Nyaungyan Min
Nyaungyan Min ညောင်ရမ်းမင်း | |
---|---|
Theravada Buddhism |
Nyaungyan Min (
A son of King
Early life
He was born
Governor of Nyaungyan (1581–97)
It was at Nyaungyan that Thissa slowly made his name, and came to be known as Nyaungyan Min (Lord of Nyaungyan). He indirectly benefited from
Early years
For his first dozen years at Nyaungyan, Thissa was a loyal, if unremarkable, governor. He quietly ruled a small region which fell within the jurisdiction of his half-uncle
Break from Pegu
Nanda's policy of devolution created a power vacuum in the upcountry which ambitious governors like Nyaungyan now maneuvered to fill. The opportunity for Nyaungyan to come to the forefront came in 1596 when Thado Dhamma Yaza III, the self-proclaimed king of Prome, invaded central Burma. Nanda ordered Nyaungyan to organize a defense. Nyaungyan agreed to follow the order as he could not let anyone else take over central Burma. His forces successfully stopped the Prome advance at
Nyaungyan, whose army essentially controlled the region around Ava, quietly decided to consolidate power for himself. At Pegu, Nanda was desperate to retain Nyaungyan's loyalty. The king awarded Nyaungyan the title of Minye Nandameit (မင်းရဲနန္ဒမိတ်) along with lavish gifts. At the same time, he was suspicious of his stronger vassals' intentions. The king asked Nyaungyan, Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to send their eldest sons to Pegu, essentially to hold them as hostages. It was a major miscalculation on Nanda's part for he had no real power to enforce his order. Indeed, he could do nothing when the viceroys of Toungoo and Lan Na formally declared independence.[9]
The chronicles say only that Nyaungyan ignored the king's order but do not mention his formal declaration of independence during Nanda's reign.[note 5] But surviving royal orders from Nyaungyan's court show that he essentially did in 1597. First, he declared without the king's permission on 19 April [O.S. 9 April] 1597 that he would take over Ava, and that he would officially move into the new palace there on 27 August [O.S. 17 August] 1597.[note 6] According to Than Tun, Nyaungyan "virtually declared" himself King of Ava on 9 May [O.S. 29 April] 1597 in the order announcing the appointment of Maha Okka Dhamma and Maha Okka Thena as chief ministers of his court.[10]
Ruler of Ava
Consolidation of Upper Burma
Despite his de facto, if not de jure, independence, Nyaungyan was more concerned about Prome than Pegu. He rushed to consolidate his base before the next dry season. He and his army marched to towns around the Ava region, receiving the allegiance of local governors. Rival governors at
His consolidation drive was watched with alarm not only by Prome but also by Toungoo. The two powers of central Burma decided not to wait until the dry season. In September 1597, Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo sent in a small army to contest Nyaungyan's acquisitions of Yamethin, the traditional border between Toungoo and Ava.[12] At Prome, Thado Dhamma Yaza III was about to start the campaign to Ava when he was assassinated on 15 September [O.S. 5 September] 1597 by Yan Naing.[13]
The assassination was a fortuitous event for Nyaungyan. Upon hearing the news, Minye Thihahtu II opportunistically redirected the Toungoo army to invade Prome instead. Yan Naing repulsed the Toungoo attack. After the dust settled, Toungoo decided to focus its energies on capturing Pegu; Yan Naing ruled a smaller region as the lord of Salin switched sides to Nyaungyan; and Nyaungyan was spared from further attacks by more established powers.[14] (Nyaungyan was forever grateful to Yan Naing for breaking up what would be a two-pronged attack by Prome and Toungoo. In 1605, as he lay dying, he asked his eldest son and heir-apparent Anaukpetlun to spare the life of Yan Naing when Prome was captured. When asked why, the king replied that if Yan Naing had not broken up Prome's invasion, his then small army would likely have been defeated in a two-front war.[15])
Nyaungyan spent the next year further consolidating northern regions of Upper Burma. By November 1598, he felt strong enough to declare his ambitions. On 14 November [O.S. 4 November] 1598, as Toungoo and its ally Mrauk-U (Arakan) invaded Lower Burma, he proclaimed himself king, not just of Ava but also of all of the lands that once belonged to his father Bayinnaung.[note 7] Toungoo and Mrauk-U forces went on to capture Pegu in December 1599, and divide up the city's enormous riches as the capital of the Toungoo Empire for the last 60 years.[16] But from a strategic standpoint, it was Nyaungyan whose control of Upper Burma, "the 'heartland' where most of the food of the country was produced and its population lived",[17] would ultimately come out ahead. He quietly planned extending his rule to the Shan states surrounding Upper Burma.[14]
Coronation
On 25 February [
Brief war with Toungoo
His ascendance would not go unchallenged. Fresh off the conquest of Lower Burma, Toungoo forces seized Yamethin, the border town, in September 1600. In response, Nyaungyan himself led his army, and marched to Yamethin on 6 October [O.S. 26 September] 1600.[20] Toungoo forces fiercely defended the town but Nyaungyan's army prevailed in the end.[21] It was the last time Toungoo breached the border.
Acquisition of cis-Salween Shan states
Nyaungyan spent the rest of his reign reacquiring the cis-
Mohnyin and Mogaung (1599–1600)
Nyaungyan's first target was the northernmost Shan states of
Nyaungshwe (1601)
Nyaungyan's drive into the Shan states was briefly interrupted by the short war with Toungoo over Yamethin in October 1600. After Yamethin was retaken, Nyaungyan decided to attack
Bhamo (1602)
His next target was Bhamo, a small state next to Mogaung. His invasion force (5000 men, 600 horses, 40 elephants) left Ava for the front on 24 February [O.S. 14 February] 1602. The army took Bhamo without a fight. Tho Sein, the saopha of Bhamo, had fled to the Chinese vassal state of Maing Se. When Anaukpetlun's army showed up at Maing Se, the ruler of Maing Se gave up the body of Tho Sein, who had died under uncertain circumstances. Nyaungyan appointed Sao Hsaing Lon saopha of Bhamo.[26][27] The extradition "shows the final abandonment of the Chinese claim to overlordship in Upper Burma".[28]
Mone (1603–04)
After Bhamo, he closely watched developments in Lan Na whose embattled ruler Nawrahta Minsaw had just submitted to King Naresuan of Siam.[29] Over the next year, Nawrahta Minsaw went on to drive out Lan Xang and its allies from eastern Lan Na.[30] By June 1603, Lan Na was again united, albeit under Siamese suzerainty.[note 11] Concerned that Mone, located immediately north of Lan Na, could be next, Nyaungyan prepared to get there first.
Nyaungyan did not expect Mone, a major state with a sizable force, to be a pushover.[31] On 13 November [O.S. 3 November] 1603,[32] after a relic chamber dedication ceremony at the Sanda Muni Pagoda in Ava, the king left for the front with a 6000-strong army. Anaukpetlun came with him. His second son Thalun stayed behind at Ava with a garrison.[31] After a three-day layover at Nyaungshwe to add more troops, two armies—the vanguard army led by Anaukpetlun, and the main army led by the king himself—invaded. Although they had counted on Mone forces to defend behind the walls of Mone, the 5000-strong vanguard army was met en route by the Mone army. Though they were initially surprised by Mone's willingness to engage them in open battle, the more experienced, probably better equipped, Ava army decisively defeated the Mone army. The vanguard army alone captured both the saopha and the city.[33] Afterwards, scores of Ava battalions fanned out to receive the allegiance from 37 vassals of Mone, which included Mobye (present-day northern Kayah State) to those along the Lan Na border. The king arrived back at Ava on the New Year's Day of 966 ME, 9 April [O.S. 30 March] 1604.[33][note 12]
Instabilities and Siamese threat (1604–05)
Despite the success, Nyaungyan's hold over the cis-Salween states was still extremely weak. As soon as he got back to Ava, the king was greeted with reports of unrest along the Chinese border.[34] With a Siamese attack on Mone still highly probable, he initially decided to live with the unrest for the time being. On 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1604, he ordered a campaign to quell unrest in the northern states that would begin on 8 January [O.S. 29 December 1604] 1605.[34] In essence, he had decided to preserve his manpower for the next eight months. But his hand was forced when Mogaung revolted outright. He sent Anaukpetlun with a 5000-man army on 18 November [O.S. 8 November] 1604.[35] He was greatly relieved when Anaukpetlun was able to score a quick decisive victory, and captured the rebel saopha and his family.[36]
But the relief was temporary. Right after Anaukpetlun rushed back to Ava, Bhamo, the eastern neighbor of Mogaung, revolted with the help of
Momeik, Hsipaw and Hsenwi (1605)
The Siamese threat dissipated with the death of Naresuan. At least the Ava command apparently believed so. They decided on 21 July [O.S. 11 July] 1605[42] to acquire the remaining Near Shan states of Momeik, Onbaung (Hsipaw/Thibaw), and Hsenwi, as well as the Hsenwi-backed Bhamo, in the upcoming dry season.[36]
The Ava command was most concerned about Hsenwi, the farthest state from Ava, and fronted by Momeik in the west and Hsipaw in the southwest. They expected Bhamo to fall in line once Hsenwi fell. If required, a separate campaign to Bhamo would begin on 27 December [O.S. 17 December] 1605. The plan was announced on 6 October [O.S. 26 September] 1605.[43] It shows they expected the Momeik–Hsipaw–Hsenwi campaign to be over by mid-December at the latest.
The actual campaign was even shorter. The two-pronged invasion was over in less than a month. The First Army (3000 men, 200 horses, 20 elephants) led by Anaukpetlun marched to Momeik via Singu while the Second Army (4000 men, 300 horses, 20 elephants) led by Nyaungyan marched to Hsipaw.[36] The two armies took Momeik and Hsipaw without a fight. The armies then converged on Hsenwi from west and southwest. The Hsenwi army was defeated twice by Anaukpetlun, and the city was taken. The king himself had been unwell since Hsipaw, and could not participate in the battle. The king reappointed the Hsenwi saopha but sent his immediate family and brothers as well as able Hsenwi soldiers to Ava. The 39 vassal towns of Hsenwi came under Nyaungyan's authority.[44]
Death
The king now controlled all of the cis-Salween Shan states that ringed Upper Burma. He had already planned to attack Prome and Toungoo next, as part of his grand plan to restore his father's empire.[45] But it was not to be. The troops rushed the ailing king back home but he died en route south of Hsipaw on 5 November [O.S. 26 October] 1605.[note 13] His death was announced two days later at Ava.[46][47] During the cremation ceremony, when his body was half-consumed in the fire, Anaukpetlun administered the oath of allegiance to everyone around. The king's ashes were buried beside the Sandamuni Pagoda.[28]
Administration
Nyaungyan was deeply interested in administration. Several of the surviving royal orders of his court dealt with (re)-establishing norms and standards on social, economy, and military fronts. He reaffirmed the people into their traditional units of attachment and non-attachment: ahmudan (Crown-service groups, called kyundaw in the Pagan period); paya kyun (
Legacy
In contrast to over 250 years of poly-centrism following Pagan Empire's collapse, the interregnum following the Toungoo Empire's fall was brief.
In all, Nyaungyan Min is remembered as the founder of the Nyaungyan dynasty, also referred to as "Later Toungoo dynasty" or "Restored Toungoo dynasty" by Western historians.[48]
Family
Nyaungyan Min and his chief queen Khin Hpone Myint had three sons and one daughter. He also had nine sons and ten daughters by minor queens/concubines. He had a total of 12 sons and 11 daughters.[53]
His children by the chief queen were:
Name | Notes |
---|---|
Anaukpetlun aka Thakin Lat | King of Burma (r. 1605–28) |
Thalun aka Thakin Gyi | King of Burma (r. 1629–48) |
Min Taya Medaw | Queen of Burma (r. 1609–28)[note 15] |
Minye Kyawswa of Sagu aka Thakin Phyu | Crown Prince of Burma (r. 1635–1647) |
Nyaungyan Min had eleven junior queens who bore him children:
Name | Mother | Brief |
---|---|---|
1. Taingada Kyawhtin | Oo Min Khone Möng, daughter of Ohn Bay Saw, saopha of Hkamti Long | Son Gov.of Kyettha Bo |
2. Min Taya Hnama Khow | Oo Min Khone Möng, daughter of Ohn Bay Saw, saopha of Hkamti Long | Daughter, married with her half-brother Nara Athwa Gov.of Pathein |
3. Zeya Thit | Mani Sanda, daughter of Shin Aung Kyaw, Gov.of Bagan and Thiri Sanda (both children of King Bayinnaung) | Son Gov.of Nyaungyan |
4. Khin Sanda | Mani Sanda, daughter of Shin Aung Kyaw, Gov.of Bagan and Thiri Sanda (both children of King Bayinnaung) | Daughter, married to her half-brother Anaukpetlun |
5. Khin Myo Myat | Khin Me, daughter of Min Letya, son of King Tabinshwehti | Daughter, married to her half-brother Anaukpetlun |
6. Khin Nan Si Mi | Myo Myat Hpone Si, daughter of Shin Myat Tant (Shin Myat Lay), Gov.of Yamethin and Myat In-Phyo (both children of King Bayinnaung )
|
Daughter, married to her half-brother Thakin Phyu Gov.of Sagu |
7. Min Chit Swa | Shwe Mone, daughter of Nan Htet Kyaw Thu, the jeweller from Nyaungyan | Son Gov.of Kyundaung, married to his niece Amerawaddy, daughter of Anaukpetlun |
8. Min Tha Lone Thit | Shwe Mone, daughter of Nan Htet Kyaw Thu, jeweller from Nyaungyan | Son Gov.of Tineta, married to his half-sister Apinya Nat May |
9. Hnin Phauk Kalaya | Athein Ne Chantha, daughter of Zeya Tawta and Uza Mani Pyo from Pathein (both descendants of Khin Pyezon clan) | Daughter |
10. Nara Athwa | Athein Ne Chantha, daughter of Zeya Tawta and Uza Mani Pyo from Pathein (both descendants of Khin Pyezon clan) | Son Gov.of Pathein, married to his half-sister Min Taya Hnama Khow |
11. Myat Myo Ni Thala | Khin Pan Nwe, daughter of Khin Hseng Lu, the Shan official | Daughter, married to her half-brother Mintha Pilauk, Gov.of Minhla[disambiguation needed] |
12. Shin Wara Theinda | Kantha Mala, daughter of Hseng Lung Hpa, saopha of Bhamo | Son Gov.of Kandwin married to his nieces Ma Hpone Thu Hla Dewi and Ma Gyi Thiwa Thu (both daughters of King Anaukpetlun) |
13. Myat Hna Thiwasa | Kantha Mala, the daughter of Hseng Lung Hpa the saopha of Bhamo | Daughter, married to her nephew Kyaung Nat Kyaw Thit Gov.of Meikkaya, son of King Anaukpetlun |
14. Khin Ayon Phyo | Mukta Chow Bo, daughter of Khin Hpone Gyi from Myadaung city | Son Gov.of Zeyawaddy married to his niece A-Nat Pin Ne, daughter of King Anaukpetlun |
15. Saw Pyi Nat May | Mukta Chow Bo, the daughter of Khin Hpone Gyi from Myadaung city | Daughter married to Hkam Hkaing Hpa, saopha of Hsenwi
|
16. Ti Lawkawaddy | Mukta Chow Bo, the daughter of Khin Hpone Gyi from Myadaung city | Daughter, married to Hkam Hkaing Hpa, saopha of Hsenwi
|
17. Myat Myo Hpone Si | Thiri Theindaya, daughter of Letwe Min Hmu (personal name Pyinsa Thilaka) from Inwa city | Son Gov.of Thwinthin |
18. Mintha Pilauk | Thiri Theindaya, daughter of Letwe Min Hmu (personal name Pyinsa Thilaka) from Inwa city | Son Gov.of Minhla[disambiguation needed], married to his half-sister Myat Myo Ni Thala |
19. Apinya Nat May | Mwei Hla Mani, daughter of Khin Lay Htut, the front yard official | Daughter, married to her half-brother Min Tha Lone Thit Gov.of Tineta |
See also
Notes
- ^ The chronicle Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47) says he was born on a Friday in the 9th month (Tazaungmon) of 917 ME, and that he died at age 49 (50th year). Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 128) says that he died as he was turning 50. Since he died on 11th waning of Tazaungmon 967 ME, he was born on or after 11th waning of Tazaungmon 917 ME (8 November 1555). And because he was a Friday born, he was born on 11th waning of Tazaungmon 917 ME, the only Friday left in that month.
- ^ Both (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 61) and (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 42) say that he married Khin Hpone Myat on 9th waxing of Tabodwe 938 ME (25 February 1577). But the name Khin Hpone Myat is most probably a typographical error. Hmannan's detailed list of Bayinnaung's issue (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 68) shows that her name was "Khin Hpone Myint", daughter of Shin Htwe Myat. The complete list (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 68–73) does include two other daughters named Khin Hpone Myat; the first Khin Hpone Myat, daughter of Khin Gyi Sit, was married to Sithu, Gov. of Mawlamyaing, and the second Khin Hpone Myat, daughter of Khin Htwe Phyu, to Ottamarit, Gov. of Sagaing.
- ^ Thakin Lat was born on 21 January 1578 (Tuesday, 14th waxing of Tabodwe 939 ME) per (Zata 1960: 79)
- ^ Nyaungyan did not appear in any of the commander lists of the Toungoo campaigns until 1596. See (Maha Yazawin Vols 2 and 3 2006).
- ^ Chronicles themselves do not agree about the degree of his insurrection. Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 128) says he became king of Ava in 1597. But Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 142) recognizes him as king only after Nanda's fall in 1599.
- ^ (Than Tun Vol. 2 1985: 11 and 116): 5th waxing of Kason 959 ME = 19 April 1597. (Than Tun Vol. 2 1985: 11 and 115): Wednesday, 2nd waning of Tawthalin 959 ME = 27 August 1597.
- ^ (Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 18–19, 181–182): The royal order dated 14 November 1598 (1st waning of Tazaungmon 960 ME) says that the extent of Nyaungyan's domain included the Iron Bridge in the east, Siam in the south, the sea coast in the west, and Manipur and northern Shan states (Kachin State) in the north.
- ^ Both Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 114) and Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 122) chronicles say that Nyaungyan appointed his eldest son crown prince on that day. But a surviving royal order (Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 12, 174–175) says that his eldest son was appointed crown prince only on 11 August 1603 (5th waxing of Wagaung 965 ME).
- ^ Anaukpetlun was the commander who won all the decisive battles in his father's Shan states campaigns (1599–1605). He won the battles of Mohnyin and Mogaung in 1599–1600 (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 113–114); Nyaungshwe in 1601 (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 116); Mone in 1603 (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 118–119); Hsenwi in 1605 (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 124–126).
- ^ The chronicle Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 113–114) says Anaukpetlun's forces captured both Mohnyin and Mogaung towns but could not topple the Mogaung garrison outside the town. But later chronicles reject that. Yazawin Thit and Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 121–122) cite a contemporary inscription and a contemporary poem Minye Deibba Eigyin which say that the ruler of Mogaung submitted, and was reappointed at Mogaung.
- ^ See (Fernquest Spring 2005) for differences between northern Thai and southern Thai chronicle narratives. Northern (Chiang Mai and Nan) chronicles do not say Lan Na was a vassal of Ayutthaya (Siam). But the southern Ayutthaya Chronicle and standard Burmese chronicles say it was.
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 122): The king allowed the saopha of Mone and his retinue to stay in Ava. The saopha and over a hundred of his men fled the city on 9 October 1604 (Saturday, 2nd waning of Thadingyut 966 ME). They were caught soon after by the capital guards, and everyone was executed.
- ^ The standard chronicles Maha Yazawin (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 126–127) and Hmannan Yazawin (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 140–141) say that his death was announced on 13th waning of Tabaung 967 ME (5 March 1606), two days after the king's death on 11th waning of Tabaung 967 ME (3 March 1606). But according to a surviving royal order (Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 19), the king's death was announced on 13th waning of Tazaungmon 967 ME (7 November 1605). Than Tun takes the royal order's date over the chronicles' date, which he believes is a copying error, reporting the month as Tabaung instead of Tazaungmon.
- ^ See (Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 14–16) for the royal order dated 9th waning of Wagaung 966 ME (18 August 1604) for a detailed list of service classes. The order also includes how much taxation each class was expected to pay.
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 134): She was raised as the chief queen of her full brother Thakin Lat (King Anaukpetlun) on 8 February 1609.
References
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 73
- ^ (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 57): Friday, 7th waxing of Tabaung 942 ME = Wednesday, 8 February 1581
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 71): Tabodwe 942 ME = 4 January 1581 to 1 February 1581
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 57
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 61): Sunday, 9th waxing of Tabaung 938 ME = Monday, 25 February 1577
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 80–82
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3: 95
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3: 96
- ^ a b c Maha Yazawin Vol. 3: 97
- ^ (Than Tun Vol. 2 1985: 11, 119): Friday, 10th waning of Kason 959 ME = 9 May 1597
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 110–111): Saturday, 15th waning of Waso 959 ME = 12 July 1597; Friday, 5th waning of Wagaung 959 ME = 1 August 1597.
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 112
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 112): Monday, 6th waxing of Thadingyut 959 ME = 15 September 1597
- ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 113
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 126
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 133–134
- ^ Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 133
- ^ a b (Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 122): Friday, 12th waxing of Tabuang 961 ME = 25 February 1600.
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 114
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 115): Friday, 1st waxing of Tazaungmon 962 ME = 6 October 1600
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 115–116
- ^ Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 16, 180
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 116): Saturday, 4th waxing of Tabodwe 962 ME = 6 January 1601
- ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 125
- ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 116
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 126–127
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 117
- ^ a b Harvey 1925: 184
- ^ Fernquest Spring 2005: 52
- ^ Ratchasomphan 1994: 68
- ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 118
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 118): Saturday, 12th waxing of Tazaungmon 965 ME = Thursday, 13 Nov 1603
- ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 118–119
- ^ a b Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 13
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 122): 12th waning of Tazaungmon 966 ME = 18 November 1604
- ^ a b c d Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 123
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 138
- ^ Damrong 2001: 176
- ^ (Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 16, 180): 10th waxing of Tabaung 966 ME = 27 February 1605
- ^ a b c Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 16
- ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 128
- ^ (Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 123): Thursday, 7th waxing of Wagaung 967 ME = 21 July 1605
- ^ Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 186–187
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 124–126
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 125
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 127
- ^ Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 19
- ^ a b c d Aung-Thwin and Aung-Thwin 2012: 143
- ^ Than Tun Vol. 1 1983: 14–16
- ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 3 2006: 119–122
- ^ Lieberman 2003: 158
- ^ Htin Aung 1967: 137
- ^ Hmannan Vol. 3 2003: 143–144
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