November 1946

• Viola Desmond, a Black Canadian businesswoman and operator of a beauty college, challenged racial segregation in the town of New Glasgow, Nova Scotia and began the racial civil rights movement in Canada.^[15] Rather than sitting in the balcony section set aside for minorities, Mrs. Desmond sat in the whites-only section of the Roseland Theatre and then refused to leave. She was arrested, spent the night in jail and was charged with tax evasion for paying a two-cent sales tax on a 20 cent ticket rather than the three-cent tax on a 40 cent ticket. Starting on November 19, 2018, Mrs. Desmond's image replaced that of Sir John A. Macdonald on the Canadian ten-dollar note.^[16]
• The government of Japan expelled from office 162,915 persons who had held posts during World War II, ranging from village employees to prefecture chiefs. The names were supplied by Brigadier General Courtney Whitney of the American occupational government.^[17]

November 9, 1946 (Saturday)

• Dubbed the "Game of the Century", the first ever between college football's two highest ranked teams, took place before a crowd of 74,000 at New York's Yankee Stadium, with #1 Army facing #2 Notre Dame. The game ended in a 0-0 tie, but brought Army's 25 game winning streak to a halt.^[18]
• The Lockheed R6V Constitution, at 92 tons the largest airplane up to that time, made its first flight.^[19]

November 10, 1946 (Sunday)

• National Assembly, taking 182 of the 627 seats.^[20]
• At least 1,400 people were killed in
  Ancash Region of Peru. Hardest hit was the village of Quiches in the Sihuas Province, and the city of Moyobamba.^[21]
• A team led by Igor Kurchatov began work on assembling the Soviet Union's first nuclear reactor.^[22]
• The very first
  Sir Peter Scott, opened at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire.^[23]
• Born: Alaina Reed Hall; American TV actress, as Bernice Reed in Springfield, Ohio (d. 2009)
• Died:
  Saigon after being unable to meet with French Indochina Commissioner Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu.^[24]

• Margaret Truman, the 22-year-old daughter of the President of the United States, made her operatic debut, singing at the opening of the 62nd season of the Metropolitan Opera in New York.^[25]
• Born: Corrine Brown, African-American Congresswoman from 1993 to 2017; in Jacksonville, Florida
• Died:
  Nikolai Burdenko
  , 70, Soviet pioneer in neurosurgery

November 12, 1946 (Tuesday)

• The Disney film Song of the South, first to combine live action with animation and most popular movie of 1946, premiered at the Fox Theater in Atlanta.^[26]
• In
  drive-up teller windows.^[27]
• Died: Madan Mohan Malaviya, 84, Indian patriot

November 13, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Meteorologist
  weather control. Taking off in an airplane from Schenectady, New York, Schaefer dropped six pounds of dry ice pellets into the clouds at 14,000 feet over Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Within two minutes, snow flakes began falling. The snow didn't reach the town below, evaporating at about 11,000 feet, but Schaefer, who had earlier discovered a laboratory process for artificially making snow, demonstrated that the process could be duplicated on a large scale.^[28]
• Born: Wanda Coleman, African American author; in Los Angeles (d. 2013)

November 14, 1946 (Thursday)

• American embassy chargé d'affaires George R. Merrell, for the United States, and Jawaharlal Nehru of the interim government of India, signed the Air Transport Services Pact in New Delhi, clearing the way for U.S. airlines to fly around the world.^[29]
• Died: Manuel de Falla, 69, Spanish composer

November 15, 1946 (Friday)

• At 3:00 pm, at the residence of Indonesian Vice-President
  West New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands.;^[30]
• The
  National Assembly of the Republic of China convened at Nanjing with hopes that a new constitution could be created that would be agreeable to both the Nationalist and Communist parties. The Communists and the China Democratic League boycotted the meeting, which drafted a constitution for the Republic of China that would eventually be limited to the island of Taiwan.^[31]

• At
  Methodist Church to create the United Methodist Church.^[32]
• Born: Mahasti (stage name for Eftekhar Dadehbala), Iranian pop singer; in Tehran (d. 2007)

November 17, 1946 (Sunday)

• The
  Siem Reap to Cambodia.^[33]
• Born:
  Governor of Iowa 2011 to 2017, later U.S. Ambassador to China (2017-2020); in Leland, Iowa

• Following his participation at a criminal trial of two white men in
  Nashville.^[34]
• Born: Joe Dante, American film director known for Gremlins; in Morristown, New Jersey
• Died:
  • Jimmy Walker, 65, Mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932
  • Donald Meek, 68, Scottish-born character actor who often portrayed meek persons

November 19, 1946 (Tuesday)

• Led by Prime Minister Petru Groza, the Romanian Communist Party won 79.86% and 379 of the 414 seats in voting for Romania's Parliament, in an election characterized by intimidation and fraud.^[35]
• The
  United Nations Organization admitted its first new members since 1945, with the addition of Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden and Thailandbringing
  the total to 102.
• Zhou Enlai departed Nanjing and returned to Yan'an, bringing to an end the negotiations between the Communists and the Kuomintang. Zhou and nine other Communist officials were provided safe passage on an American aircraft provided by General George C. Marshall, who arranged for U.S. transport of all remaining Communist leaders from Nationalist held cities.^[36]

November 20, 1946 (Wednesday)

• United Mine Workers President John L. Lewis defied a court injunction and ordered members to cease work. In all, 400,000 miners stopped coal production a month before winter was to begin.^[37] As the strike wore on, American workers in related industries were laid off,^[38] nations dependent on American coal faced their own economic crises,^[39] and a worldwide crisis was envisioned.^[40] Then, on December 7, Lewis abruptly ordered the miners back to work, at least until the end of March.^[41]
• A minor incident in French Indochina set in motion a chain of events that would lead to nearly 30 years of war in Vietnam, first with France and then with the United States. A French patrol boat seized a Chinese junk as it sailed into the harbor of Haiphong, smuggling a cargo of gasoline. The Viet Minh guerrilla army captured the French boat and its crew, and the French Army responded with an ultimatum that expired two days later with deadly consequences.^[42]
• Students at Arizona State University (at that time "Arizona State College at Tempe" or Tempe State) voted 819-196 to change the name of their sports teams from the "Bulldogs" to the "Sun Devils".^[43]
• Born:
  • Nashville
    (d. 1971)
  • Judy Woodruff, American television reporter for NBC News; in Tulsa, Oklahoma
• Died:
  Timothy Pflueger
  , 54, American architect

November 21, 1946 (Thursday)

• On a visit to the Navy base at Key West, Harry S. Truman became the first U.S. President to ride underwater in a submarine. Reporters were barred from accompanying the President aboard the captured German submarine U-2513. Along with 22 other people, Truman was taken 440 feet below the surface, and witnessed a secret demonstration of the U-boat's technology, including the "Schnorchel", a Nazi adaptation of the submarine snorkel.^[44]
• The drama film The Best Years of Our Lives starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo and Harold Russell was released.

November 22, 1946 (Friday)

• The film
  Astor Theater in New York City.^[45]
• Communist leader
  Comintern, and had held Soviet citizenship until 1944.^[47]
• Died:
  Otto Thierack, 57, Reich Minister of Justice in Nazi Germany from 1942-1945, hanged himself before he could be brought before a United States military court in the Nuremberg Judges' Trial
  .

November 23, 1946 (Saturday)

• As the French battlecruiser
  Jean Etienne Valluy to give the enemy "une dure leçon" ("a hard lesson") for the events earlier in the week, ordered an attack.^[48] The Suffren fired its 8-inch shells into the Vietnamese city, killing soldiers and civilians. The Viet Minh claimed that 20,000 people died, and French Admiral Robert Battet [fr] later gave the number of deaths as "no more than 6,000".^[49]

November 24, 1946 (Sunday)

• Tomas Berreta was elected the 32nd President of Uruguay, defeating Luis Alberto de Herrara and comedian Domingo Tortorelli.^[50]
• Born: Ted Bundy, American serial killer; as Theodore Cowell in Burlington, Vermont (executed 1989)
• Died: László Moholy-Nagy, 56, Hungarian born artist and designer

November 25, 1946 (Monday)

• In response to Republican Party pressure to purge the United States government of suspected Communists, President Truman issued
  Executive Order #9806, creating the six member "Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty".^[51] On March 21, 1947, Truman would create a more permanent program by Executive Order 9835.^[52]
• Missing since 1823, the remains of Mexican conquistador Hernán Cortés were discovered behind a wall in chapel of the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno in Mexico City. Cortés (1485-1547) had conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521 before returning to his native Spain. His body was returned to Mexico in 1562, hidden after that nation declared independence from Spain, and then forgotten for 123 years. The four foot long crystal and gold casket was found two weeks after Spanish antiquarian Fernando Baez found church records that showed its location in the unused room.^[53]
• Born:
  • Marc Brown, American children's author, illustrator, and creator, starting 1976, of the Arthur series of books; in Erie, Pennsylvania
  • Atiku Abubakar, Vice President of Nigeria 1999 to 2007
• Died:
  • Henry Morgenthau, Sr.
    , 90, German-born American diplomat
  • George Gandy, 95, American businessman

November 26, 1946 (Tuesday)

• In the Soviet Union, Central Committee investigator Mikhail Suslov began what has been described as "a new page in the history of repression" ^[54] by recommending the purge of members of the USSR's Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (EAK). Over the next six years, members of the group were arrested and tortured. On August 12, 1952, thirteen of the most prominent EAK members were executed after being convicted of treason.
• Born: Art Shell, first African-American NFL head coach in the modern era; in Charleston, South Carolina

November 27, 1946 (Wednesday)

• Cuban President Ramón Grau at the Colon Cemetery.^[55]

November 28, 1946 (Thursday)

• The
  Burma Campaign, the British Empire had ordered 92,000 troops to the Indonesian island of Java, with a deadly assault on September 15, 1945. Allied casualties continued to be sustained as the Indian and British forces set about to disarm 270,000 Japanese troops and evacuate 110,000 Allied prisoners, even as Indonesian and Dutch forces fought each other.^[57]

November 29, 1946 (Friday)

• The
  All Indonesia Centre of Labour Organizations (SOBSI) was founded in Jakarta.^[58][59]
• Estonian SSR since 1940 after assisting in Estonia's 1940 annexation to the Soviet Union, was found shot to death in the presidential palace in Kadriorg, Tallinn.^[60]
• Benjamin Britten's The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra Directed by Muir Mathieson Featuring the London Symphony Orchestra Conducted by Malcolm Sargent
• Born: Suzy Chaffee, American alpine skier and actress; in Rutland, Vermont

November 30, 1946 (Saturday)

• In the annual
  Army-Navy Game at Philadelphia, a 1-7-0 U.S. Naval Academy nearly upset the 8-0-1 and #1 ranked Army Cadets. Navy was within 3 yards of the goal with 10 seconds left, but game officials failed to stop the clock before another play could be run.^[61] When the final Associated Press poll was taken on December 3, Notre Dame took the #1 spot and the unofficial college football championship.^[62]
• Born:
  • Marina Abramović, Yugoslavian-born performance artist; in Belgrade
  • CNN Headline News, 1983-2001; in Orange, New Jersey
• Died: Gustav Noske, 78, former German Defense Minister and Social Democratic Party official

References

1. ^ "Do you know who scored THE FIRST BASKET in the NBA?" Archived 2003-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, TheFirstBasket.com; Charles Rosen, The First Tip-off: The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008) p1; "Knickerbockers Squeeze to 68-66 Win in Opener", Milwaukee Journal, November 2, 1946, pB-2
2. ^ "Mikan Scores 19 Points, But Gears Bow to Royals Before Crowd of 3,500", Schenectady (NY) Gazette, November 1, 1946, p22
3. ^ Edward Renehan, Pope John Paul II (Infobase Publishing, 2006) p32
4. ^ Hans Günter Dosch Beyond the Nanoworld: Quarks, Leptons, and Gauge Bosons (A K Peters, Ltd., 2008) p61
5. ^ "28 Die in Rail Wreck", Pittsburgh Press, November 2, 1946, p1
6. ^ "Hirohito Hails New Constitution", Pittsburgh Press, November 3, 1946, p1 Grant Kohn Goodman and Barry D. Steben, America's Japan: The First Year, 1945-1946 (Fordham University Press, 2005) p75
7. ^ J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, Documentation Encyclopaedia of UNESCO and Education (Concept Publishing Company, 1991) p5
8. ^ Salvatore Bizzarro, Historical Dictionary of Chile (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p324
9. ^ "LANDSLIDE GIVES GOP CONGRESS AND STATE", Pittsburgh Press, November 6, 1946, p1
10. ^ John J. Fontanella, The Physics of Basketball (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006) p129
11. ^ "Sen. Fulbright Says Truman Should Resign", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 7, 1946, p1
12. ^ "Truman Won't Resign, Will Ignore Suggestion-- White House Believes Proposal Unworthy Of Presidential Denial", Miami Daily News, November 7, 1946, p1
13. ^ "Jap Language Cut To 1,800 Characters", Miami Daily News, November 7, 1946, p1; J. Marshall Unger, Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines (Oxford University Press US, 1996) p58
14. ^ "Tulebaev's opera 'Birzhan and Sara'", Belcanto.ru
15. ^ "Viola Desmond", by Russell Bingham, in The Canadian Encyclopedia
16. ^ "New vertical $10 bank note featuring iconic Canadian Viola Desmond now in circulation", Bank of Canada press release, November 19, 2018
17. ^ "160,000 JAP LEADERS OUSTED", Miami Daily News, November 8, 1946, p1
18. ^ Stuart Miller, The 100 Greatest Days in New York Sports (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006) pp97-100 "Army, Irish Slug To 0-0 Tie In Thriller Before 74,000", Miami Daily News, November 10, 1946, p1
19. ^ "92-Ton Constitution Makes Maiden Flight", Miami Daily News, November 10, 1946, p1
20. ^ "French Vote Communists Into Power", Daytona Beach Morning Journal, November 11, 1946, p1
21. ^ "Earthquakes of Peru", USGS.gov
22. ^ Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (Simon and Schuster, 1996)p272
23. ^ David Evans, A History of Nature Conservation in Britain (Psychology Press, 1997) p88
24. ^ Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p145
25. ^ "Margaret Truman Helps Opera To Colorful Start", Miami Daily News, November 11, 1946, p1
26. ^ Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons (New American Library, 1987) p369
27. ^ Homer Williams, Building Type Basics for Banks and Financial Institutions (John Wiley and Sons, 2010) p33; "First Complete Autobank Opens on La Salle St.", Chicago Tribune, November 13, 1946, p2
28. ^ Kristine Harper, Weather and Climate: Decade by Decade (Infobase Publishing, 2007) pp93-94; "Snow From a Cloud Produced by Science", Milwaukee Journal, November 14, 1946, p1
29. ^ Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949: Germany-Iran (G.P.O. 1954) pp1236-1244; "India Pact Clears Way For U.S. World Air Routes", Miami Daily News, November 14, 1946, p6-A
30. ^ Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia (Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1996) p96
31. ^ William L. Tung, The Political Institutions of Modern China (Martinus Nijhoff, 1968) p200
32. ^ Charles Yrigoyen, Jr. and Susan E. Warrick, Historical Dictionary of Methodism (Scarecrow Press, 2005) p119-120
33. ^ Arthur J. Dommen, The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam (Indiana University Press, 2001) p162
34. ^ Ruth T. Feldman, Thurgood Marshall (Lerner Publications, 2001), pp7-11
35. ^ Federal Research Division, Romania: A Country Study (Kessinger Publishing, 2004) p86
36. ^ Bevin Alexander, The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992) p63
37. ^ "THE BIG COAL STRIKE IS ON! U. S. TO ACT AGAINST LEWIS", Chicago Tribune, November 21, 1946, p1; "COAL STRIKE GRIPS NATION; U.S. MOVES AGAINST LEWIS", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, - November 21, 1946, p1
38. ^ "Coal Strike Furloughs 175,000 More Workers", Los Angeles Times, November 30, 1946, p2
39. ^ "Europe Hit by U.S. Coal Strike; Industry in Peril", Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1946, p1
40. ^ "25,000,000 May be Idle If Coal Strike Is Prolonged; Fairly Ample Stock Piles Here", New York Times, November 22, 1946; "Economic Collapse In 90 Days Seen If Strike Continues" Baltimore Sun, December 3, 1946, p1
41. ^ "COAL STRIKE OFF!", Pittsburgh Press - December 7, 1946, p1
42. ^ Oscar Chapuis, The Last Emperors of Vietnam: From Tu Duc to Bao Dai (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p150
43. ^ Michael Leo Donovan, Yankees to Fighting Irish: What's Behind Your Favorite Team's Name (Taylor Trade Publications, 2004) p82; "Tempe Teams Change Name To Sun Devils", Prescott (AZ) Evening Courier, November 21, 1946, p2-1
44. ^ Robert P. Watson, et al., The National Security Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman State University Press, 2005) p27; "Truman Dives 440 Feet In German Sub", Pittsburgh Press, November 21, 1946, p9
45. ^ Harriet Hyman Alonso, Robert E. Sherwood: The Playwright in Peace and War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2007) p287
46. ^ "Dimitrov Asked Form New Bulgaria Cabinet", Montreal Gazette November 22, 1946, p9
47. ^ "Ex-Russian Heads Cabinet", Windsor (ON) Daily Star, November 22, 1946, p17
48. ^ Ross Marlay and Clark D. Neher, Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) p104
49. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) pp46-47
50. ^ Uruguayans Chorus 'No' To Free Milk, Free Wine", Miami Daily News, November 26, 1946, p1; "Uruguayans Elect Pro-U.S. President", New York Times, November 26, 1946, p17
51. ^ "President Orders Purge of Disloyal from U.S. Posts", New York Times, November 26, 1946, p1; "Communists To Be Ousted", Boise City (ID) News, November 28, 1946, p1
52. ^ Walter John Raymond, Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign Political and Legal Terms (Brunswick Publishing, 1992) p289
53. ^ "Find Bones of Cortes, Spanish Conqueror of Mexico, Experts Say", Milwaukee Journal, November 26, 1946, p2
54. ^ Alexander N. Yakovlev, et al., A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (Yale University Press, 2004) p202
55. ^ Thomas M. Leonard, Fidel Castro: A Biography (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p10
56. ^ Martin Gilbert, The Day the War Ended: May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe (Macmillan, 2004) p409
57. ^ "U.K.'s Thankless Task In Indonesia To End Thursday As Troops Last of British Troops Embark", Montreal Gazette, November 26, 1946, p9; "British Leave Indonesia Post", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, November 29, 1946, p3
58. ^ Hindley, Donald. The Communist Party of Indonesia, 1951-1963. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. xvi
59. ^ Wolf, Charles. The Indonesian Story, the Birth, Growth and Structure of the Indonesian Republic. New York: J. Day, 1948. p. 68
60. ^ Mart Laar, War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956 (Howells House, 1992)
61. ^ "Navy Falls 3 Yards Short of Victory, 21 to 18", Milwaukee Journal, December 1, 1946, pIII-1
62. ^ "Notre Dame Rated National Champion— Writers' Poll Gives Irish 100 Firsts To Army's 48", Miami Daily News, December 4, 1946, p2-B

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