List of states with nuclear weapons
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Nuclear weapons |
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Background |
Nuclear-armed states |
|
Eight
Other states that possess nuclear weapons are
Israel is also generally understood to have nuclear weapons,[3][4][5][6][7] but does not acknowledge it, maintaining a policy of deliberate ambiguity.[8] Israel is estimated to possess somewhere between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads.[9][10] One possible motivation for nuclear ambiguity is deterrence with minimum political friction.[11][12]
States that formerly possessed nuclear weapons are South Africa (developed nuclear weapons but then disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT)[13] and the former Soviet republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, whose weapons were transferred to Russia.
According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the worldwide total inventory of nuclear weapons as of 2021 stood at 13,080. Around 30% of these are deployed with operational forces,[14] and more than 90% are owned by either Russia or the United States.[15][16]
In its recent research, SIPRI estimated the total number of nuclear warheads acquired by nuclear states reached 12,512 in January 2023. Approximately 9,576 are kept with military stockpiles. About 3,844 warheads are deployed with missiles. 2000 warheads, which are primarily from Russia and United States, are maintained for high operational alerts.[17]
Statistics and force configuration
The following is a list of
From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, as of 2024[update] there are approximately 3,750 active nuclear warheads and 13,890 total nuclear warheads in the world.[1] Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.[20]
It is also noteworthy that since the dawn of the Atomic Age, the delivery methods of most states with nuclear weapons have evolved—with some achieving a nuclear triad, while others have consolidated away from land and air deterrents to submarine-based forces.
Country | Warheads[a]
|
First test | Delivery methods
|
Tests[23]
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Deployed | Date | Site | |||||
United States[24] | 5,244 | 1,770 | 16 July 1945 (Trinity) | Alamogordo, New Mexico | Party | Signatory | Nuclear triad[25] | 1,030 |
Russian Federation[26] | 5,580 | 1,710 | 29 August 1949 (RDS-1) | Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR | Party | Signatory (ratified, but later revoked ratification)[27] | 715 | |
225 | 120 | 3 October 1952 (Hurricane) | Monte Bello Islands, Australia | Party | Ratifier | Sea-based[29][b] | 45 | |
France[1][28][30] | 290 | 280 | 13 February 1960 (Gerboise Bleue) | Reggane, French Algeria | Party | Ratifier | Sea- and air-based[31][c] | 210 |
China[1][28][4][32] | 500 [33][34] |
0 [28] |
16 October 1964 (596) | Lop Nur, Xinjiang | Party | Signatory | Nuclear triad[35][36] | 45 |
India[1][28][4][37] | 164 [38][39] |
0 | 18 May 1974 (Smiling Buddha) | Pokhran, Rajasthan | Non-party | Non-signatory | Nuclear triad[40][41][42][43] | 3 |
Pakistan[1][4][44][39] | 170 | 0 | 28 May 1998 (Chagai-1) | Ras Koh Hills, Balochistan |
Non-party | Non-signatory | Nuclear triad[45][46] | 2 |
North Korea[1][28][4][47] | 30 | 0 | 9 October 2006[48] | Kilju, North Hamgyong | Announced withdrawal[49] | Non-signatory | Land- and sea- based [50] | 6 |
Israel[1][4][51] | 90 [1][4] |
0 | 1960–1979[52][d] | Unknown | Non-party | Signatory | Suspected nuclear triad[54][55] | Unknown |
Recognized nuclear-weapon states
These five states are known to have detonated a nuclear explosive before 1 January 1967 and are thus nuclear weapons states under the
United States
The United States developed the first nuclear weapons during
It was the first nation to develop the
Russia (successor to the Soviet Union)
The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("RDS-1") in 1949. This crash project was developed partially with information obtained via espionage during and after World War II. The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for Soviet weapons development was to achieve a balance of power during the Cold War. It tested its first megaton-range hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37") in 1955. The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"), with a theoretical yield of 100 megatons, intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet weapons entered officially into the possession of the Russian Federation.[66] The Soviet nuclear arsenal contained some 45,000 warheads at its peak (in 1986); the Soviet Union built about 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949.[65]
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane") in 1952. The UK had provided considerable impetus and initial research for the early conception of the atomic bomb, aided by Austrian, German and Polish physicists working at British universities who had either fled or decided not to return to Nazi Germany or Nazi-controlled territories. The UK collaborated closely with the United States and Canada during the Manhattan Project, but had to develop its own method for manufacturing and detonating a bomb as U.S. secrecy grew after 1945. The United Kingdom was the third country in the world, after the United States and the Soviet Union, to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to have an independent deterrent against the Soviet Union, while also maintaining its status as a great power. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (Operation Grapple), making it the third country to do so after the United States and Soviet Union.[67][68]
The
France
France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 ("
France acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.
China
China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("
According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), China is in the middle of a significant modernization and expansion of its nuclear arsenal. Its nuclear stockpile is expected to continue growing over the coming decade and some projections suggest that it will deploy at least as many intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) as either Russia or the USA in that period. However, China’s overall nuclear warhead stockpile is still expected to remain smaller than that of either of those states.[17] The Yearbook published by SIPRI in 2023 revealed that China's nuclear warheads stockpile increased by 17% in 2022, reaching 410 warheads.[77]
U.S. Department of Defense officials estimate that the Chinese had more than 500 operational nuclear warheads as of May 2023, and it was on track to posess 1,000 nuclear weapons by the year 2030.[78]
States declaring possession of nuclear weapons
India
India is not a party to the
The country tested what is called a "
In July 2005, U.S. President
Pakistan
Pakistan is also not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Pakistan covertly developed nuclear weapons over decades, beginning in the late 1970s. Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power plant near
It is believed that Pakistan has possessed nuclear weapons since the mid-1980s.
In 2004, the Pakistani metallurgist Abdul Qadeer Khan, a key figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, confessed to heading an international black market ring involved in selling nuclear weapons technology. In particular, Khan had been selling gas centrifuge technology to North Korea, Iran, and Libya. Khan denied complicity by the Pakistani government or Army, but this has been called into question by journalists and IAEA officials, and was later contradicted by statements from Khan himself.[98]
As of early 2013, Pakistan was estimated to have had a stockpile of around 140 warheads,[99] and in November 2014 it was projected that by 2020 Pakistan would have enough fissile material for 200 warheads.[100] As of 2023, SIPRI estimated that Pakistan had a stockpile of around 170 warheads. [17]
North Korea
North Korea was a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a withdrawal on 10 January 2003, after the United States accused it of having a secret
North Korea claimed to have conducted its
Kim Jong Un officially declared North Korea a nuclear weapons state during a speech on 9 September 2022, the country's foundation day.[108]
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), North Korea's military nuclear programme remains central to its national security strategy and it may have assembled up to 30 nuclear weapons and could produce more. North Korea conducted more than 90 ballistic missile tests during 2022–the highest number it has ever undertaken in a single year. [17]
States believed to possess nuclear weapons
Israel
Israel is widely believed to have been the sixth country in the world to develop nuclear weapons, but it has not acknowledged its nuclear forces. It had "rudimentary, but deliverable," nuclear weapons available as early as 1966.
According to the
On 7 November 2023, Heritage Minister
Launch authority
The decision to use nuclear weapons is always restricted to a single person or small group of people. The
Some countries are known to have delegated launch authority to military personnel in the event that the usual launch authority is incapacitated; whether or not the 'pre-delegated' authority exists at any particular time is kept secret.[120] In the United States, some military commanders have been delegated authority to launch nuclear weapons "when the urgency of time and circumstances clearly does not permit a specific decision by the President." Russia has a semi automated Dead Hand system which may allow military commanders to act based on certain pre-defined criteria. British nuclear-armed submarine commanders are issued with "Letters of last resort" written by the Prime Minister containing secret instructions which may or may not give them delegated launch authority.[121]
Nuclear weapons sharing
Nuclear weapons shared by the United States
Country | Base | Estimated |
---|---|---|
Belgium | Kleine Brogel | 20 |
Germany | Büchel | 20 |
Italy | Aviano | 20 |
Italy | Ghedi | |
Netherlands | Volkel | 20 |
Turkey | Incirlik | 20 |
100 |
Under
Nuclear weapons shared by Russia
Country | Air base | Warheads |
---|---|---|
Belarus | Probably Lida[131] | ~130 |
Since June 2023[update],
The deployment of Russian weapons to Belarus was framed by Russian President Vladimir Putin as being equivalent to the deployments of American nuclear weapons to NATO Allies in Europe under international law.[132]
Criticism of nuclear weapons sharing
Members of the Non-Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements."[135] The Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly violating Articles I and II of the NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear weapons directly or indirectly to others."[136] NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is compliant with the NPT because "the U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States."[137]
States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of other powers. However, in only one instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being in full control of them. The
Of these, Kazakhstan and Ukraine continue to have neither their own nuclear weapons nor another state's nuclear weapons stationed in their territory whereas Belarus does again claim to have Russian-owned nuclear weapons stationed on its territory since 2023.South Africa
South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 1980s, but dismantled them in the early 1990s.
In 1979, there was a detection of a putative covert nuclear test in the Indian Ocean, called the Vela incident. It has long been speculated that it was a test by Israel, in collaboration with and with the support of South Africa, though this has never been confirmed. South Africa could not have constructed such a nuclear bomb by itself until November 1979, two months after the "double flash" incident.[141]
South Africa acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.[142][143]
Former Soviet republics
- Kazakhstan had 1,400 Soviet-era nuclear weapons on its territory and transferred them all to Russia by 1995, after Kazakhstan acceded to the NPT. [144]
- Ukraine had as many as 3,000 nuclear weapons deployed on its territory when it became independent from the Soviet Union in 1991, equivalent to the third-largest nuclear arsenal in the world.[citation needed] At the time Ukraine acceded to the NPT in December 1994, Ukraine had agreed to dispose of all nuclear weapons within its territory. The warheads were removed from Ukraine by 1996 and disassembled in Russia.[145] Despite Russia's subsequent and internationally disputed annexation of Crimea in 2014, Ukraine reaffirmed its 1994 decision to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.[146]
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) from May 1992[147] through February 2022, when it held a constitutional referendum resulting in the cessation of its non-nuclear status.[148]
In connection with their accession to the NPT, all three countries received assurances that their sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity would be respected, as stated in the
Stationed countries
Up until the 1990s the U.S. had stationed nuclear weapons outside of its territories and sharing countries.[152]
South Korea
Taiwan
Taiwan was developing capacities to construct nuclear weapons up until the 1970s. During that time the United States stationed some of its arsenal in Taiwan.
Japan
After World War II the U.S. had nuclear weapons stationed in Japan until the 1970s.
Canada
The U.S. stationed nuclear weapons at CFB Goose Bay in Labrador between 1964 and 1984.[153]
See also
- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
- Doomsday Clock
- Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country
- International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
- No first use
- Nuclear disarmament
- Nuclear latency
- Nuclear power
- Nuclear program of Iran
- Nuclear proliferation
- Nuclear terrorism
- Nuclear warfare
- Nuclear-weapon-free zone
Notes
- ^ Estimates from the Federation of American Scientists. The latest update was in January 2023. "Deployed" indicates the total of deployed strategic and non-strategic warheads. Because the number of non-strategic warheads is unknown for many countries, this number should be taken as a minimum. When a range of weapons is given (e.g., 0–10), it generally indicates that the estimate is being made on the amount of fissile material that has likely been produced, and the amount of fissile material needed per warhead depends on estimates of a country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design.
- UK Trident programme. From the 1960s until the 1990s, the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force maintained the independent capability to deliver nuclear weapons via its V bomberfleet.
- ^ See also Force de dissuasion. France formerly possessed a nuclear triad until 1996, when its land-based arsenal was retired.
- ^ Data include the suspected Vela incident of 22 September 1979.[53]
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About 100 of these (versions −3 and −4) are thought to be deployed at six bases in five European countries: Aviano and Ghedi in Italy; Büchel in Germany; Incirlik in Turkey; Kleine Brogel in Belgium; and Volkel in the Netherlands. This number has declined since 2009 partly due to reduction of operational storage capacity at Aviano and Incirlik (Kristensen 2015, 2019c). ... Concerns were raised about the security of the nuclear weapons at the Incirlik base during the failed coup attempt in Turkey in July 2016, and the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee for Europe stated in September 2020 that "our presence, quite honestly, in Turkey is certainly threatened," and further noted that "we don't know what's going to happen to Incirlik" (Gehrke 2020). Despite rumors in late 2017 that the weapons had been "quietly removed" (Hammond 2017), reports in 2019 that US officials had reviewed emergency nuclear weapons evacuation plans (Sanger 2019) indicated that that there were still weapons present at the base. The numbers appear to have been reduced, however, from up to 50 to approximately 20.
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Bibliography
- ISBN 978-1857436426.
- Farr, Warner D. (September 1999), The Third Temple's holy of holies: Israel's nuclear weapons, The Counterproliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series, vol. 2, USAF Counterproliferation Center, Air War College, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, retrieved 2 July 2006.
- Philipp C. Bleek, “When Did (and Didn’t) States Proliferate? Chronicling the Spread of Nuclear Weapons,” Discussion Paper (Cambridge, MA: Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, June 2017).
External links
- The Nuclear Weapon Archive
- Nuclear Notebook from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
- U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A review of post-Cold War policy, force levels, and war planning NRDC, February 2005
- Tracking Nuclear Proliferation Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute's data on world nuclear forces
- Nuclear Proliferation International History Project For more on the history of nuclear proliferation see the Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project website.
- Proliferation Watch: US Intelligence Assessments of Potential Nuclear Powers, 1977–2001
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