Nose art

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
'Honey Bunny', a Lockheed P-38 Lightning
Virgin Atlantic A340-600 G-VGAS nose art. This particular nose art is used across Virgin Atlantic's fleet, and is officially named the Flying Lady.[1]

Nose art is a decorative painting or design on the fuselage of an aircraft, usually on the front fuselage.

While begun for practical reasons of identifying friendly units, the practice evolved to express the individuality often constrained by the uniformity of the military, to evoke memories of home and peacetime life, and as a kind of psychological protection against the stresses of war and the probability of death. The appeal, in part, came from nose art not being officially approved, even when the regulations against it were not enforced.[2][3]

Because of its individual and unofficial nature, it is considered

ephemeral. In addition, it relies on materials immediately available.[2]

Nose art is largely a military tradition, but civilian airliners operated by the

VIII Bomber Command, 301st Bomb Group B-17F "Whizzer", which had its girl-riding-a-bomb on the dorsal fin.[4]

History

Placing personalized decorations on fighting aircraft began with

Roland C.II, though often with an effect more comical than menacing.[5][page needed] The cavallino rampante ("prancing horse") of the Italian ace Francesco Baracca
was another well-known image.

World War I

World War I nose art was usually embellished or extravagant

Brigadier General Benjamin Foulois, on 6 May 1918, requiring the creation of distinct, readily identifiable squadron insignia.[6] World War I examples include the "Hat in the Ring" of the American 94th Aero Squadron (attributed to Lt. Johnny Wentworth)[6] and the "Kicking Mule" of the 95th Aero Squadron
. Nose art of that era was often conceived and produced not by the pilots, but rather by ground crews.

World War II

Hell's Angels, the 3rd Squadron of the 1st American Volunteer Group "Flying Tigers", 28 May 1942

True nose art appeared during

Cobra in the Clouds" logo on their aircraft.[8]

Perhaps the most enduring nose art of World War II was the shark-face

Similarly, when in 1943 the

23d Fighter Group
, the AVG's descendent unit, and a testament to its popularity as a form of nose art.

The "Dragon and His Tail" nose art on a B-24 Liberator, Moffett Field, 2004 – from 2005-on, Witchcraft (s/n 44-44052)

The largest known work of nose art ever depicted on a World War II-era American combat aircraft was on a

43d Bomb Group, in the Southwest Pacific, flown by a crew led by Joseph Pagoni, with Staff Sergeant Sarkis Bartigian as the artist. The dragon artwork ran from the nose just forward of the cockpit, down the entire length of the fuselage's sides, with the dragon's body depicted directly below and just aft of the cockpit, with the dragon holding a nude woman in its forefeet.[12][13]

Sgt. J.S. Wilson painting a bomber based at Eniwetok in June 1944

B-24 Liberator-equipped 834th Bomb Squadron, based at RAF Sudbury, England.[16]

Contemporary research demonstrates that bomber crews, who suffered high casualty rates during World War II, often developed strong bonds with the planes they were flying, and affectionately decorated them with nose art.[17][18] It was also believed by the flight crews that the nose art was bringing luck to the planes.[19]

The artistic work of Alberto Vargas and George Petty's pin-up girls from Esquire Magazine were often duplicated, or adapted, by air force crews and painted on the nose of American and allied aircraft during World War II.

Some nose art was commemorative or intended to honor certain people, such as the Boeing B-29 Superfortress "The Ernie Pyle".[20]

Post-World War II

Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker, based with Sioux City Air National Guard, 2007.

In the

fighter-bombers.[21]
Due to changes in military policies and changing attitudes toward the representation of women, the amount of nose art declined after the Korean War.

During the

Minigun was also applied to many aircraft until the end of the war and was later adopted officially. In addition, Army and Navy helicopter crews often embellished their assigned aircraft with a wide range of nose art and other personalized markings.[23]

A-10 Thunderbolt II with shark mouth themed nose art, Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, 2011

Nose art underwent a revival during the Gulf War and has become more common since Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War began. A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft ladder doors are frequently painted while many fixed and rotary air crews are merging artwork as part of camouflage patterns. The United States Air Force had unofficially sanctioned the return of the pin-up (albeit fully clothed) with the Strategic Air Command permitting nose art on its bomber force in the Command's last years. The continuation of historic names such as "Memphis Belle" was encouraged.

In many other cases at airfields throughout the Middle East during the War on terror, aviation units instead painted the reinforced concrete T-walls and Bremer barriers that protected the aircrews and aircraft with elaborate murals and graffiti.

Regional variation

Source material for American nose art was varied, ranging from

playing cards also inspired nose art, along with references to mortality such as the Grim Reaper.[2]
Cartoons and pinups were most popular among American artists, but other works included animals, nicknames, hometowns, and popular song and movie titles. Some nose art and slogans expressed contempt for the enemy, especially of their leaders.

The farther the planes and crew were from headquarters or from the public eye, the racier the art tended to be.

"Sharkmouth" Messerschmitt Bf 110C of ZG 76, May 1940

Luftwaffe aircraft did not often display nose art, but there were exceptions.

North Africa campaign
, the only known artwork on an Axis-flown combat aircraft that could have rivaled the length of that on "The Dragon and his Tail" B-24.

The Soviet Air Forces decorated their planes with historical images, mythical beasts, and patriotic slogans.

The attitude of the

Curtiss P-36
fighter.

The Japan Air Self-Defense Force has decorated fighter aircraft with Valkyrie-themed characters under the names Mystic Eagle and Shooting Eagle.[26]

Beginning in 2011, the

AH-1S Cobra anti-tank helicopters and Kawasaki OH-1 observation helicopter named Ita-Cobra and Ita-Omega respectively, decorated in the theme of 4 Kisarazu (木更津) sisters (Akane (木更津茜), Aoi (木更津葵), Wakana (木更津若菜), Yuzu (木更津柚子)).[27] The Aoi-chan first appeared in 2011, followed by the other three sisters in 2012.[28][29]

Famous examples

Ian Gleed in his plane with Figaro the Cat

The markings of aces were often adopted by their squadrons, such as Galland's Mickey Mouse and Hartmann's black tulip (still in use until recently on the aircraft of JG 71 "Richthofen" – not known to be in use on the unit's new Eurofighter Typhoons).

Similar art

Designs similar to aviation nose art could be found during World War II on some British torpedo boats, and German and US submarines. Similar designs can also be found on some HIMARS-equipped FMTVs in the service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the Russian invasion.

Regulation

In 1993 the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command ordered that all nose art should be gender-neutral.[31]

A 2015 US Air Force memorandum stated that nose art must be "distinctive, symbolic, gender neutral, intended to enhance unit pride, designed in good taste." Furthermore, it must not contravene copyright and trademark laws.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Flying high for 34 years – 10 facts about our flying lady nose art | Stories | Virgin Atlantic". flywith.virginatlantic.com. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Military Aircraft Nose Art". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  3. ^ Ethell, Jeffrey L. (1991). The History of Aircraft Nose Art: World War I to Today. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, p. 14.
  4. , p. 219.
  5. ^ Ward, Richard. Sharkmouth, 1916–1945. New York: Arco, 1979.
  6. ^ a b "Air Force Historical Research Agency". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  7. ^ "Nose Art – The Most Unique Art by Pilots During WWII". DailyArt Magazine. 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  8. ^ a b "Military Flying, CHOCKIE 39th History". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  9. ^ Rossi, Dick (1980s). "A Flying Tigers Story". The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force.
  10. ^ Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942. Washington, DC: Harper Collins–Smithsonian Books, 2007, pp. 82–83.
  11. ^ Eisel, Braxton. The Flying Tigers: Chennault's American Volunteer Group in China. Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2009.
  12. ^ "From the 64th Squadron Briefing Room". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  13. ^ "From the 64th Squadron Briefing Room". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  14. ^ "Tony Starcer – Nose Artist – 91st BG". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  15. ^ Mark Bowden. "USAAF Nose Art Research Project – Named planes of the USAAF during WWII". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  16. ^ Valant, Gary M. Classic Vintage Nose Art. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Lowe and B. Hould, 1997, pp. 13–15.
  17. ^ Pfau, Ann Elizabeth. Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender and Domesticity During World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Available at Gutenberg-e, a program of the American Historical Association and Columbia University Press: [1]
  18. ^ Banker, Franklin (June 11, 1944). "U.S. bombers stripped of captivating nudes". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 7.
  19. ^ Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945. New York: Random House, 1996, p. 595.
  20. ^ Superfort "Ernie Pyle", Gift of Plane Plane Workers, Here En Route to Japan PDF Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Thompson, Warren E. Heavy Hauler. Wings of Fame, The Journal of Classic Combat Aircraft, Volume 20. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd., 2000, p. 107.
  22. ^ Olausson, Lars. Lockheed Hercules Production List – 1954–2011, 27th ed. Såtenäs, Sweden, 2009. (Self-published.)
  23. OCLC 1002121376.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  24. ^ Cohan, Phil. "Risque Business." Air and Space, 5 (Apr.–May 1990), p. 65.
  25. ^ Ketley, Barry. Luftwaffe emblems. Manchester: Flight Recorder Publications, 2012.
  26. ^ "Noseart – Works". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  27. ^ "The Four Sisters of the Fourth Anti-Tank Helicopter Squad are Celebrated One Last Time!". 14 June 2013.
  28. ^ "The Japanese Military Is Getting Offensively Cute". 13 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Japan's Armed Forces Show Their Playful Side: Moé-Style Attack Helicopter Wows Crowds". 19 October 2012.
  30. ^ "Canadian chopper crews revive nose-art tradition in Afghanistan". Asian Defence. 7 April 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  31. ^ Military Airplanes Get New Gender-neutral Look, Steve Fide, Deseret News, July 19, 1993.
  32. ^ "Aircraft Nose Art Makes Quiet Comeback, Reviving Air Force Tradition". Military.com. 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2022-06-29.

Bibliography

External links