Nymphenburg Palace
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Nymphenburg Palace | |
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Enrico Zucalli, Giovanni Antonio Viscardi, Joseph Effner |
The Nymphenburg Palace (
History
Building history
The palace was commissioned by the
Starting in 1701, Maximilian Emanuel, the heir to Bavaria, a sovereign
In 1795,
Residence
With the Treaty of Nymphenburg signed in July 1741, Charles Albert allied with France and Spain against Austria. Two of his children were born here:
For a long time, the palace was the favourite summer residence of the rulers of Bavaria. King Max I Joseph died there in 1825 [3] and his great-grandson King Ludwig II was born there in 1845.[4] In 1863, the only meeting between Ludwig and Otto von Bismarck was held in Nymphenburg, although they remained connected in a lifelong friendship.
Today, Nymphenburg is open to the public but also continues to be a home and
Palace
The palace, together with its park, is now one of the most famous sights of Munich. The baroque facades comprise an overall width of about 700 metres. Some rooms still show their original baroque decoration while others were later redesigned in rococo or neoclassical style.
Central pavilion
The Steinerner Saal (Stone Hall) in the central pavilion, with ceiling frescoes by Johann Baptist Zimmermann and F. Zimmermann and decorations by François de Cuvilliés, is an impressive sight. Acting as a grand hall, it occupies over three floors of the central pavilion of the palace. The central ceiling fresco is Helios in his chariot, accompanied by other gods.
North of the Stone Hall, there is the wood-panelled antechamber, the audience chamber decorated with Brussels tapestries and the former bedroom with the so-called Little Beauty Gallery with the ladies of
South of the Stone Hall are inversely to the northern rooms of the main building, the hall with the portrait of Charles Albert, the audience room with the portrait of the founding couple Ferdinand Maria and his consort Henriette Adelaide and the Former Bedroom with portraits of Max Emanuel and his consort Theresa Kunegunda. Here too, the original Baroque ceilings have survived. The walls of the so-called lacquer cabinet that adjoins the bedroom are almost completely covered with Chinese panels showing scenes from a Chinese novel. The stucco was done by Franz Xaver Feuchtmayer the Younger. Behind the south gallery are the Writing Cabinet and Antechamber of Elector Charles Theodore, which were created with the widening of the gallery wings.
In both the North and South Galleries next to the Central Pavilion are vedutes of Bavarian castles. These galleries connect the central pavilion with the southern and northern pavilions.
Southern pavilions and wings
The Inner southern Pavilion housed the apartments of the Electress during the period of its origin. The former small dining room of the Inner Southern Pavilion today houses the famous attraction
The Outer Southern Pavilion is generally inaccessible. It served as a kitchen building at Max Emanuel's time and was then reconstructed like the inner pavilion in neo-classical times. Further south, the third pavilion was built as a comedihaus and then served from 1750 as a new kitchen house. The southern corridor built in 1747 connects this building with the stables in the south wing.
In the former royal stables in the South Wing is the Marstallmuseum (carriage museum), with one of the greatest coach collections in Europe. They also played a part in historical events - the Paris Coronation Coach for example was used for the coronation of Emperor Charles VII in 1742. Among the main attractions of the museum are the magnificent carriages and sleighs of King Ludwig II.
The first floor of the former court stables houses a collection of Nymphenburg porcelain by the Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory which, also located in the palace complex, was founded by Maximilian III Joseph. Its handcrafted products are of legendary kind and quality, nowadays said to be comparable only to Augarten and Sèvres. Over 1,000 exhibits, beginning in 1747, are on display. The Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory itself is located in one of the houses of the northern roundabouts and can be visited only by written appointment. In the adjoining Outer South Wing of the castle is a restaurant with beer garden.
Northern pavilions and wings
The Inner Northern Pavilion, the later so-called Crown Prince Building, is generally inaccessible. Here was Max Emanuel's appartement de parade and its representative rooms are today used by the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund. The upper floors serve as living quarters for the respective head of the House of
Since 1990, the Museum of Man and Nature has been housed in the North Wing. The Hubertus Hall upstairs served for concerts. Today the Hubertus Hall, the Orangery Hall, and the Johannis Hall in the North Wing as well as the Iron House in the park can be booked for parties, concerts, conferences and other functions. From 1835 the Mary Ward Elementary School was in the adjoining Outer North Wing of the castle. Founded by Mary Ward, it paved the way for a better education for girls. Mary Ward came after travelling from Rome to Munich in 1627 and was sponsored by Elector Maximilian I. King Ludwig I finally invited the girls' school to the Nymphenburg Palace in 1835.[5]
Park
Garden structure
Nymphenburg Palace Park | |
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Location | Munich, Bavaria, Germany |
Area | 229 km2 (88 sq mi) |
Created | 1701 |
Operated by | Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes |
Status | Open year round |
The 200-hectare (490-acre) park, once an
The garden parterre is still a visible feature of the French garden. As part of the transformation of the entire castle grounds by Sckell it was simplified, but retained its original size. The "Grand Cascade" was built by Joseph Effner in 1717. He was referring to a concept of François Roëttiers. The water falls in the middle of a two-part water staircase, the first stage being half round to the west, the second, deeper, is formed to the east. The cascade consists of symmetry which continues through the centre channel. The right side of the cataract was covered with pink marble in 1770. Originally a supporting architecture was to be provided, which was never executed. Instead, from 1775 to 1785, sculptures were added. Many were the work of Dominik Auliczek and Roman Anton Boos, who later added twelve decorative marble vases with mythological themes.
The fountains in front of the palace and in the garden parterre continue to be operated by the water powered Pumping Stations built between 1803 and 1808.
The Northern Cabinet Garden is small garden that borders directly the garden side of the north wing of the main palace. It is also called Kaisergarten, because it is in the immediate vicinity of the rooms where Charles Albert lived during his time in Munich as Emperor Charles VII. It has its counterpart in the Southern Cabinet Garden where François de Cuvilliés built an octagonal bird house in 1757.
Two lakes are situated on both sides of the canal. The "Dörfchen" was created under Maximilian III Joseph as
The garden wall (1730–1735) preserves several
The canals of Nymphenburg are part of the northern Munich channel system, a system of waterways that connected also to the complex of
Garden pavilions
Within the park, a number of pavilions - palaces en miniature - were built:
- The Pagodenburg (1716–1719) – an octagonal, two-story pavilion with
- The Badenburg (1719–1721) – a Baroque pavilion also by Joseph Effner. It served for the private bathing and contains several rooms including a grand banqueting hall with a festive ornament decor by Charles Dubut and a very large tiled bath with a pool. The dressing room is decorated with various Chinese printed wallpapers. In the Monkey Cabinet the Elector performed his toilette. It was the first major building in Europe for centuries that was exclusively for the purpose of enjoying a comfortable bathroom.
- The Magdalenenklause – a faux ruin for retreat and meditation, erected between 1725 and 1728. The building with its prayer room is considered as an early representative of the hermitage and the ruins of architecture in Germany; it was to serve Max Emanuel as a place of contemplation - a memento mori, whose completion the elector however did not longer witness.
- The Amalienburg – a Rococo hunting lodge constructed in 1734–1739 by François de Cuvilliés for Charles Albert and his wife, Maria Amalia of Austria, including a hall of mirrors (designed by Johann Baptist Zimmermann and Joachim Dietrich) and a kennel room for the hunting dogs. The building with its decoration is a definite masterpiece at the climax of European rococo.[10][11]
- The Apollotemple – a neoclassical monopteros temple by Leo von Klenze, erected in 1862–1865.
The architecture of the garden pavilions was influential for other architecture in Germany. So the Wittelsbach Falkenlust Palace was built in the style of the Amalienburg while the Pagodenburg served as prototype for the building of the same name in Rastatt.
Tourism
The main building alone has more than 300,000 visitors per year. Nymphenburg Palace has as many visitors as the
Museums:
- Schlossmuseum (Royal apartments: Central pavilion, North and South Galleries, Inner Southern Pavilion, Garden pavilions)
- Marstallmuseum (Carriage Museum: South wing)
- Porzellanmuseum München (Nymphenburg porcelain museum: South wing)
- Museum of Man and Nature (North wing)
- Erwin von Kreibig-Museum (South Schlossrondell)
Schloss Nymphenburg is accessible by Munich public transport's tram number 17. This line passes through the city centre, including
Miscellaneous
Between 1936 and 1939 open air events called "Nacht der Amazonen" (Night of the Amazons) were performed. These shows in the park comprised 2000 players with international stars, bare-breasted girls and included also members of the SS Cavalry under Hermann Fegelein.[citation needed]
The palace and its park were some of the main filming locations of Alain Resnais's 1961 movie Last Year at Marienbad.[citation needed] Ludwig, a 1972 film directed by Italian director Luchino Visconti about the life and death of King Ludwig II, was partly filmed in Nymphenburg.[citation needed]
The Dressage Facility for the
The palace serves also as headquarters of the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes.
Images
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Fountain at Nymphenburg Palace.
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Main approach
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Front view
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Back view
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Back view at sunset
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View from the lakeside, painting by Josef Wenglein, 1883
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Monopteros
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View toward Monopteros
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Badenburg, royal bathing house
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Badenburg, royal bathing house
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Kitchen of the Amalienburg
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Pagodenburg, royal teahouse
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Pagodenburg, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich 2013
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Court Stables
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Magdalenenklause, royal hermitage, after Carl August Lebschée
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Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Germany
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Juno by Dominik Auliczek
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Pluto Dominik Auliczek
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Jupiter Dominik Auliczek
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Proserpina Dominik Auliczek
See also
References
- ^ a b c Pius Bieri. "Schloss Nymphenburg - 1. Die Schlossgebäude". Süddeutscher Barock. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ Matthias Staschull. "Fassadenbefunde aus der Zeit Max Emanuels von Bayern - Schloss Nymphenburg und das Neue Schloss Schleißheim". Uni Heidelberg. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 921. .
- ^ Hashagen, Justus (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 33–34. .
- ^ a b Carl August Sckell (1840). Das königliche Lustschloß Nymphenburg und seine Gartenanlagen: mit einem Plane. Jaquet. p. 39.
- ^ Rainer Herzog. "Die Behandlung Von Alleen Des 18. Jahrhunderts in Nympenburg..." (PDF). ICOMOS International. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ Carl August Sckell (1840). Das königliche Lustschloß Nymphenburg und seine Gartenanlagen: mit einem Plane. Jaquet. p. 61.
- ^ "Die Pagodenburg Im Schlosspark Nymphenburg Zu München - Darin Amsterdamer Und Rotterdamer Fayencefliesen -". Tegels uit Rotterdam. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ "Schloss und Schlossgarten Nymphenburg - Die Gartengebäude von Kurfürst Max II. Emanuel - Die Pagodenburg" (PDF). Süddeutscher Barock ch. October 7, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ "Cuvilliés, François de, the Elder - Interior view". Web Gallery of Art. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ "François Cuvilliés (1695–1768) - Die Amalienburg". Süddeutscher Barock. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ "1972 Summer Olympics official report" (PDF). pp. 206–207.
Bibliography
- Förg, Klaus G. (2012). Schloss Nymphenburg (in English and German). Rosenheim, Germany: Rosenheimer Verlagshaus. ISBN 978-3-475-53270-2.
- Fuchsberger, Doris (2017). Nacht der Amazonen. Eine Münchner Festreihe zwischen NS-Propaganda und Tourismusattraktion [Night of the Amazons. A series of Munich festivals between Nazi-propaganda and touristic attraction] (in German). München, Germany: Allitera. ISBN 978-3-86906-855-8.