Nutrient
A nutrient is a
Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential to humans and some animal species, but most other animals and many plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron, selenium, and zinc, while organic nutrients include, protein, fats, sugars, and vitamins.
A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into
Types
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Macronutrients
Macronutrients are defined in several ways.[2]
- The sulphur, summarized as CHNOPS.
- The chemical compounds that humans consume in the largest quantities and provide bulk energy are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Water must be also consumed in large quantities but does not provide caloric value.
- Calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride ions, along with phosphorus and sulfur, are listed with macronutrients because they are required in large quantities compared to micronutrients, i.e., vitamins and other minerals, the latter often described as trace or ultratrace minerals.[3]
Macronutrients provide energy:
- Carbohydrates are compounds made up of types of sugar. Carbohydrates are classified according to their number of sugar units: monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose), disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose).
- Proteins are organic compounds that consist of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Since the body cannot manufacture some of the amino acids (termed essential amino acids), the diet must supply them. Through digestion, proteins are broken down by proteases back into free amino acids.
- glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fatty acid molecules contain a -COOH group attached to unbranched hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both double and single bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). Fats are needed for construction and maintenance of cell membranes, to maintain a stable body temperature, and to sustain the health of skin and hair. Because the body does not manufacture certain fatty acids (termed essential fatty acids), they must be obtained through one's diet.
- distilled spirits, a standard serving in the U.S. is 44 ml (1.5 US fl oz), which at 40% ethanol (80 proof) would be 14 grams and 98 calories.
Biomolecule | Kilocalories per 1 gram[5] |
---|---|
Protein | 4 |
Carbohydrate | 4 |
Ethanol | 7[4] |
Fat | 9 |
Micronutrients
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required in varying quantities throughout life to serve metabolic and physiological functions.[6][7]
- milligram amounts. As plants obtain minerals from the soil, dietary minerals derive directly from plants consumed or indirectly from edible animal sources.[8]
Essentiality
Essential nutrients
An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body – either at all or in sufficient quantities – and thus must be obtained from a
Amino acids
An essential amino acid is an amino acid that is required by an organism but cannot be synthesized
Fatty acids
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are
Vitamins and vitamers
Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as
Minerals
Minerals are the
The essential nutrient
Choline
Choline is an essential nutrient.
Conditionally essential
Conditionally essential nutrients are certain organic molecules that can normally be synthesized by an organism, but under certain conditions in insufficient quantities. In humans, such conditions include
Non-essential
Non-essential nutrients are substances within foods that can have a significant impact on health.
Non-nutrients
By definition, phytochemicals include all nutritional and non-nutritional components of edible plants.[36] Included as nutritional constituents are provitamin A carotenoids,[37] whereas those without nutrient status are diverse polyphenols, flavonoids, resveratrol, and lignans that are present in numerous plant foods.[38] Some phytochemical compounds are under preliminary research for their potential effects on human diseases and health.[36][37][38] However, the qualification for nutrient status of compounds with poorly defined properties in vivo is that they must first be defined with a Dietary Reference Intake level to enable accurate food labeling,[39] a condition not established for most phytochemicals that are claimed to be antioxidant nutrients.[40]
Deficiencies and toxicity
See Vitamin, Mineral (nutrient), Protein (nutrient)
An inadequate amount of a nutrient is a deficiency. Deficiencies can be due to a number of causes including an inadequacy in nutrient intake, called a dietary deficiency, or any of several conditions that interfere with the utilization of a nutrient within an organism.[1] Some of the conditions that can interfere with nutrient utilization include problems with nutrient absorption, substances that cause a greater than normal need for a nutrient, conditions that cause nutrient destruction, and conditions that cause greater nutrient excretion.[1] Nutrient toxicity occurs when excess consumption of a nutrient does harm to an organism.[41]
In the United States and Canada, recommended dietary intake levels of essential nutrients are based on the minimum level that "will maintain a defined level of nutriture in an individual", a definition somewhat different from that used by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of a "basal requirement to indicate the level of intake needed to prevent pathologically relevant and clinically detectable signs of a dietary inadequacy".[42]
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity.
Nutrient | U.S. EAR[43] | Highest U.S. RDA or AI[43] |
Highest EU PRI or AI[47] |
Upper limit | Unit | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U.S.[43] | EU [44] | Japan[45] | |||||
Vitamin A | 625 | 900 | 1300 | 3000 | 3000 | 2700 | µg |
Vitamin C | 75 | 90 | 155 | 2000 | ND | ND | mg |
Vitamin D | 10 | 15 | 15 | 100 | 100 | 100 | µg |
Vitamin K | NE | 120 | 70 | ND | ND | ND | µg |
α-tocopherol (Vit E) | 12 | 15 | 13 | 1000 | 300 | 650-900 | mg |
Thiamin (Vit B1) |
1.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 mg/MJ | ND | ND | ND | mg |
Riboflavin (Vit B2) | 1.1 | 1.3 | 2.0 | ND | ND | ND | mg |
Niacin * (Vit B3) |
12 | 16 | 1.6 mg/MJ | 35 | 10 | 60-85 | mg |
Pantothenic acid (Vit B5) | NE | 5 | 7 | ND | ND | ND | mg |
Vitamin B6 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 100 | 25 | 40-60 | mg |
Biotin (Vit B7) | NE | 30 | 45 | ND | ND | ND | µg |
Folate (Vit B9) | 320 | 400 | 600 | 1000 | 1000 | 900-1000 | µg |
Cobalamin (Vit B12) |
2.0 | 2.4 | 5.0 | ND | ND | ND | µg |
Choline | NE | 550 | 520 | 3500 | ND | ND | mg |
Calcium | 800 | 1000 | 1000 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | mg |
Chloride | NE | 2300 | NE | 3600 | ND | ND | mg |
Chromium | NE | 35 | NE | ND | ND | ND | µg |
Copper | 700 | 900 | 1600 | 10000 | 5000 | 10000 | µg |
Fluoride | NE | 4 | 3.4 | 10 | 7 | ____ | mg |
Iodine | 95 | 150 | 200 | 1100 | 600 | 3000 | µg |
Iron | 6 | 18 (females) 8 (males) |
16 (females) 11 (males) |
45 | ND | 40-45 | mg |
Magnesium* | 350 | 420 | 350 | 350 | 250 | 350 | mg |
Manganese | NE | 2.3 | 3.0 | 11 | ND | 11 | mg |
Molybdenum | 34 | 45 | 65 | 2000 | 600 | 450-550 | µg |
Phosphorus | 580 | 700 | 640 | 4000 | ND | 3000 | mg |
Potassium | NE | 4700 | 4000 | ND | ND | 2700-3000 | mg |
Selenium | 45 | 55 | 70 | 400 | 300 | 330-460 | µg |
Sodium | NE | 1500 | NE | 2300 | ND | 3000-3600 | mg |
Zinc | 9.4 | 11 | 16.3 | 40 | 25 | 35-45 | mg |
* The daily recommended amounts of niacin and magnesium are higher than the tolerable upper limit because, for both nutrients, the ULs identify the amounts which will not increase risk of adverse effects when the nutrients are consumed as a serving of a dietary supplement. Magnesium supplementation above the UL may cause diarrhea. Supplementation with niacin above the UL may cause flushing of the face and a sensation of body warmth. Each country or regional regulatory agency decides on a safety margin below when symptoms may occur, so the ULs may differ based on source.[43][44]
EAR U.S. Estimated Average Requirements.
RDA U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating.
AI U.S. Adequate Intake; AIs established when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
PRI Population Reference Intake is European Union equivalent of RDA; higher for adults than for children, and may be even higher for women who are pregnant or lactating. For Thiamin and Niacin, the PRIs are expressed as amounts per megajoule (239 kilocalories) of food energy consumed.
Upper Limit Tolerable upper intake levels.
ND ULs have not been determined.
NE EARs, PRIs or AIs have not yet been established or will not be (EU does not consider chromium an essential nutrient).
Plant
Plant nutrients consist of more than a dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment.[48][49]
Plants absorb carbon, hydrogen and oxygen from air and soil in the form of
See also
References
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- ^ "Nutrient content claims--general principles; 21CFR101.13". US Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
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New Link in Chain of Life, Wall Street Journal, 2010-12-03, accessed 5 December 2010. "Until now, however, they were all thought to share the same biochemistry, based on the Big Six, to build proteins, fats, and DNA."