
Cycling
Waterways
The
Proposed developments
In 2017, the first part of the new 12 mi (19 km)
Other proposals in the Norwich Transport Strategy include limiting traffic on some roads, introducing five rapid bus links into the city and creating a train/tram link to the
Geography
Norwich is 100 miles (160 km) north-east of London, 40 miles (64 km) north of Ipswich and 65 miles (105 km) east of Peterborough.[citation needed]
Climate
Norwich, like the rest of the British Isles, has a temperate maritime climate. It does not suffer extreme temperatures, and benefits from rainfall fairly evenly spread throughout the year. Coltishall, about 11 mi (18 km) to the north-east, was the nearest official met-office weather station for which records are available, although it ceased reporting in early 2006 – Norwich airport now provides readings. Norwich's position in East Anglia, jutting out into the North Sea can produce weather conditions that have less effect on other parts of the country, such as snow or sleet showers during the winter months on a northerly or easterly wind, or sea fog/haar during the summer half of the year. An example of Norwich being afflicted by sea fog is shown in the adjacent image.
The highest temperature recorded at Coltishall was 33.1 °C (91.6 °F)[216] during June 1976. However, going back further to 1932, and Norwich's absolute record high reached 35.6 °C (96.1 °F).,[217] while 37.0 °C was reached in July 2022 at Norwich Weather Centre. Typically the warmest day of the year should reach 28.8 °C (83.8 °F)[218] and 9.9 days[219] should register a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher.
The lowest temperature recorded at Coltishall was −15.3 °C (4.5 °F)[220] during January 1979. In a typical year however, the coldest night should only fall to −7.5 °C (18.5 °F).[221] On average 39.4 air frosts will be recorded during the course of the year[222] More recently, the temperature at Norwich Airport fell to −14.4 °C (6.1 °F)[223] on 18 December 2010 with unofficial weather stations reporting localised readings of −17 and −18 °C (1 and 0 °F).
The nearest sunshine monitoring weather station for which records are available is Morley agricultural research centre, about 11 mi (18 km) south-west of Norwich city centre. For the 1961–1990 period, it averaged 1558 hours of sunshine a year,[224] a relatively high total for an inland part of the British Isles outside of southern England.
Rainfall, at around 650 mm (26 in), is low, although as much as 100 mm (3.9 in) higher than other, more sheltered parts of East Anglia, as Norwich is more prone to showers originating from the North Sea.[225]
Climate data for Norwich, United Kingdom (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
16.9 (62.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.1 (52.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.4 (43.5) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 56.2 (2.21) |
41.7 (1.64) |
48.7 (1.92) |
44.0 (1.73) |
47.4 (1.87) |
62.2 (2.45) |
55.5 (2.19) |
63.9 (2.52) |
58.9 (2.32) |
68.2 (2.69) |
68.2 (2.69) |
59.3 (2.33) |
674.2 (26.56) |
Average rainy days | 11.9 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 11.8 | 122.9 |
Source: WMO[226] |
Travellers' comments
In 1507 the poet John Skelton (1460–1529) wrote of two destructive fires in his Lament for the City of Norwich.
- "All life is brief, and frail all man's estate. City, farewell: I mourn thy cruel fate."
Thomas Fuller in his The Worthies of England described the City in 1662 as:
- "Either a city in an orchard or an orchard in a city, so equally are houses and trees blended in it, so that the pleasure of the country and the populousness of the city meet here together. Yet in this mixture, the inhabitants participate nothing of the rusticalness of the one, but altogether the urbanity and civility of the other."
Celia Fiennes (1662–1741) visited Norwich in 1698 and described it as
- "a city walled full round of towers, except on the riverside which serves as a wall; they seem the best in repair of any walled city I know." She also records that three times a year the city held:
- "great fairs – to which resort a vast concourse of people and wares a full trade", Norwich being "a rich, thriving industrious place full of weaving, knitting and dyeing".
Daniel Defoe in Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain (1724) wrote:
- "The inhabitants being all busy at their manufactures, dwell in their garrets at their looms, in their combing-shops, so they call them, twisting-mills, and other work-houses; almost all the works they are employed in being done within doors."
- "I hear Norwich is a place very much addicted to the flowery part." He visited the City as a courtier to King Charles II in 1671 and described it thus:
- "The suburbs are large, the prospect sweet, and other amenities, not omitting the flower-garden, which all the Inhabitants excel in of this City, the fabric of stuffs, which affords the Merchants, and brings a vast trade to this populous Town."
James Woodforde (1740–1803), clergyman, on his first visit to Norwich, wrote in his diary on 14 April 1775:
- "We took a walk over the City in the morning, and we both agreed that it was the finest City in England by far, in the center of it is a high Hill and on that a prodigious large old Castle almost perfect and forms a compleat square, round it is a fine Terrass Walk which commands the whole City. There are in the City 36 noble Churches mostly built with flint, besides many meeting Houses of divers sorts. A noble River runs almost thro the Center of the City. The City walls are also very perfect and all round the City but where the River is. On the Hills round the City stand many Wind Mills about a dozen, to be seen from Castle Mount."[227]
George Borrow in his semi-autobiographical novel Lavengro (1851) wrote of Norwich as:
- "A fine old city, perhaps the most curious specimen at present extant of the genuine old English Town ….There it spreads from north to south, with its venerable houses, its numerous gardens, its thrice twelve churches, its mighty mound...There is an old grey castle on top of that mighty mound: and yonder rising three hundred feet above the soil, from amongst those noble forest trees, behold that old Norman master-work, that cloud-enriched cathedral spire... Now who can wonder that the children of that fine old city are proud, and offer up prayers for her prosperity?"
Borrow wrote far less favourably of the City in his translation of Faust:
- "They found the people of the place modelled after so unsightly a pattern, with such ugly figures and flat features that the devil owned he had never seen them equalled, except by the inhabitants of an English town, called Norwich, when dressed in their Sunday's best."
In 1812, Andrew Robertson wrote to the painter Constable:
- "I arrived here a week ago and find it a place where the arts are very much cultivated … some branches of knowledge, chemistry, botany, etc. are carried to a great length. General literature seems to be pursued with an ardour which is astonishing when we consider that it does not contain a university, as is merely a manufacturing town."
In 1962, Sir
- "Norwich is distinguished by a prouder sense of civic responsibility than any other town of about the same size in Britain."
Notable people
Twin cities
Norwich has
- Rouen, Normandy, France,[228] since 1951
- Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany,[229] since 1978
- Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia,[230] since 1989
- El Viejo, Chinandega Department, Nicaragua,[231] since 1996
Freedom of the City
The following people, military units and organisation have received the Freedom of the City of Norwich.
Individuals
Military units
- 1st East Anglian Regiment: 1964
- 1st Battalion The Royal Anglian Regiment: 1984[232]
- RAF Marham: 2008
- 2nd Air Division, USAAF Association
Organisations and groups
- Anglia TV
- Norwich City Football Club: 2002
- Norfolk Constabulary
- Norwich Union
- The Jarrold Group: June 2020[233]
Notes
- ^ For table of city sizes see Corfield (2004, p. 143)
- ^ Reports quoted by Knights 2004, pp. 168–174
- ^ Quoted by Knights 2004, pp. 181–182
- ^ Hayes 1958 Quote: "a major city manufacturer, and government supporter, Robert Harvey Jr as writing on 12 March 1793: 'The consequences of this just and inevitable war visit this poor city severely and suspend the operations of the Dutch, German and Italian trade and the only lingering employment in the manufactory is the completion of a few Russian orders, and the last China cambletts which I hope will find encouragement in the new East India Charter. This languid trade has doubled our poor-rate and a voluntary subscription of above £2,000 is found inadequate to the exigencies of the poor."
- ^ Quotations and facts from Wilson (2004b)
- ^ Lord Stanhope was a radical peer, seen by many at the time as a dangerous menace. He is said to have given his rabble-rousing speech in a Norwich public house in 1794.
- ^ Before the 20th century it was the practice for a sitting member to seek re-election if appointed to ministerial office.
References
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