Nurhaci

Names
	Aisin Gioro Nurhaci (愛新覺羅·努爾哈齊); Manchu: Nurgaci (ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ); Mongolian: Нурхач (ᠨᠤᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ)
Era dates
	Tianming (天命): 14 May 1616 – 15 February 1627; Manchu: Abkai fulingga (ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ); Mongolian: Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт (ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠲᠦ)
Regnal name
	Emperor Fuyu Lieguo Yingming (覆育列國英明皇帝)
Posthumous name
	Emperor Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye Gao (承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業高皇帝); Manchu: Dergi hūwangdi (ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ; ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ)
Temple name
	Taizu (太祖); Manchu: Taidzu (ᡨᠠᡳᡯᡠ)

Nurhaci
努爾哈赤
Nurhaci; 努爾哈赤
Khan of Great Jin
Khan of the Later Jin dynasty
Reign	17 February 1616 – 30 September 1626
Successor	Hong Taiji
Born	May 14, 1559; (嘉靖三十八年四月初八日); Hetu Ala, Manchuria, Ming dynasty
Died	September 30, 1626 (aged 67); (天命十一年八月十一日); Aijipu, Later Jin dynasty
Burial	Fu Mausoleum
Consorts	; Tunggiya Hahana Jacing (m. 1577; died 1592) ; Fuca Gundei (m. 1585; died 1620) ; Empress Xiaocigao (m. 1588; died 1603) ; Lady Abahai (m. 1601⁠–⁠1626)
Issue	Cuyen; Daišan, Prince Lilie of the First Rank; Abai; Tanggūdai; Manggūltai; Tabai; Abatai, Prince Raoyumin of the First Rank; Hong Taiji; Babutai; Degelei; Babuhai; Ajige, Prince Ying of the First Rank; Laimbu; Prince Ruizhong of the First Rank; Dodo, Prince Yutong of the First Rank; Fiyanggū; Princess Duanzhuang of the First Rank; Yanzhe; Mangguji; Mukushen; Lady of the Third Rank; Songgutu;
Names
Names
	Aisin Gioro Nurhaci (愛新覺羅·努爾哈齊); Manchu: Nurgaci (ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ); Mongolian: Нурхач (ᠨᠤᠷᠠᠭᠴᠢ)
Era dates
	Tianming (天命): 14 May 1616 – 15 February 1627; Manchu: Abkai fulingga (ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ); Mongolian: Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт (ᠲᠩᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠦᠯᠳᠡᠲᠦ)
Regnal name
	Emperor Fuyu Lieguo Yingming (覆育列國英明皇帝)
Posthumous name
	Emperor Chengtian Guangyun Shengde Shengong Zhaoji Liji Renxiao Ruiwu Duanyi Qin'an Hongwen Dingye Gao (承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業高皇帝); Manchu: Dergi hūwangdi (ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ; ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ)
Temple name
	Taizu (太祖); Manchu: Taidzu (ᡨᠠᡳᡯᡠ)
House	Aisin Gioro
Dynasty	Later Jin
Father	Taksi
Mother	Empress Xuan

This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.

Nurhaci (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Qing (Chinese: 清太祖), was the founding khan of the Jurchen Later Jin dynasty of China from 1616 to 1626.

As the leader of the

Qing conquest of the Ming by his descendants, who proclaimed the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) in 1636. He is also generally credited with ordering the creation of a new written script for the Manchu language based on the Mongolian vertical script

.

Name and titles

Nurhaci is written as ᠨᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ in Manchu language. Some suggest that the meaning of the name in the Manchu language is "the skin of a wild boar".^[1] Another explanation is "brave person like wild boar".^[2] Regarded as the founding father of the Qing dynasty, he is given the customary temple name of Taizu, which is traditionally assigned to founders of dynasties. His name is also alternatively spelled Nurgaci, Nurhachi, or Nu-er-ha-chi (the last of these simply the transcription of the Chinese characters used to write his name).

Nurhaci was the last chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens and first khan of the Later Jin dynasty. His title in Manchu as khan was ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ
ᡠᠵᡳᡵᡝ
ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
ᡥᠠᠨ Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen han ("brilliant khan who benefits all nations"). His era name was Tianming (Chinese: 天命; Wade–Giles: T'ien-ming; Manchu:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Abkai Fulingga), in Mongolian "Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт" (Tengri-yin Süldetü). It means "Heaven's Mandate." He was given a posthumous name in 1736 (see infobox), the shortened form of which was "Emperor Gao" Chinese: 高皇帝, Manchu:ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ Dergi Hūwangdi)

Early life

Nurhaci was born in 1559. Being a member of the Gioro clan of the Suksuhu River tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent from

Aisin Gioro

around 1612, when he formally ascended the throne as the Khan of the Later Jin dynasty.

Nurhaci's grandfather

Xinbin County). Giocangga feared for his granddaughter who was married to Atai, the town's chief. He rushed into the city, taking Nurhaci's father Taksi with him. During the ensuing battle, both Giocangga and Taksi were killed.^[6]

Nurhaci sought revenge against Nikan Wailan for the deaths of his father and grandfather. The Ming returned his father's remains, grant him trade patents, and recognized him as the successor of Giocangga. However, Nurhaci's demand that they hand over Nikan Wailan was refused. Nurhaci therefore started to expand his own power, starting only from thirteen sets of armor inherited from his father.[8] In 1584, he attacked Nikan Wailan at Turun. Nikan Wailan fled away to Erhun, which Nurhaci attacked again in 1587. Nikan Wailan this time fled to Li Chengliang's territory. Li relented and gave Nikan Wailan over to Nurhaci, who beheaded Nikan Wailan immediately.

Nurhaci gradually grew his strength in the following years and subdued the core

Jianzhou Jurchen tribes and towns from 1583 to 1588.^[8] At the same time, Nurhaci still considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power. He received the title of assistant commissioner-in chief in 1589 and the honor of "dragon-tiger general" in 1595. He consolidated his relationship with the Ming by personally leading multiple tributary missions to Beijing from 1590 onward,^[9] and was seen in by the Ming a loyal subject. His aggressive tactics against other Jurchen tribes were fueled by the high status that the Ming had given him.^[10]

Unifying the Jurchen tribes

In 1593, the

Yehe called upon a coalition of nine tribes: the Hada, Ula, Hoifa, Khorchin Mongols, Sibe, Guwalca, Jušeri, Neyen, and the Yehe themselves to attack the Jianzhou Jurchens. The coalition was defeated at the Battle of Gure and Nurhaci emerged victorious.^[11]

From 1599 to 1618, Nurhaci set out on a campaign against the four

Battle of Sarhu in 1619. As Nurhaci's power expanded, the relationship with the Ming also became increasingly strained. In 1608, Ming subjects were prohibited from cultivating the land or gathering ginseng, one of the main Jurchen export products, within Nurhaci's boundary.^[12]

In 1599, Nurhaci gave two of his translators, Erdeni Baksi ('Jewel Teacher' in Mongolian) and Dahai Jargūci,[13] the task of creating a Manchu alphabet by adapting the Mongolian script. Dahai was described with his origin from the Liao valley and his ethnicity as Han Chinese in the Korean book "Nanjung chamnok; Sok chamnok" (亂中雜錄) by Cho Kyŏng-nam (趙慶南) (1570-1641) a Korean official and scholar, contradicting Qing texts which says his clan is Giolca. The Qing texts said Dahau's family lived near Fushun in the Giolca region.^[14]

In 1606, he was granted the title of Kundulun Khan by the Mongols.

In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan and founded the Jin dynasty (aisin gurun), often called the Later Jin in reference to the legacy of the earlier Jurchen Jin dynasty of the 12th century. The "Later Jin" was renamed to "Qing" by his son Hong Taiji after his death in 1626, however Nurhaci is usually referred to as the founder of the Qing dynasty.

In order to help with the newly organized administration, five of his trusted companions were appointed as his chief councilors, Anfiyanggū, Eidu, Hūrhan, Fiongdon, and Hohori.

Only after he became Khan did he finally unify the Ula (clan of his consort Lady Abahai, mentioned below) and the Yehe, the clan of his consort Monggo Jerjer.

Nurhaci chose to variously emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols for political reasons.^[15] Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "The languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jurchen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture, rather it was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism", when he said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages."^[16]

When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name).^[17] The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu clan origin led to the Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast.^[18]

Invasion of Ming dynasty

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Regnal titles
Nurhaci House of Aisin-Gioro Born: 1558 Died: 30 September 1626
Preceded by Taksi	Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens 1583–1616	Position abolished Manchu-led Later Jin was established in 1616
New title Manchu-led Later Jin was established in 1616	Khan of Later Jin 1616–1626	Succeeded by Hong Taiji

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Nurhaci

Name and titles

Early life

Unifying the Jurchen tribes

Invasion of Ming dynasty

Death and legacy

Translations of Chinese texts

Primary sources

Physical appearance

Family

Ancestry

In popular culture

Science

See also

References

Sources