Nowruz
Nowruz | |
---|---|
A map of countries where Nowruz is celebrated or are public holidays A haft-sin arrangement, traditionally displayed for Nowruz in Iran. Nowruz in Azerbaijan A Kurdish girl during Nowruz preparations in Palangan, Iran Traditional costume for Nowruz in Kazakhstan Nowruz in Russia | |
Observed by | Iranian peoples and diaspora (originally and currently) Various (currently):
|
Type | Cultural |
Significance | Vernal equinox; day of new year on the Solar Hijri calendar |
Date | Around 20 March;[24] can vary between 19 and 22 March
2024: 03:06:26, 20 March (UTC)[25][26] 2025: 09:02:12, 20 March (UTC)[27] |
Frequency | Annual |
Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz | |
---|---|
Country | Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan |
Reference | 1161 |
Region | Asia and the Pacific |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2016 (4th session) |
Nowruz (Persian: نوروز [noːˈɾuːz])[note 1] is the Iranian or Persian New Year[28][29] celebrated by various ethnic groups worldwide. It is a festival based on the spring equinox[30]—which marks the first day of the new year in the Iranian Solar Hijri calendar, on or around 21 March on the Gregorian calendar.
The day of Nowruz has its origins in the
As the spring equinox, Nowruz marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere,[26][39] i.e. the moment at which the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year. Traditional customs of Nowruz include fire and water, ritual dances, gift exchanges, reciting poetry, symbolic objects and more; these customs differ between the diverse peoples and countries that celebrate the festival.[40]
Overview
The first day of the Iranian calendar falls on the March equinox, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century AD the Iranian calendar was reformed by Omar Khayyam in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian astronomer Tusi was the following: "the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] was always the day on which the sun entered Aries before noon."[41] Nowruz is the first day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian solar calendar, which is the official calendar in use in Iran, and formerly in Afghanistan.
The United Nations officially recognized the "International Day of Nowruz" with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the United Nations General Assembly in February 2010.[42][43]
Etymology
The word Nowruz is a combination of the Persian words نو (now, meaning 'new') and روز (ruz, 'day'). Pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects using the pronunciation [nawˈɾoːz] (as in Dari and Classical Persian, however in Tajik, it is navrūz, written наврӯз), western dialects [nowˈɾuːz], and Tehranis [noːˈɾuːz]. A variety of spelling variations for the word nowruz exist in English-language usage, including norooz, novruz, nowruz, navruz, nauruz and newroz.[44][45]
Timing accuracy
Nowruz's timing is based on the vernal equinox. In Iran, it is the day of the new year in the Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the Gregorian calendar.[46]
Each 2820-year great grand cycle contains 2,137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) of a day—slightly more than 1/50 of a second—shorter than Newcomb's value for the mean tropical year of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.[46] As the source explains, the 2820-year cycle is erroneous and has never been used in practice.
Charshanbe Suri
Chaharshanbe Suri (Persian: چهارشنبهسوری, romanized: čahâr-šanbeh suri (lit. "Festive Wednesday") is a prelude to the New Year.[citation needed] In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires and lighting off firecrackers and fireworks.[47][48]
In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elements—water, fire, earth and wind.[49] On the holiday eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.[citation needed]
Iranians sing the poetic line "my yellow is yours, your red is mine", which means "my weakness to you and your strength to me" (Persian: سرخی تو از من، زردی من از تو, romanized: sorkhi-ye to az man, zardi-ye man az to) to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy. Trail mix and berries are also served during the celebration.
Spoon banging (قاشق زنی, qāšoq zani) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. In Iran, people wear disguises and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors' homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.[49]
The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of Trndez, which is a feast of purification in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church, celebrated forty days after Jesus's birth.[50]
Sizdah Bedar
In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and picnic outdoors, as part of the Sizdah Bedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the Haft-sin setting is thrown away, usually into running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to April Fools' Day.[51]
History and origin
Ancient roots
There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in Iranian mythology.
The
Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.[54] Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet explain the traditions for seasonal festivals and comment: "It is possible that the splendor of the Babylonian festivities at this season, led the Iranians to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year feast, with the name Navasarda "New Year" (a name which, though first attested through Middle Persian derivatives, is attributed to the Achaemenian period)." Akitu was the Babylonian festivity held during the spring month of Nisan in which Nowruz falls. Since the communal observations of the ancient Iranians appear in general to have been seasonal ones and related to agriculture, "it is probable that they traditionally held festivals in both autumn and spring, to mark the major turning points of the natural year."[54]
Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of
The 10th-century scholar Biruni, in his work Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, Esfand Armaz and several other festivals. According to him, "It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion."[57] The Persian historian Gardizi, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhbār, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that Zoroaster highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.[58][59]
Achaemenid period
Although the word Nowruz is not recorded in Achaemenid inscriptions,[60] there is a detailed account by Xenophon of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.[61] Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BC). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the King of Kings. The significance of the ceremony was such that King Cambyses II's appointment as the king of Babylon was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.[62]
It has been suggested that the famous Persepolis complex, or at least the palace of Apadana and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz.
In 539 BC, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other's customs. According to the
In his Shahnameh, the tenth-century poet Ferdowsi narrates a fictional account of Darius III's death, where an injured Darius, with his head cradled on Alexander the Great’s thigh, asks Alexander to wed Roxana, so their children might uphold Nowruz and keep the flame of Zoroaster burning:
Her mother named her Roxana the fair; The world found joy and solace in her care. ... From her, perhaps, a glorious one shall rise; Who shall renew the name of bold Esfandiyār, wise. This sacred flame of Zoroaster, he shall adorn; The Zend and Avesta scriptures, in his hands be borne. The feast of Sadeh, this auspicious rite he'll keep; The splendor of Nowruz and fire temples deep.[65]
— Ferdowsi
Parthian and Sassanian periods
Nowruz was the holiday of
Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 AD). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times.
After the Arab-Muslim conquest
Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration
Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the
Later
In 1079 CE during the
Contemporary era
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the Caucasian and Central Asian countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday.
Nowruz was added to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.[69][70][71][72]
Holiday customs
House cleaning and shopping
House cleaning, or shaking the house (
Visiting family and friends
During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.[74]
Food preparation
One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is Samanu (Samanak, Somank, Somalek). This food is prepared using wheat germ. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs.
Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example, sabzi polo with fish is eaten on Eid night, as are sweets such as Nan-e Nokhodchi. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets.
Haft-sin
Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the March equinox to celebrate the New Year.[75][76] The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times, the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (Persian: هفتسین, seven things beginning with the letter sin (س)) are:
- Sabze (Persian: سبزه) – wheat, barley, mung bean, or lentil sprouts grown in a dish.
- Samanu (Persian: سمنو) – sweet pudding made from wheat germ
- Persian olive (Persian: سنجد, romanized: senjed)
- Vinegar (Persian: سرکه, romanized: serke)
- Apple (Persian: سیب, romanized: sib)
- Garlic (Persian: سیر, romanized: sir)
- Sumac (Persian: سماق, romanized: somāq)
The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles,
Haft-mewa
In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa (
Khoncha
Khoncha (
Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz
In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are Amu Nowruz and Haji Firuz, who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year.
Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart Santa Claus.[79] He is the husband of Nane Sarma, with whom he shares a traditional love story in which they can meet each other only once a year.[80][81] He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, giveh, and linen trousers.[82]
Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.[83]
Kampirak
In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village, distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old, bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially Bamyan and Daykundi.[84]
Nauryz kozhe
In Kazakhstan, Kazakhs start the new year by cooking nauryz kozhe, a traditional drink.[85]
Locality
The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the
Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include:
- Afghanistan[87]
- Albania[1][2]
- Azerbaijan (five days)[88][89]
- Georgia[90]
- Iran (thirteen days)[91]
- Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq[92]
- Kazakhstan (four days)[13]
- Kosovo[citation needed]
- Kyrgyzstan[93][94]
- Bayan-Ölgii, Mongolia[14]
- Tajikistan (four days)[20][95]
- Turkmenistan (two days)[96]
- Uzbekistan[97]
Nowruz is celebrated by Kurds in Iraq[10][98] Syria, and Turkey,[99] as well as by the Iranis, Shias and Parsis in the Indian subcontinent and Iranian diaspora.
Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including Los Angeles, Phoenix, Toronto, Cologne and London.[100] In Phoenix, Arizona, Nowruz is celebrated at the Persian New Year Festival.[101] But because Los Angeles is prone to devastating fires, there are very strict fire codes in the city. Usually, Iranians living in Southern California go to the beaches to celebrate the event where it is permissible to build fires.[102] On 15 March 2010, the United States House of Representatives passed the Nowruz Resolution (H.Res. 267), by a 384–2 vote,[103] "Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz".[104]
Afghanistan
Nowruz marks Afghanistan's New Year's Day with the
Jahenda Bala (
In the festival of Dehqān (
During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of Kabul hold family picnics in Istalif, Charikar and other green places where redbuds grow.
During the Taliban regime of 1996–2001, Nauruz was banned as "an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship".[106] In March 2022, the Taliban said that Nauruz would not be a public holiday that year, although allowed celebrations to take place.[107]
Albania
Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations' Bektashis, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also "share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania".
Armenia
Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by Armenians and is not a public holiday in Armenia. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.[108] The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010–11.[109][110] In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital Yerevan.[111]
In 2015, President Serzh Sargsyan sent a letter of congratulations to Kurds living in Armenia and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.[112]
Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.[113]
Communities of the Azerbaijani diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,[114] and Israel.[115]
Bangladesh
Nowruz is generally not celebrated by Bangladeshis, but it is widely celebrated by the country's
Central Asia
Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.[119] The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the Emirate of Bukhara, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by Amir Muzaffar, who sought to strengthen the image of the Manghyt dynasty during the crisis of political legitimacy.[120] Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.[121]
China
Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China's
Georgia
Nowruz is not celebrated by Georgians, but it is widely celebrated by the country's large Azerbaijani minority (~7% of the total population)[122] as well as by Iranians living in Georgia.[122][123] Every year, large festivities are held in the capital Tbilisi, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Shida Kartli, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti regions.[122] Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.[124][125]
India
The tradition of Nowruz in
In the Princely State of Hyderabad, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the Nizam would hold a public Darbar, along with the two official Islamic holidays and the sovereign's birthday.[126] Prior to Asaf Jahi rule in Hyderabad, the Qutb Shahi dynasty celebrated Nowruz with a ritual called Panjeri, and the festival was celebrated by all with great grandeur.[127]
A popular Deccani Urdu poem written by the founder of Hyderabad, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, is recited in the Deccan region on Nauroz:
کہ نس دن عید ہور نوروز منج کوں نت خدا دیتا |
The way God has given me Eid and Nauroz forevermore |
Iran
Nowruz is a two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran's official Solar Hijri calendar.[128][129] The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on 21 March.[130] On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival Chaharshanbe Suri is celebrated.[131] Following the 1979 Revolution, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,[132] considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from Islamic holidays. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.[133]
Kurdish communities
Newroz is largely considered as a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between 18 and 21 March. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.[134] Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday Nevroz in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In Cizre, Nusyabin and Şırnak celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.[135] In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in Diyarbakır, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey.
In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.
Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen of Syria and Turkey.
Kurds in the
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of
United States
Vibrant Persian speaking Immigrant communities have been celebrating Nowruz for decades in the United States. The state of California is considered to have the largest Farsi speaking community in the country. On 19 March 2024, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued a proclamation declaring 19 March the day as Nowruz day.[149]
Theology
Followers of the Zoroastrian faith include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other faiths.
Baháʼí Faith
Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the
The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.[159] ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'u'lláh's son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Rúz in terms of spring and the new life it brings.[154] He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the messengers of God and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Rúz is used to commemorate it.[160]
As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.
Twelver and Ismaʿili Shias
Along with
It has been said that
The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei[citation needed], Ruhollah Khomeini[164] and Ali al-Sistani.[165] The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on 16 March 632 AD, that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate. Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims around the globe celebrate Nowruz as a religious festival. Special prayers and Majalis are arranged in Jamatkhanas. Special foods are cooked and people share best wishes and prayers with each other.[citation needed]
See also
- Akitu
- Aroos-Gooleh
- Baháʼí Naw-Rúz
- Dehwa Rabba, the Mandaean New Year
- Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba, the Mandaean "Little Nowruz"
- Ēostre
- Holi
- Kha b-Nisan
- New Year's Day
- Pahela Baishakh
- Sham Ennessim
- Vernal Equinox Day, one of the two Kōreisai Japanese holidays
Notes
- ^
- Dari, Pashto, Arabic: نوروز
- Armenian: Նովրուզ (Novruz)
- Azerbaijani: Novruz
- Chinese: 诺鲁孜节 (Nuòlǔ zījié)
- Uyghur: نەۋروز
- Georgian: ნოვრუზ (novruz)
- Kurdish: نەورۆز (Newroz)
- Hebrew: נורוז (Noroz)
- Kazakh: Наурыз (Nauryz)
- Kyrgyz: Нооруз (Nooruz)
- Mongolian: Наурыз (Nauryz)
- Tajik: Наврӯз (Navrūz)
- Turkish: Nevruz
- Turkmen: Nowruz
- Urdu: نوروز
- Uyghur: نەۋروز
- Uzbek: Navro'z
- ^ Eternal combat between the bull representing the Moon, and the lion representing the Sun and spring.
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- ^ *"They celebrate the new year, which they call Chār shanba sur, on the first Wednesday of April, slightly later than the Iranian new year, Now-Ruz, on 21 March. (...) . The fact that Kurds celebrate the Iranian new year (which they call 'Nawrôz' in Kurdish) does not make them Zoroastrian" – Richard Foltz (2017). "The 'Original' Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions". Journal of Persianate Studies. Volume 10: Issue 1. pp. 93, 95
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Further reading
- Mozaffari, Ali; Akbar, Ali (20 August 2023). "Heritage Diplomacy and Soft Power Competition Between Iran and Turkey: Competing Claims over Rumi and Nowruz". International Journal of Cultural Policy: 1–18. ISSN 1028-6632.